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Taixue (Tai-shueh; simplified Chinese: 太学; traditional Chinese: 太學; lit. 'Greatest Study or Learning'), or sometimes called the "Imperial Academy", "Imperial School", "Imperial University"^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4] or "Imperial Central University", was the highest rank of educational establishment in Ancient China created during the Han dynasty. The Sui dynasty instituted major reforms, giving the imperial academy a greater administrative role and renaming it the Guozijian (國子監).^[5] As the Guozijian, the institution was maintained by successive dynasties until it was finally abolished in 1905 near the end of the Qing dynasty.

Taixue taught Confucianism and Chinese literature among other things for high level civil service posts, although a civil service system based upon competitive examination rather than recommendation was not introduced until the Sui and did not become a mature system until the Song dynasty (960–1279).^[6]^[7]

Han Taixue

The university held 30,000 students and academicians during the 2nd century.^{[citation needed]} This provided the Han dynasty with well-educated bureaucrats to fill civil service posts in the imperial government. The first nationwide government school system in China was established in 3 AD under Emperor Ping of Han, with the Taixue located in the capital of Chang'an and local schools established in the prefectures and in the main cities of the smaller counties.^[8]

Song Taixue

The Imperial University (taixue) in Kaifeng was created as part of the Qingli Reforms to provide education to the children of commoners and low-ranking officials. It was the only institution that survived the reversal of the reforms.^[9]

Wang Anshi's New Policies included a major reform of education, including a greater emphasis on the Confucian classics at the expense of poetry and the reorganisation of the examination system. The university was expanded from 200 students in 1051 to 2,400 students in 1079 and was restructured into three halls: Outer, Inner and Upper. The students proceeded from one to another and upon graduation became qualified for the position of official.^[10]

The Three Hall system survived the partial rollback of the New Policies and was used as a template for prefectural schools. The university sat at the pinnacle of the hierarchical system with students advancing from level to level and from school to school based on examinations as well as teachers' recommendations. In 1106 a new "eight virtues" advancement path was introduced, with students recommended for their virtuous conduct spending one year in the prefectural school and then proceeding to the Upper Hall of the university.^[11]

The university had 3,800 students in 1103, of whom 3,000 were in the Outer Hall (which had a separate campus to the south of the capital), 600 in the Inner Hall, and 200 in the Upper Hall, with ten to sixty men graduating each year.^[11]

After the fall of Northern Song, the university was re-founded in Hangzhou, the new capital, in 1142 with the student quota of 300, which grew to 1,000 in 1148. Throughout Southern Song, the students of the Imperial University, sometimes joined by the students of other capital schools, became one of the most visible and influential political groups. They often took to the streets protesting various domestic or foreign policy issues. Sometimes their protests led to dismissals of prefects and even chief councilors.^[12]

References

Notes

^ Michael Sullivan (1962). The Birth of Landscape Painting in China. University of California Press. pp. 26–. GGKEY:APYE9RBQ0TH.
^ Michael Sullivan (1980). Chinese landscape painting. University of California Press. p. 26.
^ Wesley M. Wilson (1 February 1997). Ancient civilizations, religions, Africa, Asia, world problems & solutions. Professional Press. p. 192. ISBN 9781570873041.
^ Arthur Cotterell (31 August 2011). China: A History. Random House. pp. 104–. ISBN 978-1-4464-8447-0.
^ http://www.legco.gov.hk/yr99-00/english/panels/ed/papers/711e01.pdf A Consultant Report to The University Grants Committee of Hong Kong
^ http://www.education.monash.edu.au/centres/mcrie/docs/conferencekeynotes/yang-china-higher-ed-massification-mexico.pdf Archived 2006-08-26 at the Wayback Machine Higher Education in the People’s Republic of China: Historical Traditions, Recent Developments and Major Issues
^ Ebrey, CIHC, 145–146.
^ Yuan, 193–194.
^ Chaffee, John; Twitchett, Denis, eds. (2015). The Cambridge History of China, Volume 5, Part Two: Sung China, 960-1279. Cambridge University Press. p. 294. ISBN 9780521243308.
^ Chaffee, John; Twitchett, Denis, eds. (2015). The Cambridge History of China, Volume 5, Part Two: Sung China, 960-1279. Cambridge University Press. pp. 298–300. ISBN 9780521243308.
^ ^a ^b Chaffee, John; Twitchett, Denis, eds. (2015). The Cambridge History of China, Volume 5, Part Two: Sung China, 960-1279. Cambridge University Press. pp. 300–305. ISBN 9780521243308.
^ Chaffee, John; Twitchett, Denis, eds. (2015). The Cambridge History of China, Volume 5, Part Two: Sung China, 960-1279. Cambridge University Press. pp. 306–307. ISBN 9780521243308.

General references

Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (1999). The Cambridge Illustrated History of China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-66991-X (paperback).
Yuan, Zheng. "Local Government Schools in Sung China: A Reassessment," History of Education Quarterly (Volume 34, Number 2; Summer 1994): 193–213.