Thanjavur (Tamil:[t̪aɲdʑaːʋuːɾ]), also known as Thanjai, previously known as Tanjore,[1] is a city in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is the 12th biggest city in Tamil Nadu. Thanjavur is an important center of southern Indian religion, art, and architecture. Most of the Great Living Chola Temples, which are UNESCO World Heritage Monuments, are located in and around Thanjavur. The foremost among these, the Brihadeeswara Temple, built by the Chola emperor Rajaraja I, is located in the centre of the city. This temple has one of the largest bull statues (called Nandi[2]) in India carved out of a single granite rock. Thanjavur is also home to Tanjore painting, a painting style unique to the region. Thanjavur is the headquarters of the Thanjavur District. The city is an important agricultural centre located in the Kaveri Delta and is known as the Rice bowl of Tamil Nadu. Thanjavur is administered by a municipal corporation covering an area of 36.31 km2 (14.02 sq mi) and had a population of 222,943.[3] Roadways are the major means of transportation, while the city also has rail connectivity. The nearest airport is Tiruchirapalli International Airport, located 59.6 km (37.0 mi) away from the city. The nearest seaport is Karaikal, which is 94 km (58 mi) away from Thanjavur.
The city first rose to prominence during the reign of the Cholas when it served as the capital of the empire. After the fall of the Cholas, the city was ruled by various dynasties such as the Mutharaiyar dynasty, the Pandyas, the Vijayanagar Empire, the Madurai Nayaks, the Thanjavur Nayaks, the Thanjavur Marathas and the British Empire. It has been a part of independent India since 1947.
Etymology
The city's name is believed to be derived from a portmanteau of "thanjam puguntha oor" (Tamil: தஞ்சம் புகுந்த ஊர்) which means "the town where refugees entered", referring to the town's history of providing hospitality to newcomers.
According to another local legend, the name "Thanjavur" originated from "Tanjan," an Asura (demon) who was slain on the site. In Hindu mythology, Tanjan requested the establishment of a beautiful city at the place where he was defeated. Later, the Asura was vanquished in what is now Thanjavur by the Hindu god Neelamegha Perumal, an incarnation of Vishnu.[4][5]
The city's name "Thanjavur" might also be derived from the name of a Mutharayar king, "Thananjay" or "Dhananjaya". Thananjaya added to Oor gives the name Thanjavur. The Kalamalla stone inscription (the first stone inscription) was made by the king, Erikal Muthuraju Dhanunjaya Varma of 575 CE.[citation needed]
This place was previously called Śiyāli. Indra once fled to this place in fear of the asura called Śūrapadma and did tapas here.[6]
There are no references to Thanjavur in the Sangam period (third century BCE to fourth century CE) Tamil records, though some scholars believe that the city has existed since that time. Kovil Venni, situated 15 miles (24 km) to the east of the city, was the site of the Battle of Venni between the Chola king Karikala and a confederacy of the Cheras and the Pandyas.[7] The Cholas seemed to have faced an invasion of the Kalabhras in the third century CE after which the kingdom faded into obscurity. The region around present day Thanjavur was conquered by the Mutharayars during the sixth century, who ruled it up to 849.[citation needed]
The Cholas came to prominence once more through the rise of the Medieval Chola monarch Vijayalaya (841–878 CE) in about 850 CE.[8] Vijayalaya conquered Thanjavur from the Mutharayar king Elango Mutharayar and built a temple dedicated to the Hindu goddess Nisumbhasudani.[9] His son Aditya I (871–901) consolidated their hold over the city.[8] The Rashtrakuta king Krishna II (878–914), a contemporary of the Chola king Parantaka I (907–950), claims to have conquered Thanjavur, but there are no records to support the claim.[10] Gradually, Thanjavur became the most important city in the Chola Empire and remained its capital till the emergence of Gangaikonda Cholapuram in about 1025.[11][12] During the first decade of the eleventh century, the Chola king Raja Raja Chola I (985–1014) constructed the Brihadeeswarar Temple at Thanjavur. The temple is considered to be one of the best specimens of Tamil architecture.[13][14][15][16]
When the Chola Empire began to decline in the 13th century, the Pandyas from the south invaded and captured Thanjavur twice, first between 1218–19 and again in 1230. During the second invasion, the Chola king Rajaraja III (1216–56) was exiled and he sought the help of the Hoysala king Vira Narasimha II (1220–35) to regain Thanjavur.[17] Thanjavur was eventually annexed along with the rest of the Chola kingdom by the Pandya king Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I (1268–1308) in 1279 and the Chola kings were forced to accept the suzerainty of the Pandyas.[18] The Pandyas ruled Thanjavur from 1279 to 1311 when their kingdom was raided by the forces of Malik Kafur (1296–1306) and later annexed by the Delhi Sultanate.[19] The Sultanate extended its authority directly over the conquered regions from 1311 to 1335 and then through the semi-independent Ma'bar Sultanate from 1335 to 1378. Starting from the 1350s, the Ma'bar Sultanate was steadily absorbed into the rising Vijayanagar Empire.[citation needed]
