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Selma Lagerlöf
Selma Lagerlöf
	Lagerlöf in 1909
Born	Selma Ottilia Lovisa Lagerlöf; 20 November 1858; Mårbacka, Sweden
Died	16 March 1940 (aged 81); Mårbacka, Sweden
Occupation	Writer
Notable awards	Nobel Prize in Literature ; 1909 ;
Signature

Selma Ottilia Lovisa Lagerlöf (/ˈlɑːɡərlɜːf, -lɜːv/, US also /-lʌv, -ləv/,^[1]^[2] Swedish: [ˈsɛ̂lːma ˈlɑ̂ːɡɛˌɭøːv] ^ⓘ; 20 November 1858 – 16 March 1940) was a Swedish writer. She published her first novel, Gösta Berling's Saga, at the age of 33. She was the first woman to win the Nobel Prize in Literature, which she was awarded in 1909. In 1914, she was the first woman to be granted a membership of the Swedish Academy.^[3]

Life

Early years

Selma Ottilia Lovisa Lagerlöf was born on 20 November 1858 at Mårbacka,^[4] Värmland, Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway. Lagerlöf was the daughter of Erik Gustaf Lagerlöf, a lieutenant in the Royal Värmland Regiment, and Louise Lagerlöf (née Wallroth), whose father was a well-to-do merchant and a foundry owner (brukspatron).^[5] Lagerlöf was the couple's fifth child out of six. She was born with a hip injury, which was caused by detachment in the hip joint. At the age of three and a half, a sickness left her lame in both legs, although she later recovered.^[6]

She was a quiet, serious child with a deep love of reading. She wrote poetry but did not publish anything until later in life. Her grandmother helped raise her, often telling stories of fairytales and fantasy. Growing up, she was plain and slightly lame, and an account stated that the cross-country wanderings of Margarethe and Elisabet in Gösta Berling's Saga could be the author's compensatory fantasies.^[5] She received her schooling at home since the Folkskola compulsory education system was not fully developed yet. She studied English and French. After reading Osceola by Thomas Mayne Reid at the age of seven, she decided she would be a writer when she grew up.^[7]

In 1875, Lagerlöf lived in the Karlskoga Church Rectory alongside Erik Tullius Hammargren and his wife, Ottiliana Lagerlöf, who was her aunt, during which time she was one of Hammargren's confirmation students.^[8]^[9]

The sale of the Lagerlöf family's Mårbacka estate in 1884 had a serious impact on her development. Selma's father is said to have been an alcoholic, something she rarely discussed.^[10] Her father did not want Selma to continue her education or be involved with the women's movement. Later in life, she bought back her father's estate with the money she received for her Nobel Prize.^[11] Lagerlöf lived there for the rest of her life.^[12]

Teaching life

Lagerlöf studied at the Högre lärarinneseminariet in Stockholm from 1882 to 1885. She worked as a country schoolteacher at a high school for girls in Landskrona from 1885 to 1895.^[13] Through her studies at the Royal Women's Superior Training Academy in Stockholm, Lagerlöf reacted against the realism of contemporary Swedish-language writers such as August Strindberg. She began her first novel, Gösta Berling's Saga, while working as a teacher in Landskrona. Her first break as a writer came when she submitted the first chapters to a literary contest in the magazine Idun, and won a publishing contract for the whole book. At first, her writing only received mild reviews from critics. Once a popular critic, Georg Brandes, had given her positive reviews of the Danish translation, her popularity soared.^[14] She received financial support from Fredrika Limnell, who wished to enable her to concentrate on her writing.^[15]

