The extent of Majapahit according to some sources. But not according to Nagarakretagama, which also included western Java into the empire, as Sunda was explicitly claimed according to canto 42 of the manuscript.
According to the Kakawin Nagarakretagama canto XIII and XIV, the following areas are recognized as conquered or subordinate to Majapahit (referred to as mañcanagara). The conquered states in Java were not mentioned because they were still considered part of the royal "mandala".
The names below are based on manuscript sources, both from Majapahit and Malay manuscripts as well as Chinese sources, but little physical evidence remains of an area's recognition of state power.
3. Sakweh śri yawa raja sapada madudwan nagaratunggalan(All Javanese kings were guests, they were from different countries but)
4. ekhasthana ri wilwatikta mangisapwi sang narendradipa.(unite to Wilwatikta to support the great king)
Canto 42
Stanza 2
4. Ndatan lingen i sunda len madhura pan satanah i yawa bhakti tan salah(Not mentioned were Sunda and Madhura because they are Javanese and devoted, it's not wrong)
Canto 13
Stanza 1
Lwir ning nusa pranusa pramuka sakahawat ksoni ri Malayu
nang Jambi mwang Palembang karitang i Teba len Dharmmaśraya tumut,
Kandis Kahwas Manangkabwa ri Siyak i Rekan Kampar mwang i Pane,
Kampe Harw athawe Mandahiling i Tumihang Parllak mwang i Barat
Stanza 2
Hi lwas lawan Samudra mwang i Lamuri Batan Lampung mwang i Barus
1. Sawaku (or Sawakung in Berau or Pulau Sebuku sub-district, Kotabaru)
2. Sebuku Island12
Tabalung
1. Tabalung (now Tabalong Regency with its city Tanjungpuri on the banks of the Tabalong river, the first capital of the Banjar sultanate in the Hindu era)
2. Tabalong in Amuntai2
Tunjung Kute
1. Tanjung Kutei (Kutai Kartanegara Sultanate whose capital city is Kutai Lama)
2. Kutai2
Malano
1. Malano ("in Nusa Tanjungpura", the Melanau people of Sarawak and West Kalimantan)
2. Milanau2
3. Balinean, east of the mouth of the Rejang river in Sarawak or Malanau in northwest Kalimantan2
4. Milano east of the Rejang river in Sarawak, Balineo3
Notes: 1 See Atlas van Tropisch Nederland, 1938: 10b 2 See [8] 3 See [9]
Malayan peninsula
In Nagarakretagama it is called "Hujung Medini", which refers to the Malay Peninsula (according to M. Yamin) or Johor (according to Pigeaud).[10]
Notes: 1 See Atlas van Tropisch Nederland, 1938: 10b 2 See [13] 3 See [14]
Overseas region
Foreign or overseas territories are mentioned in Nagarakretagama canto 15 stanza 1. In addition, in canto 83 stanza 4 and 93 stanza 1 are mentioned the places that became the origin of merchants and scholars.[15]
According to Irawan Djoko Nugroho, the area in the table above from Syangka to Cambodia is called Desantara. Its etymological meaning is "all directions, all space, other regions, other countries". The relationship between Majapahit and Desantara is called kachaya, which means "to be exposed to light". It is interpreted as protected or sheltered. The term "protected area" in the modern state system is referred to as a protectorate.[19][20]
What is different is Yawana, as mentioned anyat i yawana mitreka satata (different is Yawana who is a permanent ally).[21][22] Kern and Pigeaud consider Yawana to be Annam, but they noted that Yawana is the Sanskrit term for Greek (Ionian), which the Indians used to refer to barbarians. Kern notes that the Indians referred to Muslims as Yawana. According to Pigeaud, it is somewhat improbable that Yawana refers to the Muslim. He considered Yawana to be Annam, because at that time the kings of Annam were very powerful and it was very strange to ask Java for protection.[15] Nugroho rejected this opinion, because Nagarakretagama was created in 1365, and Champa's power surpassed Annam (which at that time referred to Dai Viet). Majapahit who defeated the Mongols could not have a weak permanent ally. In addition, Annam in Old Javanese language has its own name, namely Koci (now called Cochinchina to distinguish it from Kochi in India). Koci comes from the Chinese Jiāozhǐ, in Cantonese Kawci, and is called Giao Chỉ in Vietnamese. Therefore, Yawana is more accurately interpreted as Arabs.[23][24][25]
According to Nugroho, the regions of Jambudwipa, China, Karnataka, and Goda are collectively called Dwipantara. This area is said to have received the favor of the king, so it is natural for them to pay tribute. The kindness done by Majapahit to Dwipantara has a background from Java's war with the Mongols. The Mongols tried to control Asian sea trade, and Java (Singhasari at that time) responded with a blockade of Southeast Asian trade against the Mongols. The Dwipantara area came to face Majapahit led by their priests. In canto 93.1 the priests compose a hymn of praise to the Maharaja of Majapahit. The relationship between Dwipantara to Majapahit is sumiwi (serving).[26] Ambassadors from India and China came with merchants and played a role in stabilizing political and economic relations.[27]
According to other accounts
Jayanegara II inscription
The Tuhañaru/Jayanagara II inscription, dating from 1245 Saka/1323 AD, records the annexation of territories outside Java:
... like the moon that opens the tunjung-jantung flower from the village of all good people; which destroys all enemies; like the sun that dispels darkness at night, which is delighted by Wipra and Satria, who are happy to be able to uphold the name of the king's coronation, it reads: Iswara Sundarapandyadewa, ...