Thanjavur is believed to have been conquered by Kampanna Udayar during his invasion of Srirangam between 1365 and 1371. Deva Raya's inscription dated 1443, Thirumala's inscription dated 1455 and Achuta Deva's land grants dated 1532 and 1539 attest Vijayanagar's dominance over Thanjavur.[11][19]Sevappa Nayak (1532–80), the Vijayanagar viceroy of Arcot, established himself as an independent monarch in 1532 (1549, according to some sources) and founded the Thanjavur Nayak kingdom.[20]Achuthappa Nayak (1560–1614), Raghunatha Nayak (1600–34) and Vijaya Raghava Nayak (1634–73) are some of the important rulers of the Nayak dynasty who ruled Thanjavur.[14][21] Thanjavur Nayaks were notable for their patronage of literature and arts.[22] The rule of the dynasty came to an end when Thanjavur fell to the Madurai Nayak king Chokkanatha Nayak (1662–82) in 1673.[14] Vijaya Raghunatha Nayak, the son of Chokkanatha, was killed in a battle and Chokkanatha's brother Alagiri Nayak (1673–75) was crowned as the ruler of the empire.[23] Most of palayakkars in Thanjavur from Kallar caste. The Kallar held larger and richer estates than the Nayak.[24]
Thanjavur was successfully conquered in 1674 by Ekoji I (1675–84), the Maratha feudatory of the sultan of Bijapur and half-brother of Shivaji (1627/30-80) of the Bhonsle dynasty. Ekoji founded the Thanjavur Maratha kingdom which ruled Thanjavur till 1855.[11][14] The Marathas exercised their sovereignty over Thanjavur throughout the last quarter of the 17th and the whole of the 18th century. The Maratha rulers patronized Carnatic music. In 1787, Amar Singh, the regent of Thanjavur, deposed the minor Raja, his nephew Serfoji II (1787–93) and captured the throne. Serfoji II was restored in 1799 with the assistance of the British, who induced him to relinquish the administration of the kingdom and left him in charge of Thanjavur fort and surrounding areas. The kingdom was eventually absorbed into British India in 1855 by the Doctrine of Lapse when Shivaji II (1832–55), the last Thanjavur Maratha ruler, died without a legitimate male heir. The British referred to the city as Tanjore in their records.[11] Five years after its annexation, the British replaced Negapatam (modern-day Nagapattinam) with Thanjavur as the seat of the district administration. Under the British, Thanjavur emerged as an important regional centre. The 1871 India census recorded a population of 52,171, making Thanjavur the third largest city in the Madras Presidency.[25] After India's independence, Thanjavur continued as the district headquarters.[26]
Geography and climate
Thanjavur is located at 10°48′N79°09′E / 10.8°N 79.15°E / 10.8; 79.15[27] The tributaries of river Cauvery, namely, the Grand Anaicut canal (Pudhaaru), Vadavaaru and Vennaaru rivers flow through the city. Thanjavur is situated in the Cauvery delta, at a distance of 340 km (210 mi) south-west of Chennai and 56 km (35 mi) east of Tiruchirappalli. While the plains immediately adjoining the Cauvery river have been under cultivation from time immemorial, most of Thanjavur city and the surrounding areas lie in the "New Delta" – a dry, barren upland tract which was brought under irrigation during the early 19th century.[28][29] To the south of Thanjavur city, is the Vallam tableland, a small plateau interspersed at regular intervals by ridges of sandstone.[30] The nearest seaport is Nagapattinam which is 84 km (52 mi) east of Thanjavur. The nearest airport is Tiruchirapalli International Airport, located at a distance of 56 km (35 mi). The city has an elevation of 59 m (194 ft) above mean sea level. The total area of the city is 36.33 km2 (14.03 sq mi).[31]
Climate data for Thanjavur (1981–1999, extremes 1975–1999)
The period from November to February in Thanjavur is pleasant, with a climate full of warm days and cool nights.[35] The onset of summer is from March, with the mercury reaching its peak by the end of May and June.[35] The average temperatures range from 81 °F (27 °C) in January to 97 °F (36 °C) in May and June. Summer rains are sparse and the first monsoon, the South-West monsoon, commences in June and continues till September. North-East monsoon begins in October and continues till January.[35] The rainfall during the South-West monsoon period is much lower than that of the North-East monsoon.[29] The North-East monsoon is beneficial to the district at large because of the heavy rainfall and the Western ghats (mountain ranges) feeding the river Cauvery.[35] The average rainfall is 37 inches (940 mm), most of which is contributed by the North-East monsoon.[29]
