The Three Character Classic (Chinese: 三字经, 三字經), commonly known as San Zi Jing,[1] also translated as Trimetric Classic,[2] is one of the Chinese classic texts. It was probably written in the 13th century and is mainly attributed to Wang Yinglin (王應麟, 1223–1296) during the Song dynasty. It is also attributed to Ou Shizi (1234–1324).
The work is not one of the traditional six Confucian classics, but rather the embodiment of Confucianism suitable for teaching young children.[3] Until the latter part of the 1800s, it served as a child's first formal education at home. The text is written in triplets of characters for easy memorization. With illiteracy common for most people at the time, the oral tradition of reciting the classic ensured its popularity and survival through the centuries.[citation needed] With the short and simple text arranged in three-character verses, children learned many common characters, grammar structures, elements of Chinese history and the basis of Confucian morality, especially filial piety and respect for elders (the Five Relationships in Chinese society).[4]
During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the Three Character Classic formed the basis of elementary education, along with Hundred Family Surnames and Thousand Character Classic.[5] The group came to be known as San Bai Qian (Three, Hundred, Thousand), from the first character in their titles. They were the almost universal introductory literacy texts for students, almost exclusively boys, from elite backgrounds and even for a number of ordinary villagers. Each was available in many versions, printed cheaply, and available to all since they did not become superseded. When a student had memorized all three, they could recognize and pronounce, though not necessarily write or understand the meaning of, roughly 2,000 characters (there was some duplication among the texts). Since Chinese did not use an alphabet, this was an effective, though time-consuming, way of giving a "crash course" in character recognition before going on to understanding texts and writing characters.[6]
The text fell into disuse during the Cultural Revolution given the state's opposition to non-socialist ideologies. The classic, however, continued to circulate in other parts of the Chinese-speaking world with its inclusion in the Chinese Almanac (通勝) along with several other classics such as the Thousand Character Classic.
The first four verses state the core credo of Confucianism, that is, that human nature is inherently good, as developed by Mencius, considered one of the most influential traditional Chinese philosophers after Confucius.[3]
人之初 (rén zhī chū) People at birth,
性本善 (xìng běn shàn) Are naturally good (kind-hearted).
性相近 (xìng xiāng jìn) Their natures are similar,
習相遠 (xí xiāng yuǎn) (But) their habits make them different (from each other).
Even nowadays, the above two introductory quotes are very familiar to most youth in mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan, if not known by heart. Though the work is no longer taught at public schools (it is still taught in Beijing today if not in all schools), some parents still use this classic to teach their young children to pronounce Chinese characters. It is sometimes a game for elementary school children to show off who can recite the most sentences from this classic.[citation needed]
Editions
The Three Character Classic was translated in 1796 into Manchu as ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠᠨᡳᡴᠠᠨᡥᡝᡵᡤᡝᠨᡳᡴᠠᠮᠴᡳᠮᡝᠰᡠᡥᡝᠰᠠᠨᡯᡤᡳᠩᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ (Wylie: Manchu nikan ghergen i kamtsime sughe San tsz' ging pitghe; Möllendorff: Manju nikan hergen-i kamcime suhe San ze ging ni bithe).
The most well-known English translation of the text was completed by Herbert Giles in 1900 and revised in 1910.[7] The translation was based on the original Song dynasty version.[citation needed] Giles had published an earlier translation (Shanghai 1873) but he rejected that and other early translations as inaccurate. Earlier translations into English include those by Robert Morrison, 1812; Solomon Caesar Malan and Hung Hsiu-chʻüan, 1856, and Stanislas Julien, 1864.