Literary career

A visit in 1900 to the American Colony in Jerusalem became the inspiration for Lagerlöf's book by that name.^[16] The royal family and the Swedish Academy gave her substantial financial support to continue her passion.^[17] Jerusalem was also acclaimed by critics, who began comparing her to Homer and Shakespeare, so that she became a popular figure both in Sweden and abroad.^[3] By 1895, she gave up her teaching to devote herself to her writing. With the help of proceeds from Gösta Berling's Saga and a scholarship and grant, she made two journeys, which were largely instrumental in providing material for her next novel. With her close friend Sophie Elkan, she traveled to Italy, and also to Palestine and other parts of the East^{[clarification needed]}.^[18] In Italy, a legend of a Christ Child figure that had been replaced with a false version inspired Lagerlöf's novel Antikrists mirakler (The Miracles of the Antichrist). Set in Sicily, the novel explores the interplay between Christian and socialist moral systems. However, most of Lagerlöf's stories were set in Värmland.^[19]

In 1902, Lagerlöf was asked by the National Teachers' Association to write a geography book for children. She wrote Nils Holgerssons underbara resa genom Sverige (The Wonderful Adventures of Nils), a novel about a boy from the southernmost part of Sweden, who had been shrunk to the size of a thumb and who travelled on the back of a goose across the country. Lagerlöf mixed historical and geographical facts about the provinces of Sweden with the tale of the boy's adventures, detailing how he managed to return home and was restored to his normal size.^[10] The novel is one of Lagerlöf's most well-known books, and it has been translated into more than 30 languages.^[20]

She moved to Falun in 1897 and met Valborg Olander, who became her literary assistant and friend, but Elkan's jealousy of Olander was a complication in the relationship. Olander, a teacher, was also active in the growing women's suffrage movement in Sweden. Selma Lagerlöf herself was active as a speaker for the National Association for Women's Suffrage, which was beneficial for the organisation because of the great respect which surrounded Lagerlöf, and she spoke at the International Suffrage Congress in Stockholm in June 1911, where she gave the opening address, as well as at the victory party of the Swedish suffrage movement after women suffrage had been granted in May 1919.^[21]

Selma Lagerlöf was a friend of the German-Jewish writer Nelly Sachs. Shortly before her death in 1940, Lagerlöf intervened with the Swedish royal family to secure the release of Sachs and Sachs' aged mother from Nazi Germany, on the last flight from Germany to Sweden, and their lifelong asylum in Stockholm.^[22]

Personal life

Relationships

In 1894, she met the Swedish writer Sophie Elkan, who became her friend and companion.^[23] Over many years, Elkan and Lagerlöf critiqued each other's work. Lagerlöf wrote that Elkan strongly influenced her work and that she often disagreed sharply with the direction Lagerlöf wanted to take in her books. Selma's letters to Sophie were published in 1993, titled Du lär mig att bli fri ('You Teach me to be Free').^[14] Beginning in the 1900s, she also had a close relationship with Valborg Olander, who had some influence as a literary adviser, agent and secretary of sorts as well; their correspondence was published in 2006 as En riktig författarhustru ('A Proper Writer's Wife').^[24] There appears to have been a strong rivalry between Elkan and Olander. Both relationships were close, emotional, exclusive and described in terms suggestive of love, the boundary between expressions of friendship and love being somewhat vague at the time. Still, it is primarily the surviving correspondence with Olander that contains passages implying decidedly erotic and physical passion, even though Lagerlöf took care to destroy many of the letters she found too risky.^[25] Homosexual relations between women were taboo as well as illegal in Sweden at the time, so none of the women involved ever revealed such a thing publicly.^[23]

Literary adaptations

In 1919, Lagerlöf sold all the movie rights to all of her as-yet unpublished works to Swedish Cinema Theatre (Swedish: Svenska Biografteatern), so over the years, many movie versions of her works were made. During the era of Swedish silent cinema, her works were used in film by Victor Sjöström, Mauritz Stiller, and other Swedish film makers.^[26] Sjöström's retelling of Lagerlöf's tales about rural Swedish life, in which his camera recorded the detail of traditional village life and the Swedish landscape, provided the basis of some of the most poetic and memorable products of silent cinema. The 1921 film adaptation of Thy Soul Shall Bear Witness! (Körkarlen) was critically acclaimed and influential within cinema. Jerusalem was adapted in 1996 into the internationally acclaimed film of the same name.^[27]