Thanjavur is an important pilgrim centre and a major tourist destination of Tamil Nadu.[36]South Zone Culture Centre in Thanjavur is one of the regional cultural centres established by the Government of India to preserve and promote cultural heritage of India.[37] There were 2,002,225 Indian and 81,435 foreign tourist arrivals in 2009 to Thanjavur.[36] The most visited monument in Thanjavur is the Brihadeeswarar Temple, whose construction, the historian Percy Brown described as "a landmark in the evolution of building art in South India".[38][39] Built in the 11th century by the Chola king Raja Raja Chola I (985–1014), the temple is dedicated to the Hindu god Shiva.[39] The walls of the sanctum are covered with wall paintings from the Chola and Nayak periods.[40][41][42] The temple was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987. It is replicated in the Gangaikonda Cholesvarar Temple constructed by Raja Raja's son Rajendra Chola I (1012–44).[39][43] King Raja Raja Chola memorial to have a complete makeover soon in Thanjavur.
The Thanjavur Maratha palace was the official residence of the Bhonsle family who ruled over the Thanjavur region from 1674 to 1855. It was originally constructed by the rulers of the Thanjavur Nayak kingdom and after their fall, it served as the official residence of the Thanjavur Marathas.[44] When most of the Thanjavur Maratha kingdom was annexed by the British Empire in 1799, the Thanjavur Marathas continued to hold sway over the palace and the surrounding fort. The southern side of the third quadrangle of the palace has a 190 ft (58 m) tower-like building, called the Goodagopuram.[44] Punnainallur Mariamman temple is about 7 km from Brihadeeswara temple. This temple was built by the first Maratha king of Thanjavur Venkoji in the year 1680.
The Saraswathi Mahal Library, established around 1700 and located in the premises of the palace, contains over 30,000 Indian and European manuscripts written on palm leaf and paper.[45] Over eighty per cent of its manuscripts are in Sanskrit and many of them are on palm leaves. The Tamil works include treatises on medicine, and commentaries on Sangam literature.[44] The Rajaraja Chola art gallery is located inside the palace – it has a large collection of stone and bronze images from the ninth to 12th centuries. Most of the idols present in the gallery were collected from various temples in the Thanjavur district.[46] The Sivaganga Park is situated to the east of the Brihadeeswarar Temple and encompasses the Sivaganga Tank believed to have been built by the king Raja Raja Chola. It was created as a people's park by the Tanjore municipality in 1871–72.[47] It has a collection of plants, animals and birds and serves as a zoo for children within the city.[44]
Bharathanatyam, the South Indian dance form in display in Brihadeeswarar TempleA modern statue of Rajaraja Chola I, Thanjavur
Schwartz Church, a historic monument located in the palace garden, was built in 1779 by Serfoji II as a token of affection for Rev. C.V. Schwartz of the Danish Mission.[44] There are five museums in the city, namely: Archeological Museum, Tamil University Museum located with the Tamil University premises, the Saraswathi Mahal Library Museum located inside the Saraswathi Mahal, Nayak Durbar Hall Art Museum and Rajaraja Chola Museum.[44] Raja Rajan Manimandapam is one of the tourist attractions in Thanjavur, built during the Thanjavur Tamil Conference in 1991.[44] "Sangeetha Mahal" has a permanent handicrafts exhibition centre. Thanjavur is the cradle for many of the arts and crafts in South India.[48]Carnatic music was codified in Thanjavur and the art flourished during the Nayak rule in the 16th century.[49]Bharathanatyam, a classical dance form of South India, had its major styles developed in Thanjavur.[50]
Sathaya Thiruvizha is the annual birthday festival of Raja Raja Chola held during October every year.[51] Thanjavur is the base for the Tyagaraja Aradhana, a Carnatic music festival held annually during January – February at Thiruvaiyaru, located 13 km (8.1 mi) away from the city.[52]Thanjavur painting is a major form of classical South Indian painting from Thanjavur. It dates back to about the 1600s, the period of Nayakas of Thanjavur, who encouraged art, classical dance and music literature, both in Telugu and Tamil. The art is usually a combination of raised and painted surfaces, with the Hindu god Krishna being the most popular image depicted. In modern times, these paintings have become souvenirs of festive occasions in South India, wall decors, and collectors' items for art lovers.[53][54]
The major occupation of the inhabitants of the city is tourism and service-oriented industry, while the traditional occupation is agriculture.