A Christian Three Character Classic (Chinese: 新增三字經; Pinyin: Xīnzēng Sānzì Jīng) by Walter Henry Medhurst was first published in 1823 as an aid to missionary education. The three-character rhyming format was retained but the content was completely different.[8]
Vietnam
The first and second page of Tam tự kinh thích nghiã 三字經釋義. It shows the original text of the Three Character Classic 三字經 annotated with the Vietnamese translation.In the book, Tam tự kinh giải âm diễn ca, shows the original text of 三字經 alongside the Vietnamese translation.Second and third page of Tam tự kinh lục bát diễn âm 三字經六八演音
The earliest recorded date that the Three Character Classic was introduced to Vietnam is around 1820-1830 according to primary sources at the time.[9] From there, it was circulated and modified. Different variants of the text began to emerge.[10] The texts would either have different characters used, new lines, or different ordering. The most common variant of the Three Character Classic in Vietnam has 30 lines that are different from the Chinese edition.[10] There are also two lines in the Vietnamese version that do not exist in the Chinese version.
Line
Vietnamese
Chinese
28
不知理
不知義
36
所當識
所當執
39
悌於長
弟於長
41
首孝悌
首孝弟
44
識某名
識某文
49
一太極
50
二陰陽
84
曰哀樂
曰哀懼
86
乃七情
七情具
89
與絲竹
絲與竹
96
至曾玄
至元曾
103
君則敬
長幼序
104
臣則忠
友與朋
105
長幼序
君則敬
106
朋友公
臣則忠
115
由孝經
小學終
126
乃孔伋
子思筆
139
號五經
號六經
149
我姬公
我周公
151
著六典
著六官
160
當詠諷
當諷詠
188
稱盛治
稱盛世
266
心而推
心而惟
292
猶苦學
猶苦卓
303
對大庭
對大廷
305
彼晚成
彼既成
322
且聰明
且聰敏
324
當少成
當自警
334
亦如是
亦若是
350
垂於後
裕於後
The two lines were added to form a full sequence of numbers (Chinese version begins from three to ten).[11]
One (nhất thái cực 一太極)
Two (nhị âm dương 二陰陽)
Three (tam tài 三才, tam quang 三光, tam cương 三綱)
Four (tứ thời 四時, tứ phương 四方)
Five (ngũ hành 五行, ngũ thường 五常)
Six (lục cốc 六穀, lục súc 六畜)
Seven (thất tình 七情)
Eight (bát âm 八音)
Nine (cửu tộc 九族)
Ten (thập nghĩa 十義)
The text was also translated into vernacular Vietnamese, with the books such as Tam tự giải âm 三字解音, Tam tự kinh diễn âm 三字經演音,[12] Tam tự kinh giải âm diễn ca 三字經解音演歌,[13] Tam tự kinh thích nghiã 三字經釋義,[14] and Tam tự kinh lục bát diễn âm 三字經六八演音[15] having chữ Nôm characters annotating the original text.
Differences in Chinese texts
The following stanzas do not appear in the Giles translation and originally appeared in Simplified Chinese. They list the dynasties that followed the Song dynasty up to and including the founding of Republican China. These stanzas were probably added cumulatively sometime between late 13th century and after the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949.
A President is elected, the Republic is formed. Chinese soil was recovered, the Republic of China flourishes.
廿二史 全在兹 载治乱 知兴衰¹
廿二史 全在茲 載治亂 知興衰¹
niànèrshǐ quánzàizī zàizhìluàn zhīxīngshuāi
The Twenty-two Dynastic Histories, are all embraced in the above. They contain examples of good and bad government, whence may be learnt the principles of prosperity and decay.
¹ this line replaces the original one in the Song version where it says "The Seventeen Dynastic Histories... 十七史...".
^ abScollon, Ron; Suzanne Wong Scollon; Rodney H. Jones (3 January 2012). Intercultural Communication: A Discourse Approach. Vol. 35. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 166–167. ISBN9780470656402.
Rutledge, Jayne (Translator) (2005). Three Character Primer. ISBN7-80702-148-9. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help) Original Chinese Text plus pinyin, modern Chinese translation, modern Chinese commentary and stories, plus complete translation of all material into English.
Rawski, Evelyn Sakakida (1979). Education and Popular Literacy in Ch'ing China. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN0472087533.
