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Supreme Court of the Netherlands
Supreme Court of the Netherlands
Hoge Raad der Nederlanden (Dutch)
	Logo of the Supreme Court of the Netherlands
	Supreme Court of the Netherlands, The Hague
	52°5′0.52″N 4°18′41.85″E / 52.0834778°N 4.3116250°E
Established	1 October 1838
Jurisdiction	Kingdom of the Netherlands
Location	The Hague, Netherlands
Coordinates	52°5′0.52″N 4°18′41.85″E / 52.0834778°N 4.3116250°E
Motto	Ubi iudicia deficiunt incipit bellum ; Where judicial decisions fail, Violence begins.
Composition method	Selected by the House of Representatives on advice of the Supreme Court and appointed by royal decree
Authorised by	Constitution of the Netherlands; Statute of the Kingdom of the Netherlands
Judge term length	Life tenure with mandatory retirement at the age of 70
Number of positions	Varies (currently 36)
Website	www.hogeraad.nl
President of the Supreme Court
Currently	Dineke de Groot
Since	1 November 2020

The Supreme Court of the Netherlands (Dutch: Hoge Raad der Nederlanden [ˈɦoːɣə ˈraː dɛr ˈneːdərlɑndə(n)]^[a] or simply Hoge Raad), officially the High Council of the Netherlands, is the final court of appeal in civil, criminal and tax cases in the Netherlands, including Curaçao, Sint Maarten and Aruba.^[2] The Court was established on 1 October 1838 and is located in The Hague.^[3]

The Supreme Court rules on civil and criminal matters. In certain administrative cases it has final jurisdiction as well, while in other cases this jurisdiction rests with the adjudicative division of the Council of State (Raad van State), the Central Appeals Tribunal (Centrale Raad van Beroep), the Trade and Industry Appeals Tribunal (College van Beroep van het bedrijfsleven) as well as judicial institutions in the Caribbean part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The Court is a court of cassation, which means that it has the competence to quash or affirm rulings of lower courts, but no competence to re-examine or question the facts. It only considers whether the lower courts applied the law correctly and the rulings have sufficient reasoning.^[4] In so doing it establishes case law.

As the government of the Netherlands is characterised by parliamentary sovereignty, the Supreme Court cannot overturn primary legislation made by the States-General. This is laid out in Article 120 of the Constitution, which states that courts may not rule on the constitutionality of laws passed by the States General and treaties. With the exception of the Constitutional Court of Sint Maarten (which rules on constitutionality with regards to the Sint Maarten constitution only) courts thus have little competence for judicial review with respect to the Constitution.^[5]^[6] However, it is possible for courts (including the Supreme Court) to overturn secondary legislation made by the executive government.

The Supreme Court currently consists of 36 judges: a president, six vice presidents, twenty-five justices (raadsheren, literally "Lords of the Council") and four justices extraordinary (buitengewone dienst).^[7] All judges are appointed for life, until they retire at their own request or mandatorily on their 70th birthday.^[8]

History

The development of cassation in the Netherlands was heavily influenced by the French during the Batavian Revolution at the end of the 18th century. The establishment of the Supreme Court on 1838 brought an end to the Great Council of Mechelen and its successor, the Hoge Raad van Holland en Zeeland, which both served as high appellate courts.^[3]

Second World War

During the Nazi occupation, the Supreme Court kept functioning. In November 1940 the German occupiers forced its president, Lodewijk Ernst Visser, to resign because he was Jewish. It was part of Nazi policy to separate Jews as a group, disrupting legal and social norms, in pursuit of their murderous policy of the Final Solution. Visser's colleagues did not protest. The members who remained also signed a compulsory declaration about Aryans.^{[citation needed]} Visser "repeatedly warned the Dutch authorities not to relinquish jurisdiction over Jewish citizens and residents, and not to allow their legal protection to be lifted."^[9]

