Solar System model

A 1766 Benjamin Martin mechanical model, or orrery, on display at the Harvard Collection of Historical Scientific Instruments

Solar System models, especially mechanical models, called orreries, that illustrate the relative positions and motions of the planets and moons in the Solar System have been built for centuries. While they often showed relative sizes, these models were usually not built to scale. The enormous ratio of interplanetary distances to planetary diameters makes constructing a scale model of the Solar System a challenging task. As one example of the difficulty, the distance between the Earth and the Sun is almost 12,000 times the diameter of the Earth.

If the smaller planets are to be easily visible to the naked eye, large outdoor spaces are generally necessary, as is some means for highlighting objects that might otherwise not be noticed from a distance. The Boston Museum of Science had placed bronze models of the planets in major public buildings, all on similar stands with interpretive labels.[1] For example, the model of Jupiter was located in the cavernous South Station waiting area. The properly-scaled, basket-ball-sized model is 1.3 miles (2.14 km) from the model Sun which is located at the museum, graphically illustrating the immense empty space in the Solar System.

The objects in such large models do not move. Traditional orreries often did move, and some used clockworks to display the relative speeds of objects accurately. These can be thought of as being correctly scaled in time, instead of distance.

Permanent true scale models

Many towns and institutions have built outdoor scale models of the Solar System. Here is a table comparing these models with the actual system.

Name Location Scale:
1 : … 		Sun dia. Earth dia. Sun–Earth Sun–Pluto Description
Actual Solar System 1 1.392 Gm 12.76 Mm 149.6 Gm 5.914 Tm
Sweden Solar System[2]  Sweden 20,000,000 71 m 65 cm 7,600 m 300 km permanent; country-wide (begun 1998)
Solar System Drive[3][4] Australia Coonabarabran, Australia 38,000,000 37 m 34 cm 4,100 m 205 km permanent; drivable; non-geodetic (est. 1997)
Space for MUCO project[5] Belgium