According to H.B. Sarkar, the title of the king of Jayanegara indicates that Majapahit held high power (suzerainty) over the king of Pandya in South India.[28]
Based on the Kidung Sunda canto 1 stanza 54b and 65a, Majapahit territories includes Palembang, Tumasik (Singapore), Sampit, Madura, Bali, Koci (Cochinchina, Vietnam), Wandan (Banda, Central Maluku), Tanjungpura (Kalimantan) and Sawakung (Sebuku Island).[30]: 20, 23 [31]
Kidung Harsa-Wijaya
Kidung Harsa Wijaya notes that the territories of Majapahit outside Java include Bali, Tatar, Tumasik, Sampi, Gurun, Wandan, Tanjung-pura, Dompo, Palembang, Makassar, and Koci.[32]
Calon Arang manuscripts
The story of Calon Arang is mentioned in several manuscripts, originally written during the classical Java era (before the fall of Majapahit in 1527). The manuscripts mentioned Malacca, a sultanate existing between 1400 to 1511. Surviving manuscripts are mostly found in Bali with dates after 1500 CE. Territories mentioned are:[33][34]
The book Suma Oriental by Tomé Pires written in 1515 records that Java (Majapahit) ruled as far as the Moluccas on the east side and most of the west side of the archipelago; and almost the whole island of Sumatra was under its control and it also controlled all the islands known to the Javanese. Majapahit ruled over these for a long time until about a hundred years earlier, when its power began to wane until it became similar to that during the year of Pires' visit to Java (March–June 1513).[35]: 174
Sulalatus Salatin
Based on Sulalatus Salatin (Malay Annals) the Majapahit territories include:
Indragiri in Sumatra and Siantan (now Pontianak on the west coast of Kalimantan), which according to Sulalatus Salatin, were given as wedding gifts to the Sultanate of Malacca for the marriage of the sultan Mansur Shah of Malacca to the princess of Majapahit. Sultan Mansur Shah ruled in 1459–1477, so that in 1447 it meant that Indragiri and Siantan were still under Majapahit rule.
Jambi and Palembang, which only began to escape from Majapahit's grip when it was taken over by the Demak Sultanate during its war against Majapahit ruled by Ranawijaya.[35]: 154–155
And Bali which was the last refugee area for nobles, artists, priests and Hindus in Java when Majapahit conquered by Demak.
Hikayat Banjar
The territories of Majapahit recorded by Hikayat Banjar are: Java, Bantan (Banten), Palembang, Mangkasar (Makassar), Pahang, Patani, Bali, Pasai, Champa, Maningkabau (Minangkabau),[36][37][38] Jambi, Bugis (the area of Bugis people), Johor, and Acih (Aceh).[39][40]
^Reid, Anthony. Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce. Vol 2: Expansion and Crisis. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993. p211n.
^Gordon, Alijah (2001). The Propagation of Islam in the Indonesian-Malay Archipelago. Malaysian Sociological Research Institute. p. 316. ISBN9789839986624.
^In Malay: Maka raja Majapahit itu bartambah-tambah kabasarannya, banyak raja-raja yang takluk kapadanya itu: sakaliannya orang tanah Jawa dan Bantan, Jambi, Palembang, Mangkasar, Pahang, Patani dan Bali dan Pasai dan Campa, sampai kapada orang tanah Maningkabau tatkala pada zaman itu sama takluk pada raja Majapahit ...
^In Malay: Tunggul Amatung mangkubuminya Patih Gajah Mada itu, sakaliannya orang besar-besar di tanah Jawa itu sama takluk pada raja Tunggul Amatung itu. Bantan, Jambi, Palembang, Bugis, Mangkasar, Johor, Patani, Pahang, Campa, Maningkabau, Acih, Pasai, sakaliannya nagri itu sama takluk pada raja Tunggul Amatung itu.
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