Robert Moog

Robert Moog
Born
Robert Arthur Moog

(1934-05-23)May 23, 1934
New York City, U.S.
DiedAugust 21, 2005(2005-08-21) (aged 71)
Asheville, North Carolina, U.S.
Education
Occupations
  • Engineer
  • inventor
Spouses
  • Shirley May Leigh
    ​
    ​
    (m. 1958; div. 1994)​
  • Ileana Grams
    ​
    (m. 1996)​
Children4
Relatives

Robert Arthur Moog (/moʊɡ/ MOHG; May 23, 1934 – August 21, 2005) was an American engineer and electronic music pioneer. He was the founder of the synthesizer manufacturer Moog Music and the inventor of the first commercial synthesizer, the Moog synthesizer, which debuted in 1964. In 1970, Moog released a more portable model, the Minimoog, described as the most famous and influential synthesizer in history. Among Moog's honors are a Technical Grammy Award, received in 2002, and an induction into the National Inventors Hall of Fame.

By 1963, Moog had been designing and selling theremins for several years while working toward a PhD in engineering physics at Cornell University. He developed his synthesizer in response to demand for more practical and affordable electronic-music equipment, guided by suggestions and requests from composers. Moog's principal innovation was the voltage-controlled oscillator, which uses voltage to control pitch. He also introduced fundamental synthesizer concepts such as modularity, envelope generation and the pitch wheel. He is credited with introducing synthesizers to a wider audience and influencing the development of popular music.

Moog pursued his work as a hobby, and he is regarded as a poor businessman. His only patent was on his transistor ladder filter design; commentators have speculated that he would have become extremely wealthy had he patented his other innovations, but that their availability in the public domain helped the synthesizer industry flourish.

In 1971, Moog sold Moog Music to Norlin Musical Instruments, where he remained as a designer until 1977. In 1978, he founded the company Big Briar, and in 2002 he renamed it Moog Music after reacquiring the rights to the name. In later years, Moog taught at the University of North Carolina at Asheville and continued designing instruments for the revived Moog Music. He died at the age of 71 in Asheville from a brain tumor.

Early life and education

Robert Moog was born at Flushing Hospital in New York City on May 23, 1934. His father was George Conrad Moog, of German descent. His mother was Shirley (Jacobs) Moog, of Polish-Jewish descent.[1] He was raised in Flushing, Queens.[2]

When he was a boy, Moog's mother forced him to study the piano. He was active in the Boy Scouts, and especially enjoyed spending time with his father, a Consolidated Edison engineer, visiting Manhattan's Radio Row and working on radio and electronics projects.[3] He became fascinated by the theremin, an electronic instrument controlled by moving the hands over radio antennae. In 1949, at the age of 14, he built a theremin from plans printed in Electronics World.[2]

He graduated from the Bronx High School of Science in 1952.[4] He earned a Bachelor of Science in physics from Queens College of the City University of New York in 1955, and a Bachelor of Science in electrical engineering from the Columbia University School of Engineering and Applied Science under a 3-2 engineering program in 1957.[5][6] He earned a PhD in engineering physics from Cornell University in 1965.[3][7]

Career

Theremins and R.A. Moog Co.

In 1953, Moog produced his own theremin design, and in the following year, he published an article on the theremin in Radio and Television News. That same year, he founded R.A. Moog Co., building theremins and theremin kits in his parents' home and selling them via mail order. In 1956, Moog and his father visited Raymond Scott's Manhattan Research facility, and Scott purchased a Moog Model 305 theremin. Scott rewired the Moog theremin to be controlled by a keyboard, dubbing his creation the Clavivox.[3][8] Moog married in 1958 and continued building and selling theremin kits from his own home in Ithaca, before establishing the company's first commercial space at 41 East Main Street in Trumansburg, New York in 1963,[9] all while continuing to pursue his postgraduate education.[2][10]

Moog synthesizer

Main article: Moog synthesizer
A Moog synthesizer

At Cornell, Moog began work on his first synthesizer components with composer Herb Deutsch.[11] At the time, synthesizers were enormous, room-filling instruments;[12] Moog hoped to build a more compact synthesizer that would appeal to musicians.[11] He believed that practicality and affordability were the most important parameters.[11]

In 1964, Moog began creating the Moog modular synthesizer.[11] It was composed of separate modules that created and shaped sounds, connected by patch cords.[2] Previous synthesizers, such as the RCA Mark II, had created sound from hundreds of vacuum tubes.[13] Instead, Moog used recently available silicon transistors with an exponential relationship between input voltage and output current. With these, he created the voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO), which generates a waveform with a pitch that could be adjusted by changing the voltage. Similarly, he used voltage to control loudness with voltage-controlled amplifiers (VCAs).[14] One innovative feature was its envelope, which controls how notes swell and fade.[3] According to the Guardian, Moog's 1964 paper Voltage-Controlled Music Modules, in which he proposed the Moog synthesizer modules, invented the modern concept of the analog synthesizer.[15]

Moog debuted the instrument at the 1964 Audio Engineering Society convention in New York.[12] It was much smaller than other synthesizers, such as the RCA Synthesizer introduced a decade earlier, and much cheaper, at US$10,000, as compared to the six-figure sums of other synthesizers.[12] Whereas the RCA Synthesizer was programmed with punchcards, Moog's synthesizer could be programmed with knobs and patch cables and played via keyboard, making it attractive to musicians.[12] New Scientist described it as the first commercial synthesizer.[16] At this time, Moog and then Fred Cochran constructed the so-called Moogtonium for the composer Max Brand. It is still operational and exhibited in the Langenzersdorf_Museum near Vienna (Austria).[citation needed]

Moog described himself as a toolmaker designing things for his users, not himself.[2] His development was driven by requests and suggestions from various musicians, including Deutsch (who devised the instrument's keyboard interface), Richard Teitelbaum, Vladimir Ussachevsky (credited with devising the ADSR envelope shape), and Wendy Carlos.[2] His other early customers included choreographer and composer Alwin Nikolais and composer John Cage.[11] Universities established electronic music studios with Moog synthesizers.[2] In 1970, Moog released the portable fixed-architecture Minimoog, described as the most famous and influential synthesizer in history.[17][18][19]

Company decline

Though commentators have praised Moog's engineering abilities, some have also described him as a poor businessman.[3][11] Moog had pursued the development of his synthesizer as a hobby, stressing that he was regarded as a businessman but had not known what a balance sheet was.[20] He likened the experience to a theme park ride: "You know you're not going to get hurt too badly because nobody would let you do that, but you're not quite in control."