Belgium

40,000,000 34.8 m 32 cm 3,730 m 147 km permanent; country wide; non-scale sculptures (est. 2004)
Maine Solar System[6][7] United States University of Maine 93,000,000 15 m 13.7 cm 1,600 m 64 km permanent; drivable (est.2003)
Mont Megantic Dark Sky Reserve Great Solar System Canada Parc national du Mont-Mégantic 100,000,000 14 m 12.4 cm 1,450 m 57 km permanent; drivable (est.2018)
Otago Central Interplanetary Cycle Trail[8][9][10] New Zealand Otago Central Rail Trail 100,000,000 13.91 m 12 cm 1,496 m 59.06 km permanent; cyclable (est.2017)
Riverfront Museum Solar System[11][12][13][14] United States Peoria, Illinois 99,000,000 11 m 10.0 cm 1,200 m 47 km permanent; drivable (est. 1992?)
Vienna Solar System Austria Vienna, Austria 163,764,706 8.5 m 7.78 cm 913 m 36 km under construction since 2018. Physical + Augmented Reality
Planet Lofoten[15] Norway Lofoten, Norway 200,000,000 7 m 6.4 cm 750m 30 km under construction
Planet Trek Dane County United States Madison, Wisconsin 200,000,000 7 m 6.6 cm 777 m 38.3 km permanent; fully accessible by foot and bike paths (est. 2009)
Sunspot Solar System Model[16][17][18][19] United States Sunspot, New Mexico 250,000,000 5.6 m 5.1 cm 1.5 m 23.6 km permanent, drivable
Lethbridge Solar System Model Canada Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada 254,000,000 5.5 m 5 cm 500 m 14.7 km (Neptune) permanent, drivable, walkable (est. 2022)
El Sistema Solar de la comarca de Ciudad Rodrigo Spain Ciudad Rodrigo, Spain 290,000,000 4.8 m 4.4 cm 1.2 m 25 km permanent, Walk & Drive
If the Earth were a Ping-Pong ball[citation needed] United Kingdom Westminster, London 318,905,000 4.36 m 4 cm ? ? In construction; Walk & Drive (est. 2018) Centered around Deans Yard, Westminster
Moab Scale Model of the Solar System[20] United States Moab, Utah 385,937,677 3.6 m 2.4 cm ? 15.3 km permanent; Walk and Drive (est. 2007)
Light Speed Planet Walk[21] United States Anchorage, Alaska 390,000,000 ? ? ? 16.6 km permanent; drivable (est. 2005)
Community Solar System Trail[22][23] United States Boston, Massachusetts 400,000,000 3.5 m 3.2 cm 380 m 15.3 km permanent; drivable (established in 1997, removed in 2015)
The Solar System to Scale Portugal Estremoz, Portugal 414,000,000 3.4 m 3.1 cm 361 m 14.3 km permanent; drivable; bikeable
Solar System Stroll[24] Slovakia Bratislava, Slovakia 464,000,000 3 m 2.7 cm 322 m 13 km permanent; bikeable, drivable; under construction since 2024
Somerset Space Walk United Kingdom Bridgwater Canal, Somerset UK 530,000,000 2.5 m ? ? 11 km permanent; bikeable (est. 1997)
York’s Solar System model United Kingdom York, England 575,872,239 2.4 m 2.2 cm 260 m 10.3 km permanent; bikeable (est. 1999)
Traverse Bay Community Solar System[25] United States Traverse City, Michigan 592,763,356 0.9 m ? 209 m 10.0 km permanent; bikeable (est. 2004)
Michigan Solar System Model[26] United States Coleman, Michigan 608,000,000 2.3 m 2.1 cm 324 m 9.8 km permanent; bike trail Sun and Pls. Spheres (2017)
Solar System Czech Republic Opava, Czech Republic 627,000,000 2.2 m 2.0 cm 239 m 9.42 km permanent; bikeable; walkable; drivable (est. 2006)
Nine Views Croatia Zagreb, Croatia 680,000,000 2.0 m 1.9 cm 225 m 8.7 km permanent; bikeable (est. 2004)
Walk the Solar System Canada Fort St. John, British Columbia, Canada 682,353,000 2.0 m 1.9 cm 219 m 8.6 km under construction
McCarthy Observatory[27] United States New Milford, Connecticut 761,155,000 1.8 m 1.7 cm 195 m 7.1 km permanent; bikeable (est. 2009)
Planet Walk[28] United States Glen Burnie, Maryland. 781,000,000 ? ? 191.5 m 7.56 km Walkable, bikeable (est. 2008). Part of the permanent Baltimore & Annapolis Trail.
Trilho do Sistema Solar Portugal Paredes de Coura, Portugal 831,000,000 1.675 m 1.533 cm 180 m 5.42 km (Neptune) permanent; walkable; bikeable (est. 2016)
Planetenpad Utrecht Netherlands Utrecht, The Netherlands 1,000,000,000 1.3 m 1.3 cm 150 m 7.4 km (Neptune) Leads from Centre Utrecht to Rhijnauwen, on foot, on bike or on kayak
Model of the Solar System Finland Helsinki, Finland 1,000,000,000 1.4 m 1.2 cm 149.6 m 6.1 km permanent; bikeable
Planetenmodell Hagen Germany Hagen, Germany 1,000,000,000 1.4 m 1.3 cm 150 m 5.9 km permanent; bikeable (est. 1959)
