Special Assault Team

Special Assault Team
特殊急襲部隊 (Japanese) Tokushu Kyūshū Butai (Japanese)
Patch of SAT
Active	1977 – 1996 (as Special/"Zero" Company) 1996 – present
Country	Japan
Agency	Prefectural police
Type	Police tactical unit
Role	Counter-terrorism Law enforcement
Abbreviation	SAT
Structure
Operatives	Approx. 300
Teams[1]	Tokyo (Most SAT operatives) at the Metropolitan Police HQ Osaka Hokkaidō Chiba Kanagawa Aichi Fukuoka Okinawa
Notables
Significant operation(s)	Neomugicha incident

The Special Assault Team (特殊急襲部隊, Tokushu Kyūshū Butai, SAT) is a police tactical unit maintained by individual Japanese prefectural police forces and supervised by the National Police Agency.^[1] It is a national-level counterterrorism unit that cooperates with territorial-level Anti-Firearms Squads and Counter-NBC Terrorism Squads.^[1] Most information on the unit has been confidential, its existence officially revealed only in 1996.

The SAT is officially known in Japanese as simply Special Unit (特殊部隊, Tokushu Butai) and individual teams officially take the name of the police to which they are assigned; an example would be the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department Special Unit (警視庁特殊部隊, Keishicho Tokushu Butai, Metropolitan Police Department Special Unit) for the SAT unit assigned to the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department.

Background

By the mid-1970s, Japanese law enforcement already established the Special Firearms Squad (特殊銃隊, Tokushu Jūtai), part-time sniper squads being launched as a response to the Kin Kiro Incident in 1968. Assault sections were later established in some urban squads; these squads were predecessors of the Anti-firearms squads, but they were only part-time SWAT teams at this time.^[2]

In response to the Dhaka Incident, the National Police Agency decided to set up full-time anti-terrorism special units at the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department and the Osaka Prefectural Police Department in secret.^[3] The Tokyo unit was established as the Special Company (特科中隊, Tokka-chūtai) of its 6th Riot Police Unit and the Osaka unit as the "Zero" Company of its 2nd Riot Police Unit.^[4] The Tokyo unit was nicknamed SAP (Special Armed Police), and it was recognized as the official name around 1982 and the flag was awarded.^[5] Several SAP officers were sent to West Germany to be trained by GSG-9 operators due to their experience in resolving the hijacking of Lufthansa Flight 181.^[6] They were instructed on using MP5s, which they first used in the 1980s.^[7]

In 1996, it was officially announced that the tactical units had been organized, and their unit name were changed to SAT, Special Assault Teams. In addition to the MPD and Osaka teams, additional teams for the Hokkaido, Kanagawa, Chiba, Aichi, and Fukuoka Prefectural Police were also established.^[5][8] In 2005, a team of the Okinawa Prefectural Police was established, and existing units were also reinforced.^[2]

Organization

SAT operators disembarking from an armored vehicle and preparing to enter a structure

Structure

SAT teams are set up at eight prefectural police agencies. In most prefectures they belong to the Riot Police Unit, but in the MPD it is directly under its First Security Division, and the Security Division in the Osaka.^[8]

Total strength is about 300 officers. It is said that three teams in the Metropolitan Police Department, two teams in the Osaka Prefectural Police Department, and one team in each of the other Prefectural Police are set up. Each team consists of a command section, an entry section, a sniper support section, and a technical support section.^[8]

Recruitment and training

Members are recruited from Riot Police Units. When the unit was founded, the members were selected from rangers, rescue specialists, snipers and martial artists.^[3] It is said that they will be subject to inspection and inspection for officers under 30 years old.^[8] In order to maintain physical strength, the period of service is assumed to be approximately 5 years. SAT operators who are due to end their post are usually transferred to other departments in the Security Bureau, but some are transferred to the Special Investigation Team (SIT) of the criminal investigation department to introduce their SWAT-based tactics for the department.^[9]

Although SAT training is enigmatic, a retired SAP member recalled that Airborne Ranger Courses of the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force, counter-insurgency, and air assault training had been conducted.^[10] Nowadays, SAT has training facilities in six locations nationwide, and training at Yumenoshima is sometimes released to reporters.^[4]

