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Shakespeare's Globe
The Globe
	Shakespeare's Globe in August 2014
	Shakespeare's Globe Location within City of London
Address	New Globe Walk; London, SE1; United Kingdom
Coordinates	51°30′29″N 0°5′50″W / 51.50806°N 0.09722°W
Public transit	Blackfriars Mansion House London Bridge
Owner	The Shakespeare Globe Trust
Construction
Opened	June 1997
Years active	1997–present
Architect	Pentagram
Website
	shakespearesglobe.com

Shakespeare's Globe is a reconstruction of the Globe Theatre, an Elizabethan playhouse first built in 1599 for which William Shakespeare wrote his plays. Like the original, it is located on the south bank of the River Thames, in Southwark, London. The reconstruction was completed in 1997 and while concentrating on Shakespeare's work also hosts a variety of other theatrical productions. Part of the Globe's complex also hosts the Sam Wanamaker Playhouse for smaller, indoor productions, in a setting which also recalls the period.

Background

The original globe theatre was built in 1599 by the Lord Chamberlain's Men, destroyed by a fire in 1613, rebuilt in 1614, and then demolished in 1644. The modern Globe Theatre is an academic approximation based on available evidence of the 1599 and 1614 buildings. It is considered quite realistic, though modern safety requirements mean that it accommodates only 1,400 spectators compared to the original theatre's 3,000.^[1]^[2]

The modern Shakespeare's Globe was founded by the actor and director Sam Wanamaker, and built about 230 metres (750 ft) from the site of the original theatre in the historic open-air style. It opened to the public in 1997, with a production of Henry V.

Michelle Terry currently serves as artistic director. She is the second actor-manager in charge of the organisation, following Mark Rylance, the founding artistic director.

The site also includes the Sam Wanamaker Playhouse, an indoor theatre which opened in January 2014. This is a smaller, candle-lit space based on historic plans for an indoor playhouse of Jacobean era London (possibly Blackfriars Theatre).

The Shakespeare's Globe Studios, an educational and rehearsal studio complex, is situated just around the corner from the main site.

Planning and construction

In 1970, American actor and director Sam Wanamaker founded the Shakespeare Globe Trust and the International Shakespeare Globe Centre, with the objective of building a faithful recreation of Shakespeare's Globe close to its original location at Bankside, Southwark. This inspired the founding of a number of Shakespeare's Globe Centres around the world, an activity in which Wanamaker also participated.

Many people maintained that a faithful Globe reconstruction was impossible to achieve due to the complications in the 16th-century design and modern fire safety requirements; however, Wanamaker and his associate Diana Devlin persevered in their vision for over 20 years to create the theatre.^[3] A new Globe theatre was eventually built according to a design based on the research of historical adviser John Orrell.^[4]

It was Wanamaker's wish that the new building recreate the Globe as it existed during most of Shakespeare's time there; that is, the 1599 building rather than its 1614 replacement.^[5] A study was made of what was known of the construction of The Theatre, the building from which the 1599 Globe obtained much of its timber, as a starting point for the modern building's design. To this were added: examinations of other surviving London buildings from the latter part of the 16th century; comparisons with other theatres of the period (particularly the Fortune Playhouse, for which the building contract survives); and contemporary drawings and descriptions of the first Globe.^[6] For practical reasons, some features of the 1614 rebuilding were incorporated into the modern design, such as the external staircases.^[7] The design team consisted of architect Theo Crosby of Pentagram, structural and services engineer Buro Happold, and quantity surveyors from Boyden & Co. The construction, building research and historic design details were undertaken by McCurdy & Co.^[8]

In 1994, the name "Globe Theatre" was used by one of the theatres in Shaftesbury Avenue; to make the name available and to avoid confusion, that year it was renamed as the Gielgud Theatre.^[9]

The theatre opened in 1997^[10] under the name "Shakespeare's Globe Theatre", and has staged plays every summer.

Personnel

Mark Rylance became the first artistic director in 1995 and was succeeded by Dominic Dromgoole in 2006.^[11] In January 2016, Emma Rice began her term as the Globe's third artistic director,^[12] but in October 2016 announced her decision to resign from the position.^[13]^[14] On 24 July 2017 her successor was announced to be the actor and writer Michelle Terry.^[15]

Location and features

The theatre is located on Bankside, about 230 metres (750 ft) from the original site—measured from centre to centre.^[16] Listed Georgian townhouses now occupy part of the original site and could not be considered for removal. Like the original Globe, the modern theatre has a thrust stage that projects into a large circular yard surrounded by three tiers of raked seating. The only covered parts of the amphitheatre are the stage and the seating areas.

The reconstruction was carefully researched so that the new building would be as faithful a replica of the original as possible. This was aided by the discovery of the remains of the original Rose Theatre, a nearby neighbour to the Globe, as final plans were being made for the site and structure.