Planetenweg Schwarzbach Germany Kriftel, Germany 1,000,000,000 1.4 m 1.3 cm 150 m 5.9 km permanent; bikeable (est. 1998)
Uetliberg Planetenweg Switzerland Zürich, Switzerland 1,000,000,000 1.4 m 1.3 cm 150 m 5.9 km permanent; bikeable
Planetenwanderweg Germany Ehrenfriedersdorf, Germany 1,000,000,000 1.4 m 1.3 cm 150 m 5.9 km permanent; bikeable
Planetary Trail Czech Republic Hradec Králové, Czech Republic 1,000,000,000 1.4 m 1.3 cm 150 m 5.9 km permanent; bikeable (est. 2005)
Planetary Trail Czech Republic Prague, Czech Republic 1,000,000,000 1.4 m 1.3 cm 150 m 13 km (Sedna as discovered)
5.9 km (Pluto) 		permanent; bike & walk; all objects above 1000km; (est. 13.5.2018)
Melbourne Solar System[29][30] Australia Melbourne, Australia 1,000,000,000 1.4 m 1.3 cm 150 m 5.9 km (Pluto)
40 140 km (Proxima Centauri) 		permanent; bikeable (est. 2008) Proxima Centauri scale distance calculated travelling Melbourne to Melbourne via the Poles.[31]
Scale Model Solar System[32] United States Eugene, Oregon 1,000,000,000 1.4 m 1.2 cm 150 m 5.9 km permanent; bikeable (est. 1997)
Planetstien, Sandnes Norway Sandnes, Norway 1,000,000,000 1.4 m 1.2 cm 150 m 5.9 km permanent; walkable, bikeable (est. 2010)
Planetstien, Lemvig Denmark Lemvig, Denmark 1,000,000,000 1.4 m 1.2 cm 150 m 5.9 km permanent; walkable
Grand Trunk Pathway Solar System Model Canada Terrace, British Columbia 1,000,000,000 1.4 m 1.3 cm 150 m 6 km permanent; walkable/bikeable (est. 2018)
Planet Walk Germany Munich, Germany 1,290,000,000 1.1 m 1.0 cm 116 m 4.6 km permanent; walkable (est. 1995)
Strolling at the speed of light Canada La Malbaie, Quebec, Canada 1,500,000,000 0.9 m 0.8 cm 100 m 3 km (Neptune) permanent; walkable (est. 2009) (temp?)
State of the Solar System[33][34][35] United States Bellingham, Washington 1,826,770,000 0.762 m 0.6858 cm 82 m ? permanent; walkable (est. 2016)
Meteoria Söderfjärden Finland Vaasa, Finland 2,000,000,000 0.7 m ? ? ? permanent; walkable
Planetenweg Göttingen Germany Göttingen, Germany 2,000,000,000 0.70 m 0.65 cm 75 m 3.2 km permanent; walkable/bikeable (est. 2013)
Solar System Walking Tour[36][37][38] United States Gainesville, Georgia 2,000,000,000 0.7 m 0.6 cm 75 m 2.9 km permanent; walkable (est. 2000)
Rymdpromenaden ("Spacewalk") Sweden Gothenburg, Sweden 2,000,000,000 0.7 m 0.6 cm 75 m 3 km permanent; walkable (est. 1978)
Montshire Museum of Science[39] United States Norwich, Vermont 2,200,000,000 0.6 m 0.6 cm 68 m 2.7 km permanent; walkable
Ride to Pluto: Boise's Solar System[40] United States Boise Greenbelt, Boise, Idaho 2,200,000,000 0.5 m ? ? 2.4 km permanent; walkable & bikeable
The Solar walk[41][42] United States Longview, Washington 2,240,000,000 0.6 m 0.6 cm 56.94 m 2.7 km permanent; walkable (est. 2001)
Akaa Solar System Scale Model Finland Akaa, Finland 3,000,000,000 0.46 m 0.4 cm 49.9 m 1.958 km (Pluto)
13 370 km (Proxima Centauri) 		permanent; walkable (est. 2017), Proxima Centauri in Yulara, Australia
Elmhurst Scale Model of the Solar System[43][44] United States Elmhurst, Illinois 3,044,620,000 0.5 m 0.4 cm 49.1 m 1.929 km permanent; walk & drive (est. 2013)
Solar System model group of sculptures Hungary Kecskemét, Hungary 3,300,000,000 0.418 m 0.4 cm 45 m 1.8 km permanent; walkable (est. 2002)
Milky Way path Netherlands Westerbork, The Netherlands 3,700,000,000 ? ? ? 2.5 km permanent; walkable
Solar Walk United States Gainesville, Florida 4,000,000,000 0.3 m 0.3 cm 37.4 m 1.5 km permanent; walkable (est. 2002)
Otford Solar System Model [45] United Kingdom Otford, England 4,595,700,000 0.3 m 0.3 cm 32 m 900 m permanent; walkable; Includes: Proxima Centauri in Los Angeles, USA; Barnard’s Star in Port Stanley, Falkland Islands; Sirius in Sydney, Australia; and Ross 154 in Christchurch, New Zealand
Wooster Planet Walk United States Wooster, Ohio 5,000,000,000 0.3 m 0.3 cm 30 m 1.2 km permanent; walkable (est. 2014)
The Sagan Planet Walk United States Ithaca, New York 5,000,000,000 0.3 m 0.3 cm 30 m 1.2 km permanent; walkable (est. 1997)
Delmar Loop Planet Walk United States University City, Missouri 5,000,000,000 0.3 m 0.2 cm 30 m 870 m (Neptune) permanent; walkable (est. 2009)
The Solar Walk United States Cleveland, Ohio 5,280,000,000 0.3 m 0.2 cm 28.4 m 1.1 km permanent; walkable
Solar System Walk