There are also exchanges with overseas police forces, at least with joint training with the German GSG 9.^[11] 10 SAT officers were placed under training by Queensland Police's Specialist Service Branch in Queensland, Australia.^[12]

The SAT does joint exercises with the SFGp.^[13] The SAT also conducted joint training in 2014 with the Nucleo Operativo Centrale di Sicurezza.^[14]

Equipment

An SAT operator aiming a Heckler & Koch MP5

In addition to standard service handguns, the SAP units used Heckler & Koch P9S pistols as their main sidearms.^[10] After being reorganized into the SAT, usage of Heckler & Koch USP and Smith & Wesson Model 3913 have been confirmed, there is information that Glock 19, SIG Sauer P226 and Beretta 92 Vertec are adopted.^[8][15]

The SAT used Heckler & Koch MP5A5, MP5SD6, MP5K submachine guns.^[5] There is also information that SAT units have adopted Howa Type 89 assault rifles and M4 carbines.^[8]

The Howa Golden Bear, then M1500 as their sniper rifle.^[15] The Howa Type 64 rifle was also used as designated marksman rifles.^[10] Later on, the Heckler & Koch PSG1 and L96A1 also have been deployed.^[15]

SAT teams operate special Heavy Special Armored Vehicle (銃器対策警備車, Jūki-taisaku-keibi-sha) and unmarked bulletproof cars.^[4]

The first units stood up in the 1970s had its operators forced to initially purchase tactical equipment with their own money through mail-in ads in military magazines.^[16]

Operational history

The "Zero" Company of the Osaka Prefectural Police had its first known incident on January 26, 1979 when they were deployed during a Mitsubishi Bank hostage incident in Osaka. In the incident, they shot dead Akiyoshi Umekawa after he gunned down two employees and two policemen.^[11]

As the SWAT ability of other departments improved, the SAT became the "last ditch" of the Security Bureau of the National Police Agency, and opportunities to conduct direct domestic action decreased. In the Gulf Crisis of 1990, the SAP unit was dispatched to Saudi Arabia for non-combatant evacuation operation.^[17] During the Japanese embassy hostage crisis in Peru, the SAT had simulated raids on retaking buildings similar to the Japanese Embassy as a possible counter-measure to a similar incident on Japanese soil.^[11]

On June 21, 1995, All Nippon Airways Flight 857 was hijacked at the Hakodate Airport in Hokkaido by a lone hijacker named Fumio Kutsumi (九津見 文雄).^[18] This incident marked the first time that the Japanese Air Self-Defense Forces cooperated with the SAP by providing Kawasaki C-1 aircraft as means of transportation from Haneda Airport.^[19] SAP officers assisted Hokkaido Prefectural Police officers in storming the plane.^[11]

In May 2000, the Osaka and Fukuoka SAT assisted detectives of the Hiroshima Prefectural Police when they stormed a hijacked bus in Fukuoka in the Neomugicha incident,^[16] capturing the lone hijacker alive.^[11][20][21] Due to the self-defense requirements as stipulated in the Law Concerning Execution of Duties of Police Officials, it took more than 15 hours for the hostage crisis to end.^[21] Stun grenades were used in the operation.^[22]

In September 2003, the Aichi SAT unit was deployed to resolve a hostage incident. However, the hostage-taker Noboru Beppu (別府 昇) committed suicide in an explosion which killed three and injured 41 others.^[23]

On September 10, 2005, Okinawa was established for a SAT unit to be operational.^[24] According to the NPA, the presence of American troops and the region's geography were taken into consideration in creating a unit to be stationed there, especially after Al-Qaeda had made terrorist threats against Japan in the past.^[24]