Thanjavur is known as the "Rice bowl of Tamil Nadu".[55][56]Paddy (unmilled rice) is the crop and the other crops grown are blackgram, banana, coconut, gingelly, ragi, red gram, green gram, sugarcane and maize. The total percentage of land fit for cultivation is 58%. There are three seasons for agriculture in Thanjavur – Kuruvai (June to September), Samba (August to January) and Thaladi (September, October to February, March).[57] The total rice production has been maintained at 10.615 L.M.T and 7.077 L.M.T. The city acts as a focal point for food grains transported from the adjoining areas of the Cauvery Delta. Organic farming is gradually becoming known to the farmers of Thanjavur. To maximise agricultural produce, organic farming is being implemented. Though agriculture is the main economic activity, only 7% of the population is involved in it. There is a lot of agricultural related trading that forms the key economic activity in the city.[58]
Almond cultivation has been gaining popularity in Thanjavur, a district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The region's warm and dry climate, coupled with fertile soil, provides ideal conditions for growing almonds. The almonds produced in Thanjavur are known for their high quality and rich flavor. The trees bloom in early spring with pink and white flowers, and the nuts are ready for harvest in the fall. The almond crop in Thanjavur has become an important source of income for local farmers and has contributed to the region's agricultural diversity.[dubious – discuss][59]
Thanjavur is an important centre of silk weaving in Tamil Nadu. There were 200 silk weaving units in the city in 1991 with around 80,000 people working in them. Thanjavur is also famous for the 'Thalaiyatti bommai' or 'Dancing dolls' which is a doll made from clay, wood or plastic.[58][60] The sarees produced in the villages surrounding Thanjavur are sold in Thanjavur and neighbouring towns.[60] Increasing production costs and competition from large-scale producers have reduced the number of people involved in the production.[60] The city produces bell metal craft like Thanjavur metal plates, bronze images bowls, napkins and powder boxes made of copper and bronze. The city is a major manufacturer of pith works consisting of models of Hindu idols, mosques, garlands and other bird figurines. Manufacture of musical instruments like veena, tambura, violin, mrithamgam, thavil and kanjira is another economic activity in the city.[58]
Sources:* 1871 – 1901: Imperial Gazette of India, Volume 23. Clarendon Press. 1908.* 1901 – 2001: "Populationmythu growth". Thanjavur municipality website. Archived from the original on 25 July 2010.* 2011:[62]
According to 2011 census, Thanjavur had a population of 222,943 with a sex-ratio of 1,042 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929.[63] A total of 19,860 were under the age of six, constituting 10,237 males and 9,623 females. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounted for 9.22% and .21% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the city was 83.14%, compared to the national average of 72.99%.[63] There were a total of 78,005 workers, comprising 803 cultivators, 2,331 main agricultural labourers, 2,746 in house hold industries, 65,211 other workers, 6,914 marginal workers, 110 marginal cultivators, 235 marginal agricultural labourers, 322 marginal workers in household industries and 6,247 other marginal workers.[62] As per the religious census of 2011, Thanjavur (M) had 82.87% Hindus, 8.34% Muslims, 8.58% Christians, 0.01% Sikhs, 0.01% Buddhists, 0.06% Jains, 0.11% following other religions and 0.01% following no religion or did not indicate any religious preference.[64]
As of 2008, a total 2,013.34 ha (4,975.1 acres) (55.4%) of the land was used for residential, 11.32 ha (28.0 acres) (3.06%) for commercial, 82.68 ha (204.3 acres) (2.28%) for industrial, 320.2 ha (791 acres) (8.81%) for public & semi public, 108.11 ha (267.1 acres) (2.98%) for educational and 996.85 ha (2,463.3 acres) (27.47%) for agriculture.[65]
Tamil is the widely spoken language, with the standard dialect being Central Tamil dialect. Telugu, Thanjavur Marathi and Saurashtra are other languages spoken in the city. Thanjavur is the cultural and political center of the Thanjavur Marathi people. While Hindus form the majority, the city also has a substantial population of Muslims and Christians. Roman Catholics in Thanjavur are affiliated to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Tanjore and Protestants are affiliated to the Trichy–Tanjore Diocese of the Church of South India.[66] The workforce is predominantly involved in service industry involving trade and commerce.[67] With the expansion of the city area, the opportunities for agriculture is limited and only 7% of the population is involved in it.[67]