An Exploration of Scale

United States Carlsbad, California 5,280,000,000 ? ? 28 m 1.119 km Located near Lake Calavera
O Sistema Solar no Parque[46] Brazil Natal, Brazil 7,000,000,000 0.2 m 1.8 mm 22 m 875 m permanent; walkable/bikeable (est. June 3rd, 2016)
A True Scale Model of the Solar System[47][48] United States Cookeville, Tennessee 10,000,000,000 0.14 m 0.12 cm 15 m 590 m permanent; walkable (est. 2017)
Voyage National Program [1] United States

National Mall, Washington, D.C. (2001) Kansas City, Missouri (2008)Space Center Houston, Texas (2008) Corpus Christi, Texas (2009)Boulder, Colorado (2021) Palo Alto, California (2022)[49][50] Broken Arrow, Oklahoma (2022) Ocala, Florida (2022) Calcasieu Parish, Louisiana (2022) Dover, New Hampshire (2023) Spokane, Washington (2022) Memphis, Tennessee (2023) Chalmette, Louisiana (2023) Jonesboro, Arkansas (2023) Troy, New York (2024)

10,000,000,000 0.1 m 0.1 cm 15 m 600 m permanent; walkable; US national program
Lake Innitou Thousand Yard Interplanetary Walk United States Woburn, Massachusetts 10,000,000,000 0.23 m (bowling ball) N/A (stone plaque) 24 m 932 m (1019 yd) permanent; walkable (est. 2004); along the sidewalk by Horn Pond.
NJ Botanical Garden United States Ringwood, New Jersey 10,000,000,000 0.2 m 2.0 cm 23.8 m 927 m walkable
Colorado Scale Model Solar System United States Fiske Planetarium, Boulder, Colorado 10,000,000,000 0.1 m 0.1 cm 15 m 600 m permanent; walkable (est. 1987)
Anstruther Model Solar System United Kingdom Anstruther, Scotland 10,000,000,000 0.1 m 0.1 cm 15 m 600 m permanent; walkable (est. 2014)
Le Chemin Solaire France La Couyère, Brittany 10,000,000,000 1 m 0.1 cm ? 450 m permanent; walkable (est. 2011)
Solar Walk UofT Scarborough Canada Toronto, Ontario and Eureka, Nunavut 10,000,000,000 0.14 m 0.13 cm 15 m 591 m permanent; walkable/bikeable (est. 2017)
MIT's Infinite Solar System[51][52][53] United States Cambridge, Massachusetts 30,000,000,000 4.6 cm 0.43 mm 5.0 m 200 m permanent; walkable (est. 2018); along "Infinite Corridor"
Solar System Lawn Model[54] United States Griffith Observatory, Los Angeles, California 105,000,000,000 1.32 cm 0.12 mm 1.42 m 56 m permanent; walkable; engraved in the front sidewalk

Other models of the Solar System: historic, temporary, virtual, or dual-scale

Name Location Scale Sun dia. Earth dia. Sun-Earth Sun-Pluto Description
Kirkhill model 1776[a] Scotland Scotland 1:778,268,620.8 1.8 m 1.6 cm 197 m - decayed
Planetenpad Utrecht Netherlands Utrecht, Netherlands 1:1,000,000,000 1.3 m 1.3 cm 150 m 7.4 km (Neptune) Leads from Centre Utrecht to Rhijnauwen, on foot, on bike or by kayak
Planet Walk Malta[1] Malta Buġibba, Malta 1:2,956,760,000 (distance) / 695,000,000 (sizes) 2.0 m 1.84 cm 50.60 m 2.0 km (Neptune) Leads from Malta Aquarium west along promenade
Sorghvliet Netherlands The Hague, Netherlands 1:696,000,000 2.0 m 1.8 cm 215 m 6.5 km (Neptune) (temporary)
Sol Chicago[55][56] United States Illinois, Chicago 1:73,660,000 19 m 17.3 cm 2,050 m 61 km (Neptune) (temporary) proposed
Le Chemin des planètes Switzerland Saint-Luc, Switzerland 1:1,000,000,000 1.4 m 1.3 cm 150 m 5.9 km uses two different scales for distance and size
The Madison Planet Stroll[57] United States Madison, Wisconsin 1:4,000,000,000 0.3 m 0.3 cm 37 m 1.5 km (virtual)
Solar System Stroll Australia Perth, Western Australia 1:5,000,000,000 0.3 m 0.3 cm 30 m 1.2 km permanent; walkable (est. 2016)
The Thousand-Yard Model[58][59] (virtual) 1:6,336,000,000 0.2 m 0.2 cm 25 m 1 km The scale of the planets is the same as the scale between them, and the planets are represented by everyday objects; the Earth is a peppercorn, Jupiter is a walnut, and Neptune is a coffee bean.
(dismantled) Canada Saint-Louis-du-Ha! Ha!, Quebec 1:10,000,000,000 0.1 m 0.1 cm 15 m 0.6 km (dismantled) (est. 1985)
Lafayette Walk United States Detroit, Michigan 1:6,336,000,000 23 cm 0.2 cm 25 m 983 m A walking demonstration of (un)imaginable distances. "It's nowhere near Graham's Number."
Planets on the Path United States Chicago, Illinois 1:2,195,000,000 457 m 13.5 miles (2015, temporary)
The Solar System, to scale, for a school yard PDF for printing 1:11,945,400,000 11.6 cm 0.1 cm 12.5 m 492 m PDFs, A4 and 8½″×11″, to be printed, affixed to cards which are affixed to sticks; then to be held by children standing in a school yard. Includes major moons and asteroids.
Naas Virtual Solar System Republic of Ireland Naas, County Kildare 1 : 154,557,330 9 m 82 mm 968 m 29 km (Neptune) In Ireland, this instantly recognisable roadside spherical sculpture is well known, and is used as the model for the Sun. The website[60] maps out the planetary orbits and shows everyday objects to scale the planets (e.g. a golf ball for Mars)
Saskatoon Solar Walk Saskatoon, Saskatchewan 1 : 1,275,600,000 109 cm 1 cm 110 m 4,500 m Personal and public art installation.
Eise Eisinga Visvliet [61] Netherlands Visvliet, The Netherlands 1: 870,000,000 160 cm 1.5 cm 172 m n/a Permanent installation honouring Eise Eisinga, the creator of the world famous Planetarium in Franeker, who lived in Visviet in 1700. As the original Planetarium only includes the planets up to Saturn, so does this one.