Awards and commemoration

On 10 December 1909,^[28] Selma Lagerlöf won the Nobel Prize "in appreciation of the lofty idealism, vivid imagination, and spiritual perception that characterize her writings",^[29] but the decision was preceded by harsh internal power struggle within the Swedish Academy, the body that awards the Nobel Prize in literature.^[30] During her acceptance speech, she remained humble and told a fantastic story of her father, as she 'visited him in heaven'. In the story, she asks her father for help with the debt she owes and her father explains the debt is from all the people who supported her throughout her career.^[10] In 1904, the academy had awarded her its great gold medal, and in 1914, she also became a member of the academy. For both the academy membership and her Nobel literature prize, she was the first woman to be so honored.^[13] She was awarded the Litteris et Artibus in 1909 and the Illis quorum in 1926.^[31] In 1991, she became the first woman to be depicted on a Swedish banknote, when the first 20-kronor note was released.^[32]

In 1907, she received the honorary degree of doctor of letters (filosofie hedersdoktor) from Uppsala University.^[33] In 1928, she received an honorary doctorate from the University of Greifswald's Faculty of Arts. At the start of World War II^{[clarification needed]}, she sent her Nobel Prize medal and gold medal from the Swedish Academy to the government of Finland to help raise money to fight the Soviet Union.^[34] The Finnish government was so touched that it raised the necessary money by other means and returned her medal to her.^{[citation needed]}

A street in named after her in Jerusalem, Israel.

Two hotels are named after her in Östra Ämtervik in Sunne, and her home, Mårbacka, is preserved as a museum.^{[citation needed]}

Works

Original Swedish-language publications are listed primarily.^[35]^[36]

The popularity of Lagerlöf in the United States was due in part to Velma Swanston Howard, or V. S. Howard (1868–1937, a suffragette and Christian scientist)^[37] – who was an early believer in her appeal to Americans and who carefully translated many of her books.^[13]