The municipality of Tanjore was created in 1866 as a third grade municipality as per Town Improvements Act 1865 and initially consisted of 12 members. The number was increased to 18 in 1879 and 24 in 1883. In 1897, the members were empowered to elect a Municipal Chairperson to lead them. Tanjore was upgraded to a second grade municipality in 1933, first grade in 1943 and a special grade in 1983. The functions of the municipality are devolved into six departments: General, Engineering, Revenue, Public Health, Town planning and the Computer Wing. All these departments are under the control of a Municipal Commissioner who is the supreme executive head.[83] The legislative powers are vested in a body of 52 members, one each from the 52 wards. The legislative body is headed by an elected chairperson assisted by a deputy chairperson.[84]
On 10 April 2013, the state government announced in the Assembly that Thanjavur municipality will be upgraded to a Municipal corporation.[85][86] Thanjavur City Corporation is likely to have an area of 110.27 km2 (42.58 sq mi) of area, with a population of 3,20,828 and an income of ₹411.8 million (US$4.9 million). The villages Pudupattinam, Nanjikottai, Neelagiri, Melaveli, Pillaiyarpatti, Ramanathapuram, Pallieri, Vilar and Inathukanpatti are likely to be added to the municipal corporation limits.[87] Thanjavur became City Corporation on 10 April 2014.[88]
Law and order in the city is maintained by the Thanjavur subdivision of the Tamil Nadu Police, headed by a Deputy Superintendent (DSP). The Thanjavur district level police administration is headed by a Deputy Inspector General of Police, whose office is located in the city.[107] There are six police stations in the city, one of them being an all-women police station.[108] Some special units include prohibition enforcement, district crime, social justice and human rights, district crime records and a special branch that operates at the district level police division headed by a Superintendent of Police (SP).[107]
Thanjavur has a total of four Universities, namely the Periyar Maniammai Institute of Science & Technology, PRIST University, SASTRA University and Tamil University.[109] The Tamil University is a state run institute, started during 1981 and obtained its statutory recognition from the University Grants Commission in 1983. It is the only one of its kind for the Tamil language doing higher research in Tamilology and advanced study in various allied branches like linguistics, translation, lexicography, music, drama and manuscriptology.[110][111]
Thanjavur has a total of 15 arts, science & management colleges and nine engineering colleges.[110] The Thanjavur Medical College was established in 1961 and is one of the oldest medical colleges in Tamil Nadu.[112] The Paddy Processing Research Centre (PPRC), which later became the Indian Institute of Food Processing Technology in 2017, is a hub for food processing research.[113] The Saraswati Mahal Library which dates back to the end of the 16th century and the Central Library, managed by the district administration are the two most prominent libraries in the city.[45]
There are 20 registered schools in Thanjavur, catering to the primary, secondary and higher secondary educational needs of the city.[114] St. Peter's Higher Secondary School at Thanjavur was established by Rev. C F Schwartz during 1784. Originally established as a college, it was the first school in South India which taught English to the local populace. St. Antony's Higher Secondary School, established in 1885 by the Diocese of Thanjavur, is one of the oldest schools in Thanjavur district. Christian Missionaries played a prominent role in promoting English education in Thanjavur.[115] Kalyanasundaram Higher Secondary School, established in 1891, is one of the oldest schools in the city.[116]
Utility services
Electricity supply to Thanjavur is regulated and distributed by the Tamil Nadu Electricity Board (TNEB). The city along with its suburbs is a part of Trichy Electricity Distribution Circle.[117] Water supply is provided by the Thanjavur Corporation from the Vadavar Canal, supplied through overhead tanks located in various parts of the city. During the 2000–01 period, a total of 31 million litres of water was supplied every day for households in the city.[118]