The building itself is constructed entirely of English oak, with mortise and tenon joints^[8] and is, in this sense, an "authentic" 16th-century timber-framed building as no structural steel was used. The seats are simple benches (though cushions can be hired for performances) and the Globe has what has been claimed to be the first and only thatched roof permitted in London since the Great Fire of London in 1666.^[8] The modern thatch is well protected by fire retardants, and sprinklers on the roof ensure further protection against fire. The pit has a concrete surface,^[8] as opposed to earthen-ground covered with strewn rush from the original theatre. The theatre has extensive backstage support areas for actors and musicians, and is attached to a modern lobby, restaurant, gift shop and visitor centre. Seating capacity is 873^[17] with an additional 700 "Groundlings" standing in the yard,^[18] making up an audience about half the size of a typical audience in Shakespeare's time.

Productions

Plays are staged during the summer, usually between May and the first week of October; in the winter, the theatre is used for educational purposes. Tours are available all year round. Some productions are filmed and released to cinemas as Globe on Screen productions (usually in the year following the live production), and on DVD and Blu-ray.

For its first 18 seasons, performances were engineered to duplicate the original environment of Shakespeare's Globe; there were no spotlights, and plays were staged during daylight hours and in the evenings (with the help of interior floodlights), there were no microphones, speakers or amplification. All music was performed live, most often on period instruments; and the actors and the audience could see and interact easily with each other, adding to the feeling of a shared experience and of a community event.

Typically, performances have been created in the spirit of experimentation to explore the original playing conditions of the 1599 Globe. Modern and conventional theatre technology such as spotlights and microphones were not used during this period. Beginning in the 2016 season, the new artistic director, Emma Rice, began experimenting with the theatre space by installing a temporary lighting and sound rig. The current artistic director, Michelle Terry, has brought back the experimentation on original playing conditions.^[19]

The Globe operates without any public subsidy and generates £24 million in revenue per year.^[20]

Acting and design students from the Mason Gross School of the Arts at New Jersey's Rutgers University study abroad at the theater as part of the Rutgers Conservatory at Shakespeare's Globe, a longstanding partnership between the institutions.^[21]^[22]

Sam Wanamaker Playhouse

Adjacent to the Globe is the Sam Wanamaker Playhouse, an indoor theatre modelled after a Jacobean-era theatre and used for performances during the winter months when the main theatre cannot be used.

Read Not Dead

Read Not Dead is a series of play readings, or staged "performances with scripts" that have been presented as part of the educational programme of Shakespeare's Globe since 1995. The plays selected are those that were written between 1576 and 1642 by Shakespeare's contemporaries or near contemporaries. These readings are performed at Shakespeare's Globe Studios as well as other theatres, halls, festivals and fields nationwide.^[23]

In 2013 there were Read Not Dead performances at the Wilderness Festival and at the Glastonbury Festival.^[24] In 2014, the final production in Read not Dead's first season was performed at the Sam Wanamaker Playhouse, which is the indoor Jacobean style theatre. The play selected for that occasion was Robert Daborne's A Christian Turn'd Turk.^[25]

Globe on Screen

The Globe's productions are often screened in cinemas and released on DVD and Blu-ray. In 2015, the venue launched Globe Player, a video-on-demand service enabling viewers to watch the plays on laptops and mobile devices. The theatre was the first in the world to make its plays available as video-on-demand.^[26]

Other replicas

Replicas and free interpretations of the Globe have been built around the world:

Argentina

Argentina: Teatro Shakespeare.^[27]

Germany

Neuss am Rhein: Globe Neuss^[28]
Rust, Baden, Germany: in the Europa-Park
Schwäbisch Hall, Baden-Württemberg: houses a replica of the interior of the Globe Theatre.

Italy

Rome: Globe Theatre^[29]

Japan

Tokyo: Panasonic Globe Theatre
Tokyo: Meisei University's Shakespeare Hall, at its Hino campus^[30]

New Zealand

Auckland: Pop-up Globe

United States

Ashland, Oregon: Allen Elizabethan Theatre^[31]
Austin, Texas: Curtain Theatre
Cedar City, Utah: Adams Shakespearean Theatre
Dallas, Texas: Old Globe Theatre^[32]
Odessa, Texas: Globe of the Great Southwest
San Diego, California: Old Globe Theatre^[33]
Williamsburg, Virginia: Globe Theatre, in Busch Gardens Williamsburg^[34]
Twin Lake, Michigan: Blue Lake Fine Arts Camp, The Rose Playhouse.^[35]
Hempsted, New York: Hofstra University, Pop-up Globe