Gösta Berlings saga (1891; novel). Translated as The Story of Gösta Berling (Pauline Bancroft Flach, 1898), Gösta Berling's Saga (V.S. Howard and Lillie Tudeer, 1898), The Story of Gösta Berling (Robert Bly, 1962), The Saga of Gosta Berling (Paul Norlen, 2009)
Osynliga länkar (1894; short stories). Translated as Invisible Links (Pauline Bancroft Flach, (1869–1966) 1899)
Antikrists mirakler (1897; novel). Translated as The Miracles of Antichrist (Selma Ahlström Trotz, 1899) and The Miracles of Antichrist (Pauline Bancroft Flach (1869–1966), 1899)
Drottningar i Kungahälla (1899; short stories). Translated as The Queens of Kungahälla and Other Sketches From a Swedish Homestead (Jessie Bröchner, 1901; C. Field, 1917)
En herrgårdssägen (1899; short stories). Translated as The Tale of a Manor and Other Sketches (C. Field, 1922)
Jerusalem: två berättelser. 1, I Dalarne (1901; novel). Translated as Jerusalem (Jessie Bröchner, 1903; V.S. Howard, 1914)
Jerusalem: två berättelser. 2, I det heliga landet (1902; novel). Translated as The Holy City : Jerusalem II (V.S. Howard, 1918)
Herr Arnes penningar (1903; novel). Translated as Herr Arne's Hoard (Arthur G. Chater, 1923; Philip Brakenridge, 1952) and The Treasure (Arthur G. Chater, 1925) – adapted as the 1919 film Sir Arne's Treasure.
Kristuslegender (1904; short stories). Translated as Christ Legends and Other Stories (V,S. Howard, 1908)
Nils Holgerssons underbara resa genom Sverige (1906–07; children's novel). Translated as The Wonderful Adventures of Nils (V.S. Howard, 1907; Richard E. Oldenburg, 1967) and Further Adventures of Nils (V.S. Howard, 1911)
En saga om en saga och andra sagor (1908; short stories). Translated as The Girl from the Marsh Croft (V.S. Howard, 1910) and Girl from the Marsh Croft and Other Stories (edited by Greta Anderson, 1996)
Hem och stat: Föredrag vid rösträttskongressen den 13 juni 1911 (1911; non-fiction). Translated as Home and State: Being an Address Delivered at Stockholm at the Sixth Convention of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance, June 1911 (C. Ursula Holmstedt, 1912)
Liljecronas hem (1911; novel). Translated as Liliecrona's Home (Anna Barwell, 1913)
Körkarlen (1912; novel). Translated as Thy Soul Shall Bear Witness! (William Frederick Harvey, 1921). Filmed as The Phantom Carriage, The Phantom Chariot, The Stroke of Midnight.
Stormyrtossen: Folkskädespel i 4 akter (1913) with Bernt Fredgren
Astrid och andra berättelser (1914; short stories)
Kejsarn av Portugallien (1914; novel). Translated as The Emperor of Portugallia (V.S. Howard, 1916)
Dunungen: Lustspel i fyra akter (1914; play)
Silvergruvan och andra berättelser (1915; short stories)
Troll och Människor (1915, 1921; novel). Translated as The Changeling (Susanna Stevens, 1992)
Bannlyst (1918; novel). Translated as The Outcast (W. Worster, 1920/22)
Kavaljersnoveller (1918; short stories), with illustrations by Einar Nerman
Zachris Topelius utveckling och mognad (1920; non-fiction), biography of Zachris Topelius
Mårbacka (1922; memoir). Translated as Marbacka: The Story of a Manor (V.S. Howard, 1924) and Memories of Marbacka (Greta Andersen, 1996) – named for the estate Mårbacka where Lagerlöf was born and raised
The Ring trilogy – published in 1931 as The Ring of the Löwenskölds, containing the Martin and Howard translations, LCCN 31-985
- Löwensköldska ringen (1925; novel). Translated as The General's Ring (Francesca Martin, 1928) and as The Löwensköld Ring (Linda Schenck, 1991)
- Charlotte Löwensköld (1925; novel). Translated as Charlotte Löwensköld (V.S. Howard)
- Anna Svärd (1928; novel). Translated as Anna Svärd (V.S. Howard, 1931)
En Herrgårdssägen: Skådespel i fyra akter (1929; play), based on 1899 work En herrgårdssägen
Mors porträtt och andra berättelser (1930; short stories)
Ett barns memoarer: Mårbacka (1930; memoir). Translated as Memories of My Childhood: Further Years at Mårbacka (V.S. Howard, 1934)
Dagbok för Selma Ottilia Lovisa Lagerlöf (1932; memoir). Translated as The Diary of Selma Lagerlöf (V.S. Howard, 1936)
Höst (1933; short stories). Translated as Harvest (Florence and Naboth Hedin, 1935)
Julberättelser (1936)
Gösta Berlings saga: Skådespel i fyra akter med prolog och epilog efter romanen med samma namn (1936)
Från skilda tider: Efterlämnade skrifter (1943–45)
Dockteaterspel (1959)
Madame de Castro: En ungdomsdikt (1984)

