SPARS code

AAD is the SPARS code (highlighted in red) on Madonna's 1990 album, The Immaculate Collection

The SPARS code is a three-position alphabetic classification system developed in the early 1980s by the Society of Professional Audio Recording Services (SPARS) for commercial compact disc releases to denote aspects of the sound recording and reproduction process, distinguishing between the use of analog equipment and digital equipment. The code's three positions refer to recording, mixing, and mastering respectively. The first two positions may be coded either "A" for analog or "D" for digital; the third position (mastering) is always "D" on digital CDs. The scheme was not originally intended to be limited to use on digital packaged media: it was also available for use in conjunction with analog releases such as vinyl or cassette (where the final character would always be "A"), but this was seldom done in practice.

The system was first implemented in 1984. Due to increasing complexity of recording and mixing processes developed over the code's first decade of use, SPARS decided to withdraw endorsement of the code in 1991 because they felt the code was overly simplistic and did not accurately reflect the complexity of typical recording and mixing processes in use at the time. However, many record labels continued to use the code and SPARS decided to re-endorse the SPARS code in 1995.

Codes

AAD, ADD and DDD codes seen on various CDs of archive material issued by Decca during the mid-to-late 1980s

The three letters of the code have the following meanings:

• First letter – the type of audio recorder used during initial recording (analog or digital)
• Second letter – the type of audio recorder used during mixing (analog or digital)
• Third letter – the type of mastering used (digital for CD releases, analog for cassette and vinyl)

Eight possible variants of the code exist:

• AAA – A fully analogue recording, from the original session to mastering. Since at least the mastering recorder must be digital to make a compact disc, this code is not applicable to CDs.^[1]
• ADA – Analog tape recorder used during initial recording, digital recorder used for mixing/editing, analog mastering.
• DAA – Digital recorder used during initial recording, analog tape recorder used for mixing/editing and mastering.
• DDA – Digital recording used during initial recording, mixing/editing, analog mastering.
• AAD – Analog tape recorder used during initial recording, mixing/editing, digital mastering.
• ADD – Analog tape recorder used during initial recording, digital recorder used during mixing/editing and for mastering.
• DAD – Digital recorder used during initial recording, analog tape recorder used during mixing/editing, digital mastering.
• DDD – Digital recorder used during initial recording, mixing/editing and for mastering.

As digital tape recorders only became widely available in the late 1970s, almost all recordings prior to this date that appear on CD will be AAD or ADD, having been digitally remastered. This means that the original analog master tape has been converted (transcribed) to digital. It does not always imply that there has been any additional editing or mixing, although this may have taken place.

In practice DAD was very rare, as many companies (especially the well-known classical music labels) used digital tape recorders (which were not prohibitively more expensive than analog tape recorders) during the editing or mixing stage.

The jewel box booklet and/or inlay of early compact discs included the SPARS code, typically DDD, ADD, or AAD. The typeface Combi Symbols CD includes the two common ways that the code was written on recordings.

History

Chris Stone and other members of the Society of Professional Audio Recording Services (SPARS) proposed the code with a set of guidelines for CD manufacturers to mark their product with an indication of exactly which parts of the recording process were analog and which were digital.^[2]

The SPARS code was first introduced on commercial CD releases by PolyGram in 1984.^[3]

SPARS withdrew endorsement of the code in 1991 due to confusion over analog and digital conversions and interfaces; many felt the SPARS code oversimplified and meaningless.^[2] However, many labels continued to use it, and in 1995, the organization re-endorsed the code.^[2]

Limitations

Lack of detail

The main limitation of the code is that it only covers the type of recorder used, not taking into account other equipment used in the production of the recording. For example, during the mixing stage (the middle letter in the code) many DDD recordings may have actually been converted from digital to analog, mixed on an analog mixing console, but converted back to digital and digitally recorded, thus earning it a D in the relevant part of the code. In addition to this, many recordings have effects or parts of different recordings added on to them, creating more confusion for the code.

Representation of quality

Regardless of the quality of the recording, many DDD classical music compact discs typically sold for considerably more than their ADD counterparts of the same work, due to the so-called premium attached to the fledgling digital recording technology. For instance, Herbert von Karajan's and Berliner Philharmoniker's rendition of Beethoven's Symphony No. 3, an analogue recording from 1977 that won the Grand Prix du Disque, sold for considerably less than their 1984 digital recording of the same piece, though the newer recording was not particularly critically acclaimed.