After the liberation, people reproached the Court for its weak and legalistic attitude. The Court justified its stance because it wished to guarantee the continuity of its jurisdiction under the Nazi occupation and purportedly avoid involvement in politics. They did not take a stand on principle against the German occupation or set a moral example, perhaps because they felt they were not in a position to do so.^[10] This was demonstrated in a so-called "Test sentence", (Supreme Court, 12 January 1942, NJ 1942/271), in which the Supreme Court ruled that a Dutch judge could not contest the decrees of the occupying force on the basis of international law, in particular the 1907 regulation prescribed for a country at war. In this, the Supreme Court followed the advice of the barrister-general A. Rombach. The judgment concerned a case in which a man was sentenced by the economic judge for an "economic offence" (the purchase of pork without valid coupons). The counsel for the accused, P. Groeneboom, argued in his defense before the Supreme Court on 27 October 1941 that the judge had the authority to challenge the regulations of the occupying force on the basis of the regulation prescribed for a country at war, the decree of the Führer and the first regulation of the government commissioner. When the Supreme Court (in a judgment of 12 January 1942) denied the possibility of contesting rules issued by the German government, the Netherlands followed what was the rule in Germany and Italy too. On the basis of two emergency measures Hitler had the authority to issue incontestable rules, and the legal establishment acknowledged not it was not allowed to challenge "political" measures. "Political" in this case was what the political authorities considered to be political. In Italy the Court of Appeal recognized the free authority of Mussolini and the judge's lack of authority to control it.^[11] Meihuizen says about the Dutch test sentence: "A sentence with far-reaching consequences because with this, barristers were not given the chance to bring before the judge the question of the validity of legislation which had been issued by or on behalf of the occupier."^[12]^: 85 The Supreme Court defended this sentence in retrospect with the conjecture that the Germans would never accept their decrees being contested and might have intervened in a negative way with the legal establishment, resulting in a further diminishing of citizens' legal protection.^[10]

In 1943, during the Second World War, the seat of the Supreme Court was temporarily moved from The Hague to Nijmegen. With the liberation of Nijmegen in September 1944, this led to a situation in which, although the seat was on liberated ground, most of the Justices found themselves still in occupied territory. After the war, there was not much done to clear matters; lawyers who had collaborated with the Germans generally kept their jobs or got important other positions. A crucial role in this affair was played by J. Donner, who became President of the Supreme Court in 1946.^[10]

Buildings

The court was located at a corner of the Binnenhof complex from 1838 until 1864, before moving to a building in the Plein, dubbed het hondenhok ("the doghouse"). The building was fully renovated in 1938 and finally demolished in 1988. At this point, the Supreme Court moved to the Huguetan house at 34–36 Lange Voorhout, the previous home of the Koninklijke Bibliotheek (Royal Library of the Netherlands). In March 2016 the court moved into a new building^[13] at Korte Voorhout 8.^[14]

Authority

In the Netherlands a case is first heard by one of the ten district courts (rechtbanken). Afterwards, either side may appeal to one of the four courts of appeal (gerechtshoven). Finally, either party may file a cassation appeal to the Supreme Court.

Composition

Justices of the Supreme Court are appointed by royal decree, chosen from a list of three, advised by the House of Representatives on the advice of the Court itself. The justices are, like every other judge in the Netherlands, appointed for life, until they retire at their own will or after reaching the age of 70. Upon reaching the age of 60, a justice may change status to extraordinary, with the effect that the justice no longer plays a full role at the Court.