About 110 metric tonnes of solid waste are collected from Thanjavur every day by door-to-door collection and subsequently the source segregation and dumping is carried out by the sanitary department of the Thanjavur Corporation. The coverage of solid waste management had an efficiency of 100% as of 2001.[119] The underground drainage system covers 70% of the city and the remaining sewerage system for disposal of sullage is through septic tanks, open drains and public conveniences.[120] The corporation maintains a total of 155 km (96 mi) of storm water drains: 53.27 km (33.10 mi) surfaced drains and 101.73 km (63.21 mi) unlined drains.[121]
Neo tidel park announced in newly added city pillayarpatti
There are 37 hospitals and seven clinical labs in Thanjavur that take care of the health care needs of the citizens.[122] There are a total of 9,745 street lamps: 492 sodium lamps, 2,061 mercury vapour lamps, 7,180 tube lights and twelve high-mast beam lamps.[123] The corporation operates three markets, namely the Serfoji Market, Amarar Swaminathan Market and Kamaraj Market and another market, the Subramaniya Swami Koil Market, is maintained by the Subramania Swami Temple authority.[124] Thanjavur comes under the Thanjavur Telecom circle of the Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), India's state-owned telecom and internet services provider. Apart from telecom, BSNL also provides broadband internet service.[125] The Regional Passport office, Trichy, operates a Passport Seva Kendra (PSK) in Thanjavur, which PSK covers the Nagappattinam, Thiruvarur, Thanjavur, Pudukkottai, and Ariyalur revenue districts.[126]
Villages
Some villages around Thanjavur city and comes under Thanjavur metropolitan area are
^Playne Wright Somerset Staff; Somerset Playne; J. W. Bond; Arnold Wright (1914). Southern India: Its History, People, Commerce and Industrial Resources. Somerset Playne. p. 465.
^Gopal, Madan (1990). K.S. Gautam (ed.). India through the ages. Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. p. 185.
^ ab"Tourism in Tamil Nadu"(PDF). Tourism Department, Government of Tamil Nadu. p. 513. Archived(PDF) from the original on 25 December 2012. Retrieved 3 July 2012.
^Ries, R. E. (1969). "The Cultural Setting of South Indian Music". Asian Music. 1 (2). University of Texas Press: 22–31. doi:10.2307/833909. JSTOR833909.
^"Thanjavur - District Agricultural Plan"(PDF). agritech.tnau.ac.in. Centre for Agricultural and Rural Development Studies (CARDS) - Tamil Nadu Agricultural University. Retrieved 26 July 2024.
^ ab"Census Info 2011 Final population totals". Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2013. Archived from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
^"Population By Religious Community – Tamil Nadu"(XLS). Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2011. Archived from the original on 13 September 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
^Notification No. 308/2009/EPS(PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 36. Archived(PDF) from the original on 5 October 2010. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
^Anantha Raman, Sita (1996). Getting girls to school: social reform in the Tamil districts, 1870–1930. The University of Michigan. p. 63. ISBN9788185604060.
^"Important Address"(PDF). Indian Wind Power Association. 2011. p. 3. Archived from the original(PDF) on 16 October 2012. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
^"Thanjavur hospitals". Thanjavur municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu. 2011. Archived from the original on 21 May 2010. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
^"Thanjavur street lights". Thanjavur Municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu. 2011. Archived from the original on 17 June 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
^"Thanjavur markets". Thanjavur Municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu. 2011. Archived from the original on 17 June 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
Angkatan Bersenjata KanadaCanadian Armed ForcesForces armées canadiennesLambang Angkatan Bersenjata KanadaBendera Angkatan Bersenjata KanadaDidirikan1 Februari 1906Angkatan Angkatan Darat Kanada Angkatan Udara Kerajaan Kanada Angkatan Laut Kerajaan KanadaMarkas besarOttawa, OntarioKepemimpinanPanglima Tertinggi Charles III, Raja Kanada diwakili oleh Mary Simon, Gubernur Jenderal KanadaMenteri Pertahanan Negara Anita AnandKepala Staf Pertahanan Jenderal Wayne EyreKekuatan personelUsia pe...