Several sets of geocaching caches have been laid out as Solar System models.

See also

References

  1. ^ Possibly the first accurate scale model after the measurement of the astronomical unit in 1769.
  1. ^ "Boston Community Solar System" at Waymarking.com.
  2. ^ "Sweden Solar System |" (in Swedish). Retrieved 2022-09-15.
  3. ^ "Worlds Largest Virtual Solar System Drive". www.visitnsw.com. Retrieved 2022-09-15.
  4. ^ "Coonabarabran: The world's largest solar system drive". www.playingintheworldgame.com. 5 November 2012. Retrieved 2024-02-19.
  5. ^ "Monumental". timroosen (in Dutch). Retrieved 2024-05-15.
  6. ^ Bayly, Julia (2021-08-18). "Here's how you can visit the solar system in Maine, no rocket ship required". Bangor Daily News. Retrieved 2022-09-15.
  7. ^ "Maine Solar System Model". Maine Solar System Model. Retrieved 2022-09-15.
  8. ^ Jones, Pam (2017-03-16). "Solar system to scale on Rail Trail". Otago Daily Times Online News. Retrieved 2022-09-15.
  9. ^ Williams, Katarina (2016-11-12). "Otago Central rail trail to become 100 million to one model replica of the Solar System". Stuff. Retrieved 2022-09-15.
  10. ^ "An Interplanetary Ride". Otago Central Rail Trail. Retrieved 2022-09-15.
  11. ^ "Community Solar System Scale Model | Museum & Informal Education Alliance". informal.jpl.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2022-09-15.
  12. ^ Schoenheider, Jon (26 March 2022). "Interplanetary 5K takes runners across the solar system". www.25newsnow.com. Retrieved 2022-09-15.
  13. ^ "Community Solar System". www.peoriariverfrontmuseum.org/. Retrieved 2024-02-19.
  14. ^ "Peoria Scale Model of the Solar System". atlasobscura.com. Retrieved 2024-02-19.
  15. ^ "naturfag.no: Planet Lofoten". www.naturfag.no. Retrieved 2024-12-25.
  16. ^ "Sunspot Solar System Model". informal.jpl.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2024-02-19.
  17. ^ "Sunspot Solar System Model". Archived from the original on 2017-04-11. Retrieved 2024-02-19.
  18. ^ "VISITING THE SUNSPOT OBSERVATORY". sunspot.solar. 19 December 2022. Retrieved 2024-02-19.
  19. ^ "An Overview of Sunspot". sunspot.nmsu.edu. Retrieved 2024-02-19.
  20. ^ "Moab Scale Model Solar System". slideplayer.com. Retrieved 2024-02-19.
  21. ^ "Where to start your Planet Walk". anchorageplanetwalk.org. Retrieved 2024-02-19.
  22. ^ "Greater Boston used to have a scale model of the Solar System". medium.com. 15 August 2021. Retrieved 2024-02-19.
  23. ^ "Museum of Science Boston Community Solar System". foursquare.com. Retrieved 2024-02-19.
  24. ^ "Solar System Stroll website". Retrieved 2024-02-28.
  25. ^ "Solar System". traversetrails.org. Retrieved 2024-02-20.
  26. ^ "SOLAR SYSTEM SCULPTURE INSTALLMENT". midlandcountymi.gov. Retrieved 2024-02-20.
  27. ^ "Scale Solar System". mccarthyobservatory.org. Retrieved 2024-02-19.
  28. ^ "Annual Planet Walk!". www.friendsofaatrails.org. Retrieved 2024-02-19.
  29. ^ museumoflost (2018-04-05). "The St Kilda Solar System". The Museum of Lost Things. Retrieved 2022-09-15.
  30. ^ "Nick visits the Melbourne Solar System trail, finds six planets, loses Neptune and takes a surprise trip to Proxima Centauri". Observations. Retrieved 2022-09-15.
  31. ^ "Solar system trail" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-06.
  32. ^ "Outer Planet Map". members.efn.org/. Retrieved 2024-02-19.
  33. ^ "STATE OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM". stateofthesolarsystembham.wordpress.com/. 5 October 2016. Retrieved 2024-02-19.
