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Tethytheria; Temporal range: Paleocene-Holocene
	Top: African elephant, Caribbean manatee; middle: Moeritherium, woolly mammoth; bottom: Paleoparadoxia, Arsinoitherium
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Grandorder:	Paenungulata
Mirorder:	Tethytheria; McKenna 1975
Subclades and orders
	†Embrithopoda; †Desmostylia (?); Proboscidea; Sirenia;

Tethytheria is a clade of mammals that includes the sirenians, proboscideans, and the extinct order Embrithopoda.^[1]

Though there is strong anatomical and molecular support for the monophyly of Tethytheria, the interrelationships between the included taxa remain disputed. The tethytheres are united by several characters, including anteriorly facing orbits and more or less bilophodont cheek teeth (double transverse ridges on the crowns of the teeth). Proboscidea and Sirenia are linked together based on auditory characters in their petrosal bones, but this link may be a homoplasy. Desmostylians, traditionally considered tethytheres, have been tentatively assigned to Perissodactyla, along with the Early Eocene family Anthracobunidae, which was considered a sister group to Tethytheria.^[2]^[3]

Systematics

Cladogram modified from Rose 2006 and Cooper et al. 2014.^[4]

Afrotheria

Paenungulata

Hyracoidea

Tethytheria

	†Embrithopoda

	Sirenia

	Proboscidea

Afroinsectiphilia

Classification

Classification modified from Rose 2006.^[2]

Clade Tethytheria
- order †Embrithopoda
  - †Phenacolophidae
  - †Arsinoitheriidae
- order Sirenia
  - †Prorastomidae
  - †Protosirenidae (Dugongidae?)
  - Dugongidae
  - Trichechidae
- order Proboscidea
  - †Phosphatheriidae (Numidotheriidae?)
  - †Numidotheriidae
  - †Moeritheriidae
  - †Barytheriidae
  - †Deinotheriidae
  - †Palaeomastodontidae
  - †Phiomiidae
  - †Hemimastodontidae
  - †Mammutidae
  - †Gomphotheriidae
  - Elephantidae

Notes

^ Tethytheria in the Paleobiology Database. Retrieved April 2013.
^ ^a ^b Rose 2006, pp. 242–3
^ Cooper, L. N.; Seiffert, E. R.; Clementz, M.; Madar, S. I.; Bajpai, S.; Hussain, S. T.; Thewissen, J. G. M. (2014-10-08). "Anthracobunids from the Middle Eocene of India and Pakistan Are Stem Perissodactyls". PLOS ONE. 9 (10): e109232. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j9232C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0109232. PMC 4189980. PMID 25295875.
^ Rose 2006, p. 213

References

McKenna, M.C. (1975). "Toward a phylogenetic classification of the Mammalia". In Luckett, W.P.; Szalay, F.S. (eds.). Phylogeny of the primates: a multidisciplinary approach (Proceedings of WennerGren Symposium no. 61, Burg Wartenstein, Austria, July 6–14, 1974. New York: Plenum. pp. 21–46. doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-2166-8_2. ISBN 978-1-4684-2168-2.
Rose, Kenneth David (2006). The beginning of the age of mammals. Baltimore: JHU Press. ISBN 0801884721.