ФракельфенFraquelfing Країна Франція Регіон Гранд-Ест Департамент Мозель Округ Саррбур-Шато-Сален Кантон Лоркен Код INSEE 57233 Поштові індекси 57790 Координати 48°38′25″ пн. ш. 6°59′22″ сх. д.H G O Висота 282 - 374 м.н.р.м. Площа 4,44 км² Населення 86 (01-2020[1]) Густота 19,14 о
Johanneskirche Die Johanneskirche (auch Quartiergemeinde St. Johannes genannt) ist eine evangelisch-reformierte Kirche in der Stadt Basel. Sie befindet sich im Kannenfeld-Quartier im Stadtteil St. Johann Das Gotteshaus wurde im Jahr 1996 unter Denkmalschutz gestellt[1]. Im Jahre 1936 bauten Karl Egender und Ernst Friedrich Burckhardt als Gewinner eines Wettbewerbs die damals hoch moderne Johanneskirche (nach dem heiligen Johannes) mit Gemeindetrakt und Pfarrhaus. Der langgestreckte re...
De real was van de 14e tot de 19e eeuw een betaalmiddel in Spanje, de Spaanse koloniën en de Verenigde Staten. Een munt van 8 Real, ook bekend als Spaanse mat uit 1739 van Filips V, geslagen in Mexico-Stad (Muntteken:Mo). Vroege historie De real werd voor het eerst geïntroduceerd door koning Pedro I en had toen een waarde van 3 maravedís. De waarde steeg tot in 1497 de wisselkoers werd gezet op 34 maravedís. 17e eeuw In 1642 werden er twee aparte realen gecreëerd, de real de plata (gemaa...
Artikel ini perlu dikembangkan agar dapat memenuhi kriteria sebagai entri Wikipedia.Bantulah untuk mengembangkan artikel ini. Jika tidak dikembangkan, artikel ini akan dihapus. Serindit Jawa Status konservasi Hampir Terancam (IUCN 3.1)[1] Klasifikasi ilmiah Kerajaan: Animalia Filum: Chordata Kelas: Aves Ordo: Psittaciformes Famili: Psittacidae Genus: Loriculus Spesies: L. pusillus Nama binomial Loriculus pusillusGray, 1859 Serindit jawa (Loriculus pusillus) adalah termasuk b...
Bài viết này cần thêm chú thích nguồn gốc để kiểm chứng thông tin. Mời bạn giúp hoàn thiện bài viết này bằng cách bổ sung chú thích tới các nguồn đáng tin cậy. Các nội dung không có nguồn có thể bị nghi ngờ và xóa bỏ. Định lý Pythagoras: a2 + b2 = c2 Một bộ ba số Pythagoras (còn gọi là bộ ba số Pytago hay bộ ba số Pythagore) gồm ba số nguyên dương a, b, và c, sao cho a2 + b2 = ...
Suriah (Bilad al-Sham) dan provinsi-provinsinya di bawah Kekhalifahan Abbasiyah pada abad ke-9 Jund Ḥimṣ (Arab: جُـنْـد حِـمْـص, distrik militer Homs, atau Legiun Emessa)[1] adalah salah satu dari empat distrik militer dari provinsi Kekhalifahan Suriah.[2] Ibu kotanya adalah Homs, dimana distrik tersebut meraih namanya. Pusat-pusat perkotaan utamanya adalah Latakia, Tadmur, Jableh, Kafr Tab, Tarsus, Salamiyah, Bulunyas dan Benteng Khawabi.[3] Gube...
Kantor Perwakilan Taipei di Britania 駐英國台北代表處Informasi lembagaWilayah hukum Britania Raya Seychelles Sierra LeoneKantor pusat50 Grosvenor Gardens, SW1W 0EB, Victoria, LondonPejabat eksekutifDavid Lin, PerwakilanLembaga indukKementerian Luar NegeriSitus webTaipei Representative Office in the U.K. Kantor Perwakilan Taipei di Britania Hanzi: 駐英國台北代表處; Pinyin: Zhù Yīngguó Táiběi Dàibiǎo Chù) adalah misi diplomatik dari Republik Tiongk...
British colony (1808–1861) and protectorate (1896–1961) Colony and Protectorate of Sierra Leone1808–1961 Flag(1916–1961) Coat of arms(1889–1914) Motto: Auspice Britannia liber(Latin: Free under the protection of Britain)Anthem: God Save the King (1808–1837; 1901–1952)God Save the Queen (1837–1901; 1952–1961)The Colony and Protectorate of Sierra Leone in 1899StatusBritish colonyCapitalFreetownOfficial languagesEnglishRecognised national languagesKrioReligi...