Examples

These albums with common SPARS codes (AAD, ADD, DDD) are arranged by year of release on CD, where known:

Year	Album	Artist	SPARS Code	Notes
1984	Body and Soul	Joe Jackson	DDD
1984	Zoolook	Jean-Michel Jarre	DDD	Mislabeled as an analog recording on 21st-century remasters
1984	Grace Under Pressure	Rush	AAD
1984	Love at First Sting	Scorpions	DDD
1984	The Unforgettable Fire	U2	ADD
1985	No Jacket Required	Phil Collins	AAD/ADD	Marked ADD on the back cover and AAD on the rear booklet.
1985	Brothers In Arms	Dire Straits	DDD[4]
1985	Little Creatures	Talking Heads	AAD
1986	Invisible Touch	Genesis	ADD
1986	Notorious	Duran Duran	DDD
1986	Somewhere In Time	Iron Maiden	ADD
1986	Turbo	Judas Priest	DDD
1986	The Thin Red Line	Glass Tiger	ADD
1986	A Kind Of Magic	Queen	DDD	Mislabeled ADD on the 1986 Capitol Records CD release.
1986	Rage For Order	Queensrÿche	AAD
1986	True Stories	Talking Heads	DDD	Misidentified as an analog recording on the 1986 Sire Records CD release, which has no SPARS code.
1986	Master Of Puppets	Metallica	AAD
1987	Whitesnake	Whitesnake	DDD
1987	Bad	Michael Jackson	DDD
1987	Music for the Masses	Depeche Mode	DDD	Misidentified as an analog recording on the 1987 Sire Records CD release despite retaining the DDD SPARS code.
1987	...Nothing Like the Sun	Sting	DDD
1988	Love Hysteria	Peter Murphy	DDD
1988	Lead Me On	Amy Grant	DDD
1988	Small World	Huey Lewis And The News	AAD
1988	Flag	Yello	ADD
1989	When Dream and Day Unite	Dream Theater	ADD
1989	The Miracle	Queen	DDD
1989	The Seeds of Love	Tears for Fears	DDD
1989	Rei Momo	David Byrne	ADD
1989	Enjoy Yourself	Kylie Minogue	AAD
1990	Wanted: Dead Or Alive	Kool G Rap & DJ Polo	DDD
1990	Down to Earth	Monie Love	DDD
1990	The Layla Sessions	Derek and the Dominos	ADD	20th anniversary digital remix. (Previously AAD)
1991	The Soul Cages	Sting	DDD
1991	Waking Up The Neighbours	Bryan Adams	DDD
1991	Loveless	My Bloody Valentine	AAD
1991	Out Of Time	R.E.M.	AAD
1991	Real Life	Simple Minds	DDD
1991	On Every Street	Dire Straits	DDD
1991	Bandwagonesque	Teenage Fanclub	AAD
1992	Angel Dust	Faith No More	AAD
1993	Ten Summoner's Tales	Sting	DDD
1993	In Utero	Nirvana	AAD
1994	Superunknown	Soundgarden	AAD
1994	Weezer	Weezer	AAD
1994	Live Through This	Hole	AAD
1995	A Thousand Memories	Rhett Akins	DDD
1995	Astro-Creep: 2000	White Zombie	AAD

Pre-1984 digital recordings

Many older recordings previously issued on vinyl were reissued on CD, beginning with the format's commercial introduction in late 1982 (see Digital recording for a timeline). Reissue CDs often only have the original LP's copyright dates on them, so it's not obvious when the CDs were actually made. If they bear a SPARS code, though, the manufacture date was no earlier than 1984. Most of these older recordings were analog, so it's not unusual to see AAD and ADD codes, but occasional examples of digital-recording codes appear on later CD editions, such as these:

• Ry Cooder – Bop till You Drop (1979; first CD release 1983; date of CD release with SPARS code unknown) – DDD; first digitally-recorded album in the world.
• Paul Davis – Cool Night (1981; first CD Release Feb. 1983; date of CD release with SPARS code 1983) – DDD; first album which was digitally recorded and mixed at Monarch Sound In Atlanta Georgia.
• ABBA – The Visitors (1981; first CD release Oct. 1982; date of CD release with SPARS code unknown) – DDD; first commercial album pressed on Compact Disc, itself the first publicly available format for digital audio.
• Peter Gabriel – Peter Gabriel (1982; first CD release 1983; date of first CD release with SPARS code 1988) – DDD (incorrectly printed as "AAD" on first release with SPARS code)
• Donald Fagen – The Nightfly (1982; date of first CD release 1983; date of first CD release with SPARS code unknown) – DDD

Unusual codes

Different codes for different tracks

• Celine Dion – Unison (1990) – AAD, DDD (four tracks)
• Celine Dion – Celine Dion (1992) – DAD, AAD (four tracks)
• Michael Jackson – Dangerous (1991) – DAD/AAD

A/DDD

• Mötley Crüe – Decade of Decadence 81-91 (1991) – The A/D for the first letter was probably written to reflect that the compilation had both songs that were recorded with analog tape and songs that were recorded digitally.

DD

• DMP albums were recorded "Direct to Digital" (a digital equivalent of Direct-to-disc recording) with no mixing step. Notable among them are the albums of digital recording pioneers Flim & the BB's.

AAA

• Aerosmith – Get a Grip (1993) – AAA (printed on CD releases despite CDs requiring a digital master)
• David Bowie – Rykodisc's vinyl and cassette editions of his back catalogue – AAA and/or ADA
• The Thermals – Personal Life (2010) – AAA (printed on vinyl issue)

ADA

• HB – The End of New Beginnings (Music Cassette) – Hell Breaks (2013) – ADA

AADSD

• Atlantic Records' Atlantic 75 Audiophile Series (2023-2024) features this code for the Direct Stream Digital layer on Super Audio CD releases (the Compact Disc Digital Audio layer, meanwhile, uses the standard AAD code)

DAD

• Simple Minds – Street Fighting Years (1989) – DAD
• Erasure – The Innocents (1988) – DAD
• Gin Blossoms – New Miserable Experience (1992, original issue) – DAD
• They Might Be Giants – Flood (1990) – DAD
• Ministry – Psalm 69 (1992) – DAD
• Destiny in Space/Blue Planet/The Dream Is Alive – Original Motion Picture Soundtracks (Released together on one CD, 1994) – DAD
• ABC – How to Be a...Zillionaire! (1985) – DAD
• Pixies – Bossanova (1990) – DAD
• D-A-D – Riskin' It All (1991) – DAD
• Joe Sample – Sample This (1997) – DAD

DDDD

• Wendy Carlos – Switched-On Bach 2000 (1992) – DDDD (The additional "D" was added to indicate the instruments the music was made on were digital; this may not be a SPARS-endorsed code.)
• Haswell & Hecker – Blackest Ever Black (Electroacoustic UPIC Recordings) (2007) – DDDD

DDAD

• Front 242 – 06:21:03:11 Up Evil and 05:22:09:12 Off (both 1993) – DDAD (The additional "D" was added to indicate the instruments the music was made on were digital. Ie, the music on the records were made on digital instruments and recorded digitally, but mixed using analog equipment)

DDA/DDD

• Kenny Roberts – You're My Kind of People and It Only Makes Me Cry (Forgetting You) (1988; early 2000s CD releases) – DDA/DDD (Digital Recording And Mixing, but initially released only on analog formats.)

See also

• Comparison of analog and digital recording
• Digital recording
• Sound recording and reproduction
• High Definition Compatible Digital

References

1. McComb, Gordon; Cook, John (1987), Compact Disc Player Maintenance and Repair, McGraw-Hill, p. 55, ISBN 0-8306-2790-1
2. Caldwell, Pete (1999). "SPARS History: 1979–". Retrieved 2012-09-24.
3. "Audio/Video Currents". High Fidelity. October 1984.
4. Milner, Greg (2009). "Chapter 7: The Story of the Band That Clipped Itself to Death (and Other Dispatches from the Loudness War)". Perfecting Sound Forever: An Aural History of Recorded Music. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-0865479388.