  34. ^ "State of the Solar System Poster" (PDF). cob.org/. Retrieved 2024-02-19.
  35. ^ "What's the Deal With: The downtown solar system?". www.cascadiadaily.com/. 25 May 2022. Retrieved 2024-02-19.
  36. ^ "WALKING TOUR OF OUR SOLAR SYSTEM". www.exploregeorgia.org. Retrieved 2024-02-19.
  37. ^ "Solar System Walking Tour" (PDF). www.exploregainesville.org. Retrieved 2024-02-19.
  38. ^ "Solar System Walking Tour". www.gainesville.org. Retrieved 2024-02-19.
  39. ^ "Planet Walk (3.0 miles roundtrip)". www.montshire.org/. Retrieved 2024-02-19.
  40. ^ "Greenbelt's little-known Planet Walk shows solar system's scale". www.idahostatesman.com/. Retrieved 2024-02-19.
  41. ^ "Solar System Walk". www.mylongview.com/. Retrieved 2024-02-19.
  42. ^ "SOLAR SYSTEM MAP". www.friendsofgalileo.com/. Retrieved 2024-02-19.
  43. ^ "Elmhurst Residents Can Boldly Go Where No One Has Gone Before". patch.com. 20 November 2013. Retrieved 2024-02-20.
  44. ^ "ELMHURST SOLAR SYSTEM MODEL". Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2024-02-20.
  45. ^ "UNESCO Astronomy and World Heritage Webportal - Places connected to the Sky".
  46. ^ "O Sistema Solar no Parque" (in Portuguese). 2 June 2016. Archived from the original on 2023-12-03. Retrieved 2024-02-19.
  47. ^ "A True Scale Model of the Solar System". www2.tntech.edu. Retrieved 2024-02-20.
  48. ^ "Building a True Scale Model of the Solar System" (PDF). www2.tntech.edu. Retrieved 2024-02-20.
  49. ^ "The Voyage Scale Model Solar System". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 2022-09-15.
  50. ^ Bennett, J. (2020-01-01). "Voyage Mark II — Scale Model Solar Systems at Moderate Prices". American Astronomical Society Meeting Abstracts #235. 235: 239.06. Bibcode:2020AAS...23523906B.
  51. ^ "Infinite Solar System". MIT Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Retrieved 2024-11-19.
  52. ^ Binzel, Richard P. (October 24, 2019). "Corralling the cosmos in the Infinite Corridor". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved 2022-03-05.
  53. ^ Keller, Julia C. (November 16, 2018). "An Infinite solar system". MIT News. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Retrieved 2022-03-05.
  54. ^ "Solar System Lawn Model". griffithobservatory.org. Retrieved 2023-05-29.
  55. ^ "Sol Chicago". Archived from the original on 2011-06-25. Retrieved 2024-02-19.
  56. ^ "Sol Chicago". youtube.com/. 8 January 2011. Retrieved 2024-02-19.
  57. ^ "Welcome to The Madison Planet Stroll". www.idahostatesman.com/. Retrieved 2024-02-19.
  58. ^ "The Thousand-Yard Model, or, The Earth as a Peppercorn". www.universalworkshop.com. Retrieved 2023-05-29.
  59. ^ "The Thousand-Yard Model, or, The Earth as a Peppercorn". noirlab.edu. Retrieved 2023-05-29.
  60. ^ "Naas Solar System". Retrieved 2023-07-27.
  61. ^ Visvliet, Eise Eisinga. "Eise Eisinga Visvliet – Visvliet.com" (in Dutch). Retrieved 2024-05-09.
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Para otros usos de este término, véase Indianápolis (desambiguación). IndianápolisIndianapolis  (inglés) Capital del estado de Indiana Bandera IndianápolisLocalización de Indianápolis en Indiana IndianápolisLocalización de Indianápolis en Estados Unidos Coordenadas 39°46′07″N 86°09′29″O / 39.768611111111, -86.158055555556Idioma oficial InglésEntidad Capital del estado de Indiana • País  Estados Unidos • Estado Indiana ...

