Sodium persulfate

Sodium persulfate
Two sodium cations and one peroxodisulphate anion
Ball-and-stick model of the crystal structure
Sodium persulfate as a white powder
Names
Other names
Sodium peroxodisulfate
Sodium peroxodisulphate
Sodium peroxydisulfate
Sodium peroxydisulphate
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.028.993 Edit this at Wikidata
EC Number
  • 231-892-1
RTECS number
  • SE0525000
UNII
UN number 1505
  • InChI=1S/2Na.H2O8S2/c;;1-9(2,3)7-8-10(4,5)6/h;;(H,1,2,3)(H,4,5,6)/q2*+1;/p-2 checkY
    Key: CHQMHPLRPQMAMX-UHFFFAOYSA-L checkY
  • InChI=1/2Na.H2O8S2/c;;1-9(2,3)7-8-10(4,5)6/h;;(H,1,2,3)(H,4,5,6)/q2*+1;/p-2
    Key: CHQMHPLRPQMAMX-NUQVWONBAA
  • [Na+].[Na+].O=S(=O)([O-])OOS([O-])(=O)=O
Properties
Na2S2O8
Molar mass 238.10 g/mol
Appearance White powder
Density 2.601 g/cm3[1]
Melting point 180 °C (356 °F; 453 K) decomposes
55.6 g/100 ml (20 °C)
Hazards
GHS labelling:
GHS03: Oxidizing GHS07: Exclamation mark GHS08: Health hazard
Danger
H272, H302, H315, H317, H319, H334, H335, H371
P220, P261, P280, P305+P351+P338, P342+P311
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
NFPA 704 four-colored diamondHealth 2: Intense or continued but not chronic exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury. E.g. chloroformFlammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. waterInstability 1: Normally stable, but can become unstable at elevated temperatures and pressures. E.g. calciumSpecial hazard OX: Oxidizer. E.g. potassium perchlorate
2
0
1
OX
Flash point Non-flammable
Safety data sheet (SDS) ICSC 1136
Related compounds
Other anions
 Sodium dithionite
Sodium sulfite
Sodium sulfate
Other cations
 Potassium persulfate
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Sodium persulfate is the inorganic compound with the formula Na2S2O8. It is the sodium salt of peroxydisulfuric acid, H2S2O8, an oxidizing agent. It is a white solid that dissolves in water. It is almost non-hygroscopic and has good shelf-life.

Production

The salt is prepared by the electrolytic oxidation of sodium bisulfate:

Oxidation is conducted at a platinum anode.[2] In this way about 165,000 tons were produced in 2005.[3]

The standard redox potential of sodium persulfate into hydrogen sulfate is 2.1 V, which is higher than that of hydrogen peroxide (1.8 V) but lower than ozone (2.2 V).[4] The sulfate radical formed in situ has a standard electrode potential of 2.7 V.

However, there are a few drawbacks in utilizing platinum anodes to produce the salts; the manufacturing process is inefficient due to oxygen evolution and the product could contain contaminants coming from platinum corrosion (mainly due to extremely oxidizing nature of the sulfate radical). Thus, boron-doped diamond electrodes have been proposed as alternatives to the conventional platinum electrodes.[5]

Structure

The sodium and potassium salts adopt very similar structures in the solid state, according to X-ray crystallography. In the sodium salt, the O-O distance is 1.476 Å. The sulfate groups are tetrahedral, with three short S-O distances near 1.44 and one long S-O bond at 1.64 Å.[1]

Applications

It is mainly used as a radical initiator for emulsion polymerization reactions for styrene based polymers such as Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene.[3] Also applicable for accelerated curing of low formaldehyde adhesives.

Other uses

It is a bleach, both standalone (particularly in hair cosmetics) and as a detergent component. It is a replacement for ammonium persulfate in etching mixtures for zinc and printed circuit boards, and is used for pickling of copper and some other metals.

It is also used as a soil conditioner and for soil and groundwater remediation[5][6] and in manufacture of dyestuffs, modification of starch, bleach activator, desizing agent for oxidative desizing, etc.

Organic chemistry

Sodium persulfate is a specialized oxidizing agent in chemistry, classically in the Elbs persulfate oxidation and the Boyland–Sims oxidation reactions. It is also used in radical reactions; for example in a synthesis of diapocynin from apocynin where iron(II) sulfate is the radical initiator.[7]

Diapocynin Synthesis

Safety

The salt is an oxidizer and forms combustible mixtures with organic materials such as paper.

References

  1. ^ a b Allan, David R. (2006). "Sodium peroxodisulfate". Acta Crystallographica Section E. 62 (3): i44 – i46. doi:10.1107/S1600536806004302.
  2. ^ Pietzsch, A.; Adolph, G. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 1911, 30, 85.
  3. ^ a b Harald Jakob, Stefan Leininger, Thomas Lehmann, Sylvia Jacobi, Sven Gutewort. "Peroxo Compounds, Inorganic". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a19_177.pub2. ISBN 978-3527306732.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ Block, Philip A., Richard A. Brown, and David Robinson. "Novel activation technologies for sodium persulfate in-situ chemical oxidation." Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on the remediation of chlorinated and recalcitrant compounds. 2004.
  5. ^ a b Shafiee, Saiful Arifin; Aarons, Jolyon; Hairul Hisham, Hamzah (2018). "Electroreduction of Peroxodisulfate: A Review of a Complicated Reaction". Journal of the Electrochemical Society. 165 (13): H785 – H798. doi:10.1149/2.1161811jes. S2CID 106396614.
  6. ^ Wacławek, Stanisław; Lutze, Holger V.; Grübel, Klaudiusz; Padil, Vinod V.T.; Černík, Miroslav; Dionysiou, Dionysios.D. (2017). "Chemistry of persulfates in water and wastewater treatment: A review". Chemical Engineering Journal. 330: 44–62. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2017.07.132.
  7. ^ Luchtefeld, Ron; Dasari, Mina S.; Richards, Kristy M.; Alt, Mikaela L.; Crawford, Clark F. P.; Schleiden, Amanda; Ingram, Jai; Hamidou, Abdel Aziz Amadou; et al. (2008). "Synthesis of Diapocynin". J. Chem. Educ. 85 (3): 411. Bibcode:2008JChEd..85..411D. doi:10.1021/ed085p411.

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