Trio (music)

This article is about the musical term. For other uses of trio, see Trio (disambiguation).

The Schumann-Halir-Dechert [de] Piano Trio (violin, cello, and piano)

In music, a trio (from the Italian) is any of the following:

• a composition for three performers or three musical parts
• in larger works, the middle section of a ternary form (so named because of the 17th-century practice of scoring the contrasting second or middle dance appearing between two statements of a principal dance for three instruments)
• an ensemble of three instruments or voices performing trio compositions.

Composition

A trio is a composition for three performers or musical parts. Works include Baroque trio sonatas, choral works for three parts, and works for three instruments such as string trios.

In the trio sonata, a popular genre of the 17th and early 18th century, two melodic instruments are accompanied by a basso continuo, making three parts in all. But because the basso continuo is usually played by two instruments (typically a cello or bass viol and a keyboard instrument such as the harpsichord), performances of trio sonatas typically involve four musicians. However there are also examples for a single performer such as Bach's Organ Sonatas or Trios, BWV 525–30 for two hands and a pair of feet, and also for two performers, such as his Violin Sonatas, Viol Sonatas and Flute Sonata, in which the harpsichordist's right hand performs a melodic part.

In vocal music with or without accompaniment, the term terzet is sometimes preferred to "trio".^[1]

Form

From the 17th century onward, trio has been used to describe a contrasting second or middle dance appearing between two statements of a principal dance, such as a minuet or bourrée. This second dance was originally called a trio because of the 17th-century practice of scoring it for three instruments, and later examples continued to be referred to as trios, even when they involved a larger number of parts.^[2] The Menuet of Bach's Brandenburg Concerto No. 1 (1721) is a late nod to the original practice, with trios for two oboes and bassoon as well as two horns and a third part played by three oboes in unison.

Ensemble

Derived from the compositions, trio often denotes a group of three solo instruments or voices.^[2] The most common types of such compositions are the piano trio of typically piano, violin and cello, and the string trio of commonly violin, viola and cello.^[3]

Other types of trio include ^{[citation needed]}:

• Brass trio (horn, trumpet, trombone)
• Clarinet-cello-piano trio (clarinet, cello, piano)
• Clarinet-viola-piano trio (clarinet, viola, piano)
• Clarinet-violin-piano trio (clarinet, violin, piano)
• Flute, viola and harp (flute, viola, harp)
• Harmonica trio (chromatic harmonica, bass harmonica, chord harmonica)
• Horn trio (valved or natural horn, violin, and piano)
• Jazz trio (piano or guitar, acoustic bass or bass guitar, drum kit)
• Organ trio (Hammond organ, drummer, jazz guitarist or saxophone)
• Power trio (electric guitar, bass guitar, drum kit)

References

1. McClymonds, Marita P.; Cook, Elisabeth; Budden, Julian (1992). "Trio [terzet]". In Sadie, Stanley (ed.). The New Grove Dictionary of Opera. London: Macmillan Press Ltd. ISBN 978-0-93-585992-8.
2. Randel, Don Michael (2003). "Trio". The Harvard Dictionary of Music (4th ed.). Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-67-401163-2.
3. Schwandt, Erich (2001). "Trio". In Sadie, Stanley; Tyrrell, John (eds.). The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan Publishers.