In May 2007, in a hostage crisis case in Nagoya, an ex-yakuza gangster named Hisato Obayashi (大林 久人) was captured after he killed Kazuho Hayashi (林 一歩), an Aichi SAT operative.^[25] Prior to shooting Hayashi, Obayashi shot a uniformed officer who was called in to respond to a domestic violence incident at 4 in the afternoon.^[26] The Aichi SIT was in charge with the Aichi SAT assisting, but the stray bullets hit the SAT operative.^[8] Hayashi, an inspector in the Aichi Prefectural Police,^[a] was the first SAT officer to be killed in action.^[28] His death forced National Public Safety Commission Chairman Kensei Mizote to issue a press report, stating that SAT equipment would be checked to see if it was responsible for Hayashi's death.^[29] The SAT Support Staff (SSS) was created in the wake of the hostage taking in Aichi Prefecture.^[30] They are in charge of coordinating with the prefectural police criminal investigation department, assisting the police chief and coordinating liaison with the National Police Agency Security Bureau.^[31]

On December 14, 2007, a shooting spree occurred at the Renaissance Sports Club in Sasebo, Nagasaki, when Masayoshi Magome used a shotgun to kill two persons and wound six others.^[32][33] The Nagasaki Prefectural Police Anti-Firearms Squad and Fukuoka SAT were sent in to intervene in the shooting.^[34]

On February 9, 2015, Japanese media suggested that the SAT can potentially be dispatched to work alongside officers from the Terrorism Response Team-Tactical Wing for Overseas.^[35] On December 22, 2015, TMPD and Kanagawa SAT units have conducted joint exercises in the wake of the upcoming G7 summit.^[36]

The SAT was deployed in May 2016 at the 42nd G7 summit, providing security alongside the Special Boarding Unit.^[37]

In June 2021, the SAT was deployed on a training operation to practice anti-terrorist operations in Tokyo as part of Tokyo Olympics security.^[38]

When Volodymyr Zelenskyy visited Japan during the 49th G7 summit, SAT operators participated as part of his protection detail in consideration of the Russian invasion of Ukraine.^[39]

On May 25, 2023, the Kanagawa Prefectural Police's SAT unit was deployed during the 2023 Nagano attack based on requests from the Nagano Prefectural Police (NPP).^[40][41]