 

 

Національний фестиваль польської пісні в Ополі

Національний фестиваль польської пісні в ОполіKrajowy Festiwal Piosenki Polskiej w Opolu Амфітеатр Ополя — головна сцена Національного фестивалю польської пісні, червень 2009 р.Частота щорічнаМісце проведення ОполеКраїна  ПольщаРоки існування 1963–1981, з 1983Відкрито 19 червня 1963Засновн...

 

 

CSV

CSV kan verwijzen naar: CSV (voetbalclub), een voormalige Nederlandse amateurvoetbalclub Christelijke Scholengemeenschap Veenendaal, een school voor Voorbereidend Middelbaar Beroepsonderwijs en Praktijkonderwijs kommagescheiden bestand (comma-separated values), een bestandsformaat Chrëschtlech Sozial Vollekspartei, de grootste politieke partij van Luxemburg hersenvocht, cerebrospinale vloeistof Confederación Sudamericana de Voleibol, de Zuid-Amerikaanse volleybalbond Caribische Studenten Ve...

討論 三島由紀夫vs.東大全共闘―美と共同体と東大闘争

討論 三島由紀夫vs.東大全共闘〈美と共同体と東大闘争〉作者 三島由紀夫・全学共闘会議国 日本言語 日本語ジャンル 討論、評論発表形態 1969年5月13日東京大学教養学部900番教室での討論会刊本情報出版元 新潮社出版年月日 1969年6月25日装画 討論会風景写真（ネガ模様）総ページ数 177 ウィキポータル 文学 ポータル 書物テンプレートを表示 『討論 三島由紀夫vs.東大全共

 

 

Heffron ministry (1962–1964)

60th New South Wales government, led by Bob Heffron Heffron ministry60th Cabinet of the State of New South WalesPremier Bob HeffronDate formed14 March 1962Date dissolved30 April 1964People and organisationsMonarchElizabeth IIGovernorSir Eric WoodwardPremierBob HeffronDeputy PremierJack RenshawNo. of ministers15Member partyLaborStatus in legislatureMajority governmentOpposition partyLiberal/Country coalitionOpposition leaderRobert AskinHistoryElection(s)1962 New South Wales electionPredecessor...

 

 

James P. McGranery

James P. McGranery (ganz rechts). Weitere Personen, von links nach rechts: Ein unidentifizierter Mann, Harry S. Truman und Jesse M. Donaldson. James Patrick McGranery (* 8. Juli 1895 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; † 23. Dezember 1962 in Palm Beach, Florida) war ein US-amerikanischer Jurist, Politiker und Justizminister (Attorney General). Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Erster Weltkrieg und Studium 2 Politische Laufbahn 2.1 Abgeordneter und Richter 2.2 Justizminister unter Präsident Truman 3 Weblinks...

Genki Bakuhatsu Ganbaruger

Japanese anime television series This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Genki Bakuhatsu Ganbaruger – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Genki Bakuhatsu GanbarugerThe main characters from Ganbaruger.元気爆発ガンバルガー(genki bakuhats...

 

 

Rock mass plasticity

This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (November 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Boudinaged quartz vein (with strain fringe) showing sinistral shear sense, Starlight Pit, Fortnum Gold Mine, Western Australia Plasticity theory for rocks is concerned with the response of rocks to loads beyond the elastic limit. Historically, c...

 

 

Ujung Padang, Simalungun

Ujung PadangKecamatanPeta lokasi Kecamatan Ujung PadangNegara IndonesiaProvinsiSumatera UtaraKabupatenSimalungunPemerintahan • Camat-Populasi • Total- jiwaKode Kemendagri12.08.30 Kode BPS1209210 Luas- km²Desa/kelurahan19/1 Ujung Padang adalah sebuah kecamatan di Kabupaten Simalungun, Sumatera Utara, Indonesia. lbsKecamatan Ujung Padang, Kabupaten Simalungun, Sumatera UtaraKelurahan Ujung Padang Nagori Aek Gerger Bangun Sordang Banjar Ulu Dusun Ulu Huta Parik Kamp...

Ankit Fadia

Indian author and speaker This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article may need to be rewritten to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards. You can help. The talk page may contain suggestions. (February 2020) This article may be confusing or unclear to readers. Please help clarify the article. There might be a discussion about this on the talk page. (February 2020) (Lear...

 

 

Gir Kesar

Edible fruit cultivar Mangifera 'Gir Kesar''Kesar' variety of mangoGenusMangiferaSpeciesMangifera indicaCultivar'Gir Kesar'OriginIndia The 'Gir Kesar' mango, also called Kesar, is a mango cultivar grown in the foothills of Girnar in Gujarat, western India. The mango is known for its bright orange colored pulp and was given the geographical indication status in 2011. The biggest market of Gir Kesar is in Talala Gir (45 km from Gir national park) known as a Mango Market Yard (Plus code : 3...

 

 

When the Game Stands Tall

2014 American filmWhen the Game Stands TallTheatrical release posterDirected byThomas CarterWritten byScott Marshall SmithProduced byDavid ZelonStarringJim CaviezelMichael ChiklisAlexander LudwigClancy BrownLaura DernCinematographyMichael LohmannEdited byScott RichterMusic byJohn PaesanoProductioncompaniesTriStar PicturesAffirm FilmsMandalay PicturesDistributed bySony Pictures ReleasingRelease dates August 4, 2014 (2014-08-04) (Hollywood premiere) August 22, 2014&...

HM Prison Leeds

Prison in West Yorkshire, England HMP LeedsThe original gate to HM Prison LeedsLocationLeeds, West YorkshireSecurity classAdult Male/Category BPopulation1,100+ (as of August 2023)Opened1847Managed byHM Prison ServicesGovernorSimon WaltersWebsiteLeeds at justice.gov.uk HM Prison Leeds is a Category B men's prison, located at Gloucester Terrace in the Armley area of Leeds in West Yorkshire, England, which opened in 1847. Leeds Prison is operated by His Majesty's Prison Service, and is still...

 

 

Zagrebačka pivovara

Brewery in Zagreb, Croatia Zagrebačka pivovaraMain entrance in Ilica Street, ZagrebIndustryAlcoholic beverageFounded1892 (1892)HeadquartersZagreb, CroatiaProductsBeerProduction output1.7 million hlOwnerCVC Capital PartnersNumber of employeesc. 520[1] (2017)Websitewww.ozujsko.com Zagrebačka pivovara (lit. Zagreb Brewery) was founded in 1892, when brewers from the Upper Town of Zagreb, Croatia realized they were not able to produce enough beer for the ever-growing and develo...

 

 

Daftar anggota Knesset keenam belas

120 anggota Knesset dipilih pada 28 Januari 2003. Daftar anggota Anggota Knesset Ariel Sharon Binyamin Netanyahu Tzachi Hanegbi Silvan Shalom Dan Naveh Limor Livnat Yisrael Katz Gideon Ezra Naomi Blumenthal Uzi Landau Gila Gamliel Yuval Steinitz Tzipi Livni Michael Eitan Meir Sheetrit David Levy Ruhama Avraham Gideon Sa'ar Daniel Benlulu Michael Ratzon Majalli Wahabi Yaakov Edri Ehud Yatom Eli Aflalo Moshe Kahlon Omri Sharon Michael Gorlovsky Inbal Gavrieli Gilad Erdan Roni Bar-On Yehiel Haza...

16 May 1877 crisis

Constitutional crisis in the French Third Republic This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: 16 May 1877 crisis – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) A contemporary caricature on the crisis: President Patrice de Mac Mahon (under a ...

 

 

Вежа

У Вікіпедії є статті про інші значення цього терміна: Башта (значення). У Вікіпедії є статті про інші значення цього терміна: Вежа (значення). Вежа Модельний елемент Ейфелева вежа Категорія для видів з цього об'єкта d Категорія краєвидів елемента d  Вежа у Вікісховищі Тел...

 

 

Strategi Solo vs Squad di Free Fire: Cara Menang Mudah!