Takeda Shingen (武田信玄, December 1, 1521 – May 13, 1573) was daimyo of Kai Province during the Sengoku period of Japan. Known as "the Tiger of Kai", he was one of the most powerful daimyo of the late Sengoku period, and credited with exceptional military prestige.[1] Shingen was based in a poor area with little arable land and no access to the sea, but he became one of Japan's leading daimyo. His skills are highly esteemed and on par with Mōri Motonari.
Name
Takeda Shingen
Shingen was called "Tarō" (a commonly used pet name for the eldest son of a Japanese family) or Katsuchiyo (勝千代) during his childhood. After his genpuku (coming of age ceremony), he was given the formal name Harunobu (晴信), which included a character from the name of Ashikaga Yoshiharu, the 12th shogun of the Ashikaga shogunate. It was a common practice in feudal Japan for a higher-ranking samurai to bestow a character from his own name to his inferiors as a symbol of recognition. From the local lord's perspective, it was an honour to receive a character from the shogunate, although the authority of the latter had greatly degenerated in the mid-16th century.
Both the Ashikaga and the Takeda clans descended from the Minamoto clan. Technically, Harunobu, as well as his forefathers, had borne the surname of Minamoto. Therefore, Harunobu is referred to as "Minamoto no Harunobu" (源 晴信) in official records kept by the Imperial Court when he was conferred the official title of Daizen Daibu (大膳大夫, Master of the Palace Table). The Imperial Court had maintained a system of ritsuryō that was parallel to the shogunate apparatus.
In February 1559 Harunobu chose to live a pabbajja life as a Buddhist novitiate and received a dharma name, Shingen (信玄), from his Buddhist master.[2] The kanji of "Shingen" can also be pronounced as "Nobuharu", which is the inversion of his official name, Harunobu. In ancient times, such religious names of recognized Japanese aristocrats used the on'yomiChinese-style pronunciation, instead of kun'yomi, the indigenous Japanese pronunciation. Although widely known by his dharma name, Takeda Shingen's formal name remained Harunobu throughout the rest of his life.
Shingen is sometimes referred to as "The Tiger of Kai" (甲斐の虎) for his martial prowess on the battlefield. His primary rival, Uesugi Kenshin (上杉謙信), was often called "The Dragon of Echigo" (越後の龍) or "The Tiger of Echigo" (越後の虎). They fought several times at Kawanakajima.[3]
Takeda Shingen was the first-born son of Takeda Nobutora (武田信虎), leader of the Takeda clan, and daimyo of the province of Kai. He had been an accomplished poet in his youth. He assisted his father with the older relatives and vassals of the Takeda clan, and became a valuable addition to the clan at a fairly young age. In 1536, at the age of 15, he was instrumental in helping his father win the Battle of Un no Kuchi.[4][5]
At some point in his life after his "coming of age" ceremony, the young man decided to rebel against his father, Takeda Nobutora. He succeeded in 1540, successfully taking control of the clan. Events regarding this change of leadership are not entirely clear, but it is thought that Nobutora had planned to name his second son, Nobushige, as his heir instead of Shingen. The result was a miserable retirement that was forced upon him by Shingen and his supporters: he was sent to Suruga Province, on the southern border of Kai, to be kept in custody under the scrutiny of the Imagawa clan, led by his son-in-law Imagawa Yoshimoto (今川義元), the daimyo of Suruga. For their help in this bloodless coup, an alliance was formed between the Imagawa and the Takeda clans.[1]
Takeda campaign
A modern reproduction of Takeda Shingen's armour
Shinano campaign
Shingen's first act was to gain a hold of the area around him. His goal was to conquer Shinano Province. A number of the major warlords in the Shinano region marched on the border of Kai Province, hoping to neutralize the power of the still-young Shingen before he had a chance to expand into their lands. However, planning to beat him down at Fuchu (where word had it Shingen was gathering his forces for a stand), they were unprepared when Takeda forces suddenly came down upon them at the Battle of Sezawa. Taking advantage of their confusion, Shingen was able to win a quick victory, which set the stage for his drive into Shinano lands that same year and his successful Siege of Uehara. The young warlord made considerable advances into the region, conquering the Suwa clan's headquarters in the Siege of Kuwabara, before moving into central Shinano with the defeat of both Tozawa Yorichika and Takato Yoritsugu in the Siege of Fukuyo and Battle of Ankokuji. In 1543, he captured Nagakubo Castle, Kojinyama Castle in 1544, and then Takatō Castle and Ryūgasaki Castle in 1545. In 1546 he took Uchiyama Castle and won the Battle of Odaihara. In 1547, he took Shika Castle.