Notes

1. Japan Today indicated that he was a Sergeant and was given posthumonous promotions to captain.^[27]

References

1. "Chapter IV. Maintenance of Public Safety and Disaster Countermeasures" (PDF). Japanese National Police Agency. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-03-23. Retrieved 2011-03-25.
2. Strike And Tactical Magazine 2017, pp. 60–61.
3. Itō 2004, pp. 46–51.
4. Strike And Tactical Magazine 2017, pp. 37–45.
5. Itō 2004, pp. 105–118.
6. "19年間「日陰者」だった特殊部隊の「涙なしには読めない秘史」（伊藤 明弘） @gendai_biz". 11 October 2017.
7. Itō 2004, pp. 111–115.
8. Kakitani & Kikuchi 2008, pp. 12–17.
9. Itō 2004, pp. 194–198.
10. Itō 2004, pp. 69–104.
11. Itō 2004, pp. 193–203.
12. Michelle Connolly. "Japanese officers put to the test in the Sunshine State" (PDF). Queensland Police. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-10-08. Retrieved 2010-01-18.
13. "Are Japan's counterterrorism forces really ready?". 9 April 2016. Archived from the original on 2021-01-24.
14. "Nocs - Japan Sat, insieme per migliorarsi".
15. Otsuka 2009.
16. "19年間「日陰者」だった特殊部隊の「涙なしには読めない秘史」（伊藤 明弘） @gendai_biz". 11 October 2017.
17. Itō 2004, pp. 91–98.
18. Michelle McGee (1995-06-22). "Police Raid Ends Japan Hijacking". SFGate. Archived from the original on 2012-11-26. Retrieved 2012-11-16.
19. "フジテレビ、6月30日のアンビリバボーで函館ハイジャック事件を特集 | FlyTeam ニュース". FlyTeam(フライチーム) (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2016-07-02. Retrieved 2021-03-29.
20. "Riot police end hijack drama". BBC. 2000-05-03. Archived from the original on 2010-08-26. Retrieved 2009-01-26.
21. Ryuichiro Hosokawa (2000-05-16). "Failing youth and the victims of crime". The Japan Times. Archived from the original on 2013-11-04. Retrieved 2012-02-09.
22. "SmaSTATION-3".
23. "Three killed, 41 injured in Japan when office worker takes hostages". The Japan Times. 2003-09-18. Archived from the original on 2013-11-04. Retrieved 2012-02-09.
24. "Okinawa police form assault team for response to terrorism - News - Stripes". 2012-10-01. Archived from the original on 2012-10-01. Retrieved 2021-03-29.
25. "Gunman surrenders, ending 29-hour standoff in Nagakute". The Japan Times. 2007-05-19. Archived from the original on 2013-11-04. Retrieved 2012-02-09.
26. "Ex-gangster shoots four in Aichi, takes hostage | the Japan Times". www.japantimes.co.jp. Archived from the original on 17 January 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
27. "Japan Today - News - Aichi standoff ends after shooter gives himself up". Archived from the original on 2007-05-20.
28. "「いっぽ君」と親しみ、若すぎる殉職に衝撃 立てこもり" [Familiar with "Ippo-kun," too young to be killed in the line of duty, shocking], The Asahi Shimbun, 18 May 2007
29. "Asahi.com：装備・安全検証へ ＳＡＴ隊員死亡で警察庁 - 愛知立てこもり". www.asahi.com. Archived from the original on 17 November 2018. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
30. "第3節 国際テロ対策".
31. Kakitani & Kikuchi 2008, pp. 6–17.
32. "Three dead in Japan shooting". 16 December 2007.
33. "Gunman opens fire at Japanese gym and kills two". Reuters. 14 December 2007.
34. "特殊急襲部隊SAT解説 | PoliceManiacs.com | 3ページ目".
35. INC, SANKEI DIGITAL. "【日本の議論】「イスラム国事件」急派、警察の情報特殊部隊「ＴＲＴ－２」の実像 「ＳＡＴ」「ＳＩＴ」と何が違うか". 産経ニュース (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2015-04-18. Retrieved 2021-03-29.
36. "時事ドットコム：２都県Ｓａｔが合同訓練＝サミット前に連携確認". Archived from the original on 2016-01-26. Retrieved 2016-01-26.
37. 編集部. "伊勢志摩サミット、街中が2万人の警官だらけの裏で、市街戦や航空機撃墜も想定されていた！". ビジネスジャーナル/Business Journal | ビジネスの本音に迫る. Retrieved 2021-03-29.
38. "「バスジャック」ＳＡＴが閃光弾使い突入、警視庁が五輪前に対テロ訓練" [SAT team uses flashbangs to storm bus in response to bus hijacking; Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department conducts anti-terrorism training before the Olympics.], Yomiuri Shimbun, The Yomiuri Shimbun Holdings, 22 June 2021
39. "警察幹部「最高レベルの警備」 ゼレンスキー大統領が到着" [Police officials "highest level of security" President Zelensky arrives.], Teleasa-news, TV Asahi, 20 May 2023, archived from the original on 2023-05-21
40. "【速報】警視庁捜査一課特殊班「SIT」と神奈川県警特殊部隊「SAT」を派遣 長野の立てこもり事件". TBS NEWS DIG (in Japanese). Tokyo Broadcasting System. 2023-05-25. Archived from the original on 2023-05-25. Retrieved 2023-05-27.
41. 美慧, 王 (2023-05-26). "「ＳＩＴ」「ＳＡＴ」２つの特殊部隊連携 全国的な応援体制構築 長野立てこもり". 産経ニュース (in Japanese). Sankei Shimbun. Archived from the original on 2023-05-27. Retrieved 2023-05-27.

Books

• Itō, Kōichi (2004). The truth of the Metropolitan Police Special unit (in Japanese). Dainihon-kaiga. ISBN 978-4499228657.
• Kakitani, Tetsuya; Kikuchi, Masayuki (2008). Japanese counter-terrorism units (in Japanese). Sanshusha Co., Ltd. ISBN 978-4384042252.
• Strike And Tactical Magazine, ed. (2017). Special forces of Japan (in Japanese). KAMADO. NCID BB01834038.

Articles

• Otsuka, Masatsugu (2009). "Guns of the Japanese police". Strike and Tactical Magazine (in Japanese). 6 (1). KAMADO: 50–57.

External links

• Special Operations link
• SpecWarNet link