Republik SpanyolRepública Española1873–1874 Bendera Lambang Semboyan: Plus UltraLagu kebangsaan: Himno de Riego Ibu kotaMadridBahasa yang umum digunakanSpanishAgama Katolik RomaPemerintahanRepublikPresiden • 1873 Estanislao Figueras• 1873 Francisco Pi y Margall• 1873 Nicolás Salmerón• 1873–1874 Emilio Castelar• 1874 Francisco Serrano Perdana Menteri • 1874 Juan de Zavala• 1874 P. Mateo Sagasta LegislatifKongres ...
Surgical procedure to enhance or reconstruct a human nose For other uses, see Rhinoplasty (disambiguation). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Rhinoplasty – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) RhinoplastyRhinoplasty: The...
1995 Indian filmKolangalDVD coverDirected byI. V. SasiWritten byR. N. R. Manohar (dialogues)Screenplay byI. V. SasiStory byHenryProduced byHenryStarringJayaramKushbooCinematographyV. JayaramEdited byK. NarayananMusic byIlaiyaraajaProductioncompanyCarolina FilmsRelease date 15 September 1995 (1995-09-15) Running time145 minutesCountryIndiaLanguageTamil Kolangal is a 1995 Indian Tamil-language drama film directed by I. V. Sasi. The film stars Jayaram and Kushboo. It was released ...
This article uses bare URLs, which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot. Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style. Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as reFill (documentation) and Citation bot (documentation). (September 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) 2012 South African filmThe CreatorsFilm PosterDirected by Laura Gamse Jaques De ...
Independent charter schoolAlameda Community Learning CenterLocation1900 Third StreetAlameda, California, 94501InformationTypeIndependent charterEstablished1992PrincipalMichael McCaffreyStaff29Enrollment~360AthleticsDark Meat (Ultimate frisbee team) Volleyball, Basketball and Track and FieldWebsitehttps://www.alamedaclc.org/ The center (an area for learners to work) from a past campus Alameda Community Learning Center (ACLC), formerly known as Arthur Andersen Community Learning Center, is a 6t...
У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Водопад (значения). В статье есть список источников, но не хватает сносок. Без сносок сложно определить, из какого источника взято каждое отдельное утверждение. Вы можете улучшить статью, проставив сноски на источники, подт...
Ahmad Al-Dokhi Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Ahmad Al-Dokhi Al-DossaryTanggal lahir 25 Oktober 1976 (umur 47)Tempat lahir Arab SaudiTinggi 1,75 m (5 ft 9 in)Posisi bermain BekInformasi klubKlub saat ini Al-NassrKarier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)1995–2005 Al-Hilal 2005–2008 Al-Ittihad 2008–2009 Qatar SC 2009–2011 Al-Nassr Tim nasional‡1993–2006 Arab Saudi 71 (4) * Penampilan dan gol di klub senior hanya dihitung dari liga domestik dan akurat per 13 June 2...
Логотип аерокосмічного салону «АВІАСВІТ-XXI» «АВІАСВІТ-XXI» — український аерокосмічний салон. Відбувається раз на 2 роки на території аеродрому «Київ-Антонов» (м. Гостомель). На салоні демонструються сучасні зразки авіакосмічної техніки, вузлів і компонентів устаткув...
American pharmaceuticals company This article contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (September 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Roivant is a healthcare company focused on applying technology to drug development and building subsidiary biotech and healthcare technology companies. It was foun...
Japanese marathon runner Yoshimi OzakiYoshimi Ozaki in the Marathon at the 2012 Olympics in LondonPersonal informationBorn (1981-07-01) July 1, 1981 (age 42)Yamakita, Kanagawa, JapanHeight1.55 m (5 ft 1 in)Weight41 kg (90 lb)SportCountry JapanSportAthleticsEventMarathon Medal record World Championships 2009 Berlin Marathon Yoshimi Ozaki (尾崎 好美, Ozaki Yoshimi, born July 1, 1981) is a Japanese long-distance runner, who specializes in the marathon. She ...
Strategi Solo vs Squad di Free Fire: Cara Menang Mudah!
.jpg)
.jpg)