Notes

^ Mulryne, J. R. Shewing, Margaret. Gurr, Andrew. Shakespeare's Globe Rebuilt. Cambridge University Press (1997) ISBN 978-0521599887 p. 21
^ Steves, Rick. Openshaw, Gene. Rick Steves London 2015. Avalon Travel (2014) ISBN 978-1612389769
^ "Diana Devlin obituary". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
^ Martin, Douglas (30 October 2008). "John Orrell, 68, Historian on New Globe Theater, Dies". New York Times. Archived from the original on 18 January 2008. Retrieved 11 December 2007.
^ Gurr, Andrew (1997). "Shakespeare's Globe: a history of reconstruction". In Mulryne, J. R.; Shewring, Margaret (eds.). Shakespeare's Globe Rebuilt. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 38. ISBN 0-521-59988-1.
^ Greenfield, Jon (1997). "Timber framing, the two bays and after". In Mulryne, J. R.; Shewring, Margaret (eds.). Shakespeare's Globe Rebuilt. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 102–3. ISBN 0-521-59988-1.
^ Bowsher, Julian; Miller, Pat (2010). "The New Globe". The Rose and the Globe – playhouses of Shakespeare's Bankside, Southwark. Museum of London. p. 162. ISBN 978-1-901992-85-4.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d McCurdy, Peter. "The Reconstruction of the Globe Theatre". McCurdy & Co. Ltd. Archived from the original on 18 January 2008.
^ Lloyd, Matthew (2019). "The Gielgud Theatre, Shaftesbury Avenue, London: Formerly – The Hicks Theatre / The Globe Theatre". arthurlloyd.co.uk. Retrieved 26 November 2019.
^ Phelan, Peggy (2006). Hodgdon, Barbara; Worthen, William B (eds.). A Companion to Shakespeare And Performance. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers. p. 14. ISBN 1-4051-1104-6.
^ "Dominic Dromgoole appointed Artistic Director". The Shakespeare Globe Trust. Archived from the original on 20 March 2007. Retrieved 19 March 2007.
^ BBC Radio 4, "New Globe director on changes to Shakespeare", Best of Today, 5 January May 2016.
^ Hemley, Matthew (25 October 2016). "Emma Rice departure: the industry reacts to 'backwards step' and Globe's 'loss of nerve'". The Stage.
^ Ellis, David (25 October 2016). "Emma Rice to stand down from the Globe as board choose to return to old style". Evening Standard.
^ "Michelle Terry is the New Artistic Director of Shakespeare's Globe". Shakespeare's Globe Blog. Archived from the original on 26 July 2017. Retrieved 24 July 2017.
^ Measured using Google Earth.
^ This number can be derived by counting all seats on the detailed seating plans that are shown after selecting an event and start the booking procedure at "Shakespeare's Globe Theatre, London". online. Shakespeare's Globe Theatre, London. 2009. Archived from the original on 25 October 2016. Retrieved 29 November 2009. and adding another 20 for the "Gentlemen's Rooms" ("Shakespeare's Globe". Gentlemen's Rooms. Shakespeare's Globe Theatre, London. 2009. Retrieved 29 November 2009.)
^ "Shakespeare's Globe :: Seating Plan and Ticket Prices". Shakespeare's Globe. 2009. Retrieved 2 August 2009.
^ "Globe director Michelle Terry on untapped potential in Shakespeare's great plays". Financial Times. 11 January 2019. Archived from the original on 11 December 2022. Retrieved 31 July 2019.
^ "Annual Review 2018" (PDF). Shakespeare's Globe. Retrieved 31 July 2019.
^ "The Boar". theboar.org.
^ "Rutgers Celebrates 20 Years at Shakespeare's Globe Theatre in London". www.rutgers.edu.
^ Read Not Dead. Shakespeare's Globe. Archived 23 June 2013.
^ Read Not Dead On The Road. Shakespeare's Globe. Archived 30 May 2014.
^ Kirwan, Peter (6 October 2014). "Bardathon Review of Christian Turn'd Turk". Retrieved 7 October 2014.
^ "Shakespeare on demand: Globe theatre launches digital player". The Guardian. Press Association. 4 November 2014. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 31 July 2019.
^ "Teatro Shakespeare -". www.teatroshakespeare.com.
^ "It's All Shakespeare! – The Globe and its Festival. – Shakespeare-Festival Neuss". www.shakespeare-festival.de.
^ Willey, David ( 14 October 2003), "Italy gets Globe Theatre replica", BBC News.
^ "Shakespeare Hall". MEISEI University.
^ "Company". Oregon Shakespeare Festival.
^ The Globe Theatre, 1936 Texas Centennial Exposition at State Fair Dallas
^ The Old Globe, San Diego.
^ "Shows". Archived from the original on 14 April 2008. Retrieved 8 April 2008.
^ "Rose Theater". Blue Lake. Retrieved 10 July 2018.