The Supreme Court is divided into four chambers: the first or civil chamber, the second or criminal chamber, the third or tax chamber and the fourth or ombudsman chamber. The members of the fourth division are chosen ad hoc, but will include the President of the Court.^[8]

Current justices

As of April 2024^[update], the first three chambers are composed as follows:^[8]

Name	Chamber	Invested	Born
Martijn Polak (Vice President)	Civil	2012	1961
Maarten Kroeze (Vice President)	Civil	2016	1970
Annemarie ter Heide	Civil	2020	-
Pieter Frans Lock	Civil	2019	-
Gijs Makkink	Civil	2021	1953
Edgar du Perron	Civil	2016	1965
Dineke de Groot (President)	Civil	2012	1965
Frits Salomons	Civil	2021	1962
Sierd Schaafsma	Civil	2021	1969
Carla Sieburgh	Civil	2017	1969
Tanja van den Broek	Civil	2014	1964
Karlijn Teuben	Civil	2022	1973
Hester Wattendorff	Civil	2018	1969
Vincent van den Brink (Vice President)	Criminal	2012	1966
Matthias Borgers (Vice President)	Criminal	2016	1979
Catelijne Caminada	Criminal	2020	-
Corinne Dalebout	Criminal	2023	1970
Tijs Kooijmans	Criminal	2021	1975
Ybo Buruma	Criminal	2011	1955
Martin Kuijer	Criminal	2020	-
Frits Posthumus	Criminal	2021	1962
Annelies Röttgering	Criminal	2018	-
Nastja van Strien	Criminal	2015	1961
Tamara Trotman	Criminal	2023	-
Maarten Feteris	Tax	2008	1960
Mariken van Hilten (Vice President)	Tax	2015	1964
Arjo van Eijsden (Vice President)	Tax	2020	1973
Marjan Boerlage	Tax	2017	1964
Peter Cools	Tax	2018	-
Liesbeth Punt	Tax	2005	1962
Eveline Fasse	Tax	2015	1958
Maarten Feteris	Tax	2013	1960
Marc Fierstra	Tax	2009	1959
Faustina Peters	Tax	2024	-
Jules Wortel	Tax	2012	1954
Alexander van der Voort Maarschalk	Tax	2022	-

Notes

^ In isolation, Raad is pronounced [raːt].

References

^ Central Government 13-3-20 Appointment new president Supreme Court
^ "Nederlandse Antillen en Aruba". Rechtspraak.nl (in Dutch). De Rechtspraak. 27 July 2007. Archived from the original on 19 October 2009. Retrieved 2 December 2009.
^ ^a ^b "Geschiedenis van de Hoge Raad". Rechtspraak.nl (in Dutch). De Rechtspraak. 18 September 2004. Archived from the original on 6 October 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
^ "Supreme Court". Rechtspraak.nl. De Rechtspraak. 10 August 2009. Archived from the original on 16 October 2009. Retrieved 2 December 2009.
^ According to article 120 of the Constitution of the Netherlands, judges will not rule on the constitutionality of laws passed by the States General and treaties.
^ For a discussion of judicial review in the Netherlands see Uzman, J.; Barkhuysen, T.; van Emmerik, M.L. "The Dutch Supreme Court: A Reluctant Positive Legislator?" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 July 2014. Retrieved 16 July 2014.
^ "The World Factbook". cia.gov. Retrieved 2 December 2013.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Raad". Rechtspraak.nl (in Dutch). De Rechtspraak. Archived from the original on 29 January 2016. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
^ Romijn, Peter. "The Experience of the Jews in the Netherlands during the German Occupation" in Dutch Jewry: Its History and Secular Culture. Leiden:Brill 2002, 260
^ ^a ^b ^c Corjo Jansen en Derk Venema, "The Supreme Court and the Second World War" (in Dutch), Boom, Amsterdam, 2011.
^ Derk Venema, "Judges in war time: The Dutch judiciary's confrontation with national socialism and the occupation" (in Dutch), Boom, Amsterdam, 2007.
^ Joggli Meihuizen, "Narrow Margins. The Dutch Bar during World War II." (in Dutch), Boom, Amsterdam, 2010 (an English summary was also published by Boom, Amsterdam, 2010).
^ "Het gebouw van de Hoge Raad". Hoge raad (in Dutch). 12 September 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
^ "Contact en bezoekersinformatie". Hoge raad (in Dutch). 5 November 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2021.