Depiction of the legendary personal conflict between Kenshin and Shingen at the fourth Battle of Kawanakajima (1561)
These battles were generally confined to controlled skirmishes, neither daimyō willing to devote himself entirely to a single all-out attempt. The conflict between the two that had the fiercest fighting, and might have decided victory or defeat for one side or the other, was the fourth battle, during which the famous tale arose of Uesugi Kenshin's forces clearing a path through the Takeda troops and Kenshin engaging Shingen in single combat. The tale has Kenshin attacking Shingen with his sword while Shingen defends with his iron war fan or tessen. Both lords lost many men in this fight, and Shingen in particular lost two of his main generals, Yamamoto Kansuke and his younger brother Takeda Nobushige.[4]: 269–72
After the fourth battle of Kawanakajima, the Takeda clan suffered two internal setbacks. Shingen uncovered two plots on his life, the first from his cousin Suwa Shigemasa (whom he ordered to commit seppuku), and the second, a few years later, from his own son Takeda Yoshinobu (武田義信). His son was confined to the Toko-ji temple, where he died two years later; it is not known whether his death was natural or ordered by his father. After this incident, Shingen designated his fourth son, Takeda Katsuyori (武田勝頼), as the acting leader of the clan after himself until Katsuyori's son came of age.
In 1571, Uesugi Kenshin had advanced to the province of Kozuke and attacked the satellite castle of Shingen's, Ishikura Castle. Both forces met each other in the Battle of Tonegawa, but eventually disengaged after a well-fought fight.[6]
Suruga campaign
The death of Takeda Yoshinobu is believed to have much to do with the change in Shingen's policy towards the Imagawa clan. After Imagawa Yoshimoto's death in a Battle of Okehazama against Oda Nobunaga in 1560, Shingen made an alliance with the Oda and Tokugawa clan, and started to plan an invasion of Suruga Province, a territory now controlled by Yoshimoto's son, Ujizane. Yoshinobu, however, had strongly opposed such a plan because his wife was the daughter of Yoshimoto. By 1567, nonetheless, after Shingen had successfully kept the forces led by Uesugi Kenshin out of the northern boundaries of Shinano Province, taken over a strategically important castle in western Kōzuke, and suppressed internal objection to his plans to take advantage of the weakened Imagawa clan, he was ready to carry out his planned Suruga invasion. Shingen and Tokugawa Ieyasu "came to terms" and occupied the "former Imagawa territory."[3]: 279 They both fought against Yoshimoto's heir, Imagawa Ujizane.
During this time Shingen also ordered the damming project of the Fuji River, which was one of the major domestic activities of the time.
Predicament
The Suruga invasion angered Hojo Ujiyasu. After confirming that, the Takeda and Hojo alliance had collapsed, Tokugawa Ieyasu gave up on Takeda, and approached Uesugi and Hojo. As a consequence, Shingen was in a difficult situation with enemies on three sides. In such a predicament, Shingen asked his ally Oda Nobunaga for help. Nobunaga soothed Ieyasu and mediated reconciliation between Takeda and Uesugi. Thanks to Nobunaga's efforts, Shingen was able to escape from the predicament.
By the time Takeda Shingen was 49 years old, he was the only daimyō with the necessary power and tactical skill to stop Oda Nobunaga's rush to rule Japan.
In early 1573, Shingen decided to make a drive for Kyoto at the urgings of the shōgun Ashikaga Yoshiaki. While seeking a route from Kōfu to Kyoto, Shingen moved to challenge the Oda–Tokugawa alliance in the Battle of Mikatagahara, one of the most famous battles of Takeda Shingen's campaigns, and one of the best demonstrations of his cavalry-based tactics. It was also one of Tokugawa Ieyasu's worst defeats, and complete disaster was only narrowly averted. Shingen stopped his advance temporarily due to outside influences, which allowed the Tokugawa clan to prepare for battle again. In mid 1573, he led a formidable force of over 30,000 into Tokugawa territories in Tōtōmi, Mikawa, and Mino provinces.
Once he entered Mikawa Province in February 1573, Shingen besieged Noda Castle, but then died in his siege camp at the age of 51. The exact circumstances surrounding his death are unknown. Some accounts say he succumbed to an old war wound, some say a sniper had wounded him earlier, and others that he died of pneumonia.[7][8] He was buried at Erin-ji temple in what is now Kōshū, Yamanashi.[9][10]
After Shingen's death, Takeda Katsuyori became the daimyō of the Takeda clan. Katsuyori was ambitious and wanted to continue his father's legacy. He moved to take Tokugawa forts. However, an allied force of Tokugawa Ieyasu and Oda Nobunaga dealt a crushing blow to the Takeda in the Battle of Nagashino, when Nobunaga's matchlock-armed infantry destroyed the Takeda cavalry. Nobunaga and Ieyasu seized the opportunity to defeat the weakened Takeda clan led by Takeda Katsuyori. Later, in the Battle of Tenmokuzan, Katsuyori committed suicide after the battle and the Takeda clan never recovered.
Legacy
Upon Takeda Shingen's death, Uesugi Kenshin reportedly wept at the loss of one of his strongest and most deeply-respected rivals.[11] However, historian Kazuto Hongō viewed that despite the advantage of advanced military doctrines and administration systems established by Shingen, his efforts failed to prosper the Takeda clan themselves. Hongō stressed the failure of Takeda clan during Shingen period to build a war economy, as he examines that the 20 years of effort of Shingen conquest to subjugate Shinano province, in complement with his series of exhausting engagements against his rival Kenshin, he only managed to secure the territories which only yield gross annual rice production of 600,000 koku as revenue at most, which translates this means the optimal military mobilization of Takeda clan were at maximum only 20,000 soldiers for each campaign. In contrast with Oda Nobunaga provinces, where his possession of Mino province was already could produce at least 650,000 Koku annually, which combined with his later territories of Mino also viewed as rich province that the gross estimation of Nobunaga koku production could mean he can always utilize the rations to mobilize army more or less twice than Shingen could afford. Furthermore, the condition of Takeda clan which only manage to control landlocked provinces also contrasted with Nobunaga access for the rich and prosperous Sakai port city, which means Nobunaga could afford military technologies and exotic supplies for his war machine that far better than Shingen.[12]
One of the most lasting tributes to Shingen's prowess was that of Tokugawa Ieyasu himself, who is known to have borrowed heavily from the old Takeda leader's governmental and military innovations after he had taken leadership of Kai Province during Toyotomi Hideyoshi's rise to power. There are two most notable moments of the incorporation of the Takeda clan elements into the Tokugawa clan regime. The first was during the Tenshō-Jingo War between Ieyasu against the Hōjō clan on the aftermath of the death of Oda Nobunaga. During that moment, Ieyasu has hid many of Takeda clan followers from Nobunaga's wrath who declared the massacre against them. Those Takeda clan vassals immediately declared their allegiance to Ieyasu when the Hōjō and Uesugi clan invaded Kai and Shinano, where at least 800 of former Takeda clan retainers joined the ranks of Tokugawa army during the war and fought the Hōjō.[13] Then furthermore, on the aftermath of the war, Ieyasu immediately organized a kishōmon(blood oath) ceremony with the former vassals of Takeda clan to declare their loyalty to the Tokugawa clan, which resulted in:[14][15][16][17]
70 former Takeda samurai from Tsuchiya clan under the command of Ii Naomasa (another source mentioned that total of 120 Takeda samurai warriors.[18]
60 former Takeda samurai of Asari clan led by Asari Masatane under the command of Honda Tadakatsu.
Huge portions of Takeda clans vassals under the direct control of Ieyasu himself, including clans which led by Yoda Nobushige. Among those who were assigned as Hatamoto, or direct vassal of Ieyasu, they were allowed to retain their positions, and even increased the domains revenue they controlled particularly from the new territories which the Tokugawa clan conquered. This apparent from the Saegusa clan, where his the son of the clan leader, Saegusa Masayoshi, retain his,[19] while his father Saegusa Torayoshi appointed as one of four magistrate in the Tokugawa clan.[20]
Historian Masaru Hirayama argued, the outcome of this war which involved the absorption of Takeda retainers into Tokugawa ranks was not only just factional conflict in the eastern province, but it determined the unification of Japan in the future, as it pushed Tokugawa Ieyasu into the key position of Toyotomi government.[21]
The second occasion of the further incorporation of Takeda clan's vassals occurred on November 13, 1585, when Ishikawa Kazumasa defected from Ieyasu to Hideyoshi.[22] This caused Ieyasu to undertake major reforms of the structures of Tokugawa clan military government and chose the bureaucratic administrations and military doctrines practiced by Shingen as his core for his statecraft.[23] At first, Ieyasu ordered Torii Mototada, who served as the county magistrate of Kai, to collect military laws, weapons, and military equipment from the time of Takeda Shingen and bring them to Hamamatsu Castle. Later, he also appointed two former Takeda vassals, Naruse Masakazu and Okabe Masatsuna, as magistrates under authority of Ii Naomasa and Honda Tadakatsu, while he also ordered all of former Takeda vassals who now serve him to impart any military doctrines and structures they knew during their service under Takeda clan.,[23] and lastly, he ordered the three of his prime generals, the so-called "Tokugawa Four Heavenly Kings," Ii Naomasa, Honda Tadakatsu, and Sakakibara Yasumasa, to serve as supreme commander of this new military regiments.[24]
Those statecrafting doctrine which Ieyasu practiced and learned from Shingen's former vassals greatly benefitted him in the long run, as being proven on the future, such as when Ieyasu transferring his powerbase to Kantō region in 1590, as he established new offices such as the Hachiōji sen'nin-dōshin, which formed from patchwork memberships from 9 small clans of Takeda retainers. This group will continue to serve the Tokugawa clan faithfully as defender of Kai province during this period in service of Ieyasu. The Hachiōji sen'nin-dōshin served the Tokugawa clan even after Ieyasu's death, until their disbandment during Meiji Restoration in 1868.[a]
In conclusion, Historian such as Michifumi Isoda opined that one factor why the Tokugawa clan's could conquer Japan was due to the incorporation of former Takeda clan's vassals into the service of Ieyasu's military regime particularly under the command of his general Ii Naomasa.[26] While professor Watanabe Daimon also similarly stated that The Kai province samurai greatly influenced Ieyasu's domination of Japan.[27] According to an anecdote from “Meisho Genkoroku” (Collection of words and deeds of great commanders in Japanese history), when Nobunaga sent a head of Takeda Katsuyori to Ieyasu, Ieyasu remarked in the front of the former Takeda clan followers his head that although Katsuyori was a biological son of Shingen, but that he was the "spiritual successor" of Shingen.[28]
Retainers
During the Edo period, 24 retainers who served under Shingen were chosen as a popular topic for ukiyo-e and bunraku. The names vary from work to work and the following list is the widely agreed version of retainers. They had not all worked together, as some had died before others served, but they were noted for their exceptional contributions to Shingen and the Takeda clan.
Takeda Shingen's 24 generals
Of his retainers, Kōsaka Masanobu stands out as being one of Shingen's better known beloveds, in the style of the Japanese shudō tradition. The two entered into the relationship when Shingen was 22 and Masanobu 16. The love pact signed by the two, in Tokyo University's Historical Archive, documents Shingen's pledge that he was not involved in, nor had any intentions of entering into, a sexual relationship with a certain other retainer, and asserts that "since I want to be intimate with you" he will in no way harm the boy, and calls upon the gods to be his guarantors. (Leupp, pp. 53–54)
Generations of farming peasants who become warriors to fight Takeda Shingen's battles are depicted in the 1960 movie The River Fuefuki, aka Fuefukigawa by director Keisuke Kinoshita. The film is based on a novel by Shichirō Fukazawa.
He is mentioned on episode 31 of the Tokusatsu 1988 series Sekai Ninja Sen Jiraiya. The focus of this episode is the alleged missing Takeda Shingen's famous sword Nobutora, and its discovery in France.
His life is the subject of a historical novel by Jirō Nitta, which was adapted for television in the 1988 NHKTaiga dramaTakeda Shingen, starring Kiichi Nakai, distributed internationally under the title Shingen.
Shingen the Ruler (Takeda Shingen 2 in Japan) is a turn-based strategy game for the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES), produced by Hot B in 1989, and released in North America in 1990.
In the 2020 video game "Ghost of Tsushima", the player can obtain an armour set (Gosaku's armour) that is very heavily inspired by Takeda Shingen's actual famous armour set.
Takeda Shingen was mentioned in episode 10 of The Tatami Galaxy when the protagonist noted that a 4.5 tatami room is perfect, and if a room were to be larger than that, it would end up being "as spacious as Takeda Shingen's lavatory, and one might even get lost".
He is a main character in the anime Sengoku Basara: The Last Party and Sengoku Basara: Samurai Kings. He was shown with a superhuman strength, able to use a large ax with effortless precision, ride two horses in standing position, even riding up walls vertically.[31]
In Battle Girls: Time Paradox, he appeared as a hotheaded woman who committed nothing to obtain the power of the red armor.
Takeda is a playable character in the Mobile/PC Game Rise of Kingdoms.
Takeda Shingen is summonable as a Rider-class Servant in Fate/Grand Order.
Takeda Shingen is an Uber rare unit in The Battle Cats.He is seen carrying a massive axe or sword. He has the 3rd highest damage in the game. His description in game reads: “a master tactician of overwhelming power who is cursed by the legendary cat sword”
Lasting three days, the Shingen-ko Festival (信玄公祭り, Shingen-ko Matsuri) is held annually on the first or second weekend of April in Kōfu, Yamanashi Prefecture to celebrate the legacy of daimyō Takeda Shingen. In the lunar calendar, Shingen died on the 12th day of the 4th month, and so April 12 is celebrated as the anniversary of his death (despite it being May 13 in the Gregorian calendar). Usually, a famous Japanese celebrity plays the part of Takeda Shingen. There are several parades going between the Takeda Shrine and Kofu Castle reflecting the various comings and goings of Takeda Shingen during his life.
The parades are very theatrical, involving serious re-enactors who practice all year for this one weekend.[32]
^At first, their members were 250 men. Then further expanded to 500 after Ieyasu transferred into Kantō region. later appointed as guardian of Hachiōji castle, and their memberships expanded from 500 to 1,000, thus became the reason that they were called "Hachiōji sen'nin-dōshin" (Hachiōji's 1,000 officers.[25]
References
^ abTurnbull, Stephen (1987). Battles of the Samurai. Arms and Armour Press. pp. 41–44. ISBN0853688265.
^Turnbull, Stephen (1977). The Samurai, A Military History. MacMillan Publishing Co., Inc. p. 123. ISBN0026205408.
^ abSansom, George (1961). A History of Japan, 1334–1615. Stanford University Press. p. 246. ISBN0804705259.
^ abcdeTurnbull, Stephen (1998). The Samurai Sourcebook. Cassell & Co. pp. 209–13. ISBN1854095234.
^Kazuto Hongō (本郷和人) (2022). "｢軍事とは経済である｣武田信玄がどんなに"優れた戦国大名"でも､信長には絶対に勝てなかったシンプルな理由" ["Military is economics": No matter how "excellent a Sengoku lord" Takeda Shingen was, the simple reason he could never defeat Nobunaga]. PRESIDENT Online（プレジデントオンライン） (in Japanese). PRESIDENT Inc. pp. 1–4. Retrieved 5 June 2024.
^丸島, 和洋 (2015). "土屋昌恒". In 柴辻, 俊六; 平山, 優; 黒田, 基樹; 丸島, 和洋 (eds.). 武田氏家臣団人名辞典. 東京堂出版. p. 505. ISBN9784490108606.
^Toshikazu Komiyama (1981). "戦国大名家臣の徳川家臣化について" [Regarding the transformation of Sengoku daimyo vassals into Tokugawa vassals]. --戦国大名武田家家臣を事例として =A case study of Sengoku daimyo Takeda family vassals (in Japanese). Retrieved 23 May 2024.
^Toshikazu Komiyama (2004). "戦国大名家臣の徳川家臣化について 戦国大名武田家家臣を事例として」" [About turning Sengoku daimyo vassals into Tokugawa vassals: Using the Sengoku daimyo Takeda family vassals as an example]. Collection of Essays (in Japanese). 1 (26). Retrieved 23 May 2024.
^山梨県史の刊行・訂正・補足情報 [Yamanashi Prefectural History Materials 6 Medieval Period 3 Lower Prefectural Records] (in Japanese). Retrieved 23 May 2024.
^山本博文監修 (2007, p. 23) harvtxt error: no target: CITEREF山本博文監修2007 (help)
^Democratic Scientists Association (Japan). History Section, Council on Historical Science (2009). 歴史評論, Volumes 711-716 [Historical Criticism, Volumes 711-716] (in Japanese). 丹波書林. pp. 67, 75. Retrieved 10 June 2024.
^ abOkanoya Shigezane (2007). Shogun and Samurai Tales of Nobunaga, Hideyoshi, and Ieyasu. Translated by Andrew and Yoshiko Dykstra. Mānoa: University of Hawaiʻi; Japanese Literature Translations by Yoshiko K. Dykstra. p. 147. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
^Michifumi Isoda (2023). 家康の誤算: 「神君の仕組み」の創造と崩壊 (in Japanese). 株式会社ＰＨＰ研究所. Retrieved 17 May 2024.
^Watanabe Daimon (2023). "「甲斐」が家康の天下取りを支えた? 戦国最強・武田軍と徳川の深い関係" [Did "Kai" support Ieyasu's conquest of the country? The deep relationship between the Takeda army, the most powerful army in the Sengoku period, and the Tokugawa]. Rekishin Kaido (in Japanese). PHP研究所. pp. 1–3. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
^"Shingen-ko Festival". "Shingen-ko Festival" Executive Planning Committee. February 1, 2019. Archived from the original on March 31, 2019. Retrieved June 19, 2019.