References

^ "Lagerlöf". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
^ "Lagerlöf, Selma"^{[dead link‍]} (US) and "Lagerlöf, Selma". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 21 January 2022.
^ ^a ^b Forsas-Scott, Helena (1997). Swedish Women's Writing 1850–1995. London: The Athlone Press. p. 63. ISBN 0485910039.
^ H. G. L. (1916), "Miss Lagerlöf at Marbacka", in Henry Goddard Leach (ed.), The American-Scandinavian review, vol. 4, American-Scandinavian Foundation, p. 36
^ ^a ^b Lagerlöf, Selma; Schoolfield, George (2009). The Saga of Gösta Berling. New York: Penguin Classics. ISBN 9781101140482.
^ "Svenska deckare: Selma Lagerlöf". mbforlag.se. 7 January 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
^ "Selma Lagerlöf – författaren". www.marbacka.com. Archived from the original on 11 September 2013. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
^ Svenska Turistföreningens årsskrift (in Swedish). 1928. p. 107 – via Project Runeberg.
^ "Gröna Promenadens historia – Karlskoga Naturskyddsförening" (in Swedish). Retrieved 23 May 2023.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Selma Lagerlöf: Surface and Depth". The Public Domain Review. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
^ "Selma Lagerlof | Swedish author". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
^ "Selma Lagerlöf - Facts - NobelPrize.org". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 24 September 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920). "Lagerlof, Ottilia Lovisa Selma" . Encyclopedia Americana.
^ ^a ^b "Selma Ottiliana Lovisa Lagerlöf (1858–1940)". authorscalendar.info. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
^ Lagerlof, Selma (2013). The Selma Lagerlof Megapack: 31 Classic Novels and Stories. Rockville: Wildside Press LLC. p. 20. ISBN 9781434443441.
^ Zaun-Goshen, Heike (2002), Times of Change, archived from the original on 17 June 2010
^ "Selma Lagerlöf – Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1922). "Lagerlöf, Selma" . Encyclopædia Britannica (12th ed.). London & New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company.
^ "Selma Lagerlöf Biographical". The Nobel Prize. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
^ "100 år med Nils Holgersson" (PDF). Lund University Library. Retrieved 31 May 2017.
^ Hedwall, Barbro (2011). Susanna Eriksson Lundqvist. red. Vår rättmätiga plats. Om kvinnornas kamp för rösträtt. (Our Rightful Place. About women's struggle for suffrage) Albert Bonniers Förlag. ISBN 978-91-7424-119-8 (Swedish)
^ "Nelly Sachs". www.nobel-winners.com. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
^ ^a ^b Muja, Kerstin (2002), "Lagerlöf, Selma", glbtq.com, archived from the original on 16 November 2007
^ Toijer-Nilsson, Ying (2006). En riktig författarhustru: Selma Lagerlöf skriver till Valborg Olander (A Proper Writer's wife: Selma Lagerlöf to Valborg Olander). Bonnier
^ Sundberg, Björn. 1996. Recension av Reijo Rüster Lars Westman: Selma på Mårbacka. Bonniers 1996. Tidskrift för svensk litteraturvetenskaplig forskning. Årgång 117 1996.
^ Furhammar, Leif (2010), "Selma Lagerlöf and Literary Adaptations", Mariah Larsson and Anders Marklund (eds), "Swedish Film: An Introduction and Reader", Lund: Nordic Academic Press, pp. 86–91.
^ Elley, Derek (23 September 1996). "Jerusalem". Retrieved 22 August 2024.
^ Lagerlöf, Selma (10 December 1909). "Banquet Speech". Nobel Prize. Retrieved 9 December 2016.
^ "Literature 1909", NobelPrize.org, retrieved 6 March 2010
^ "Våldsam debatt i Akademien när Lagerlöf valdes". Svenska Dagbladet (in Swedish). 25 September 2009.
^ Stenberg, Lisbeth. "Selma Ottilia Lovisa Lagerlöf". Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon. Translated by Alexia Grosjean. Retrieved 18 May 2022.
^ 20 Swedish Krona banknote 2008 Selma Lagerlöf. worldbanknotescoins.com (20 April 2015)
^ "Selma O L Lagerlöf", National Archives of Sweden. Accessed 30 December 2022
^ Gunther, Ralph (2003), "The magic zone: sketches of the Nobel Laureates", Scripta Humanistica, vol. 150, p. 36, ISBN 1-882528-40-9
^ "Selma Lagerlöf – Bibliography", NobelPrize.org, retrieved 6 March 2010
^ Liukkonen, Petri. "Selma Lagerlöf". Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi). Finland: Kuusankoski Public Library. Archived from the original on 26 January 2015.
^ "Howard, Velma Swanston, 1868–1937". Library of Congress Authorities (lccn.loc.gov). Retrieved 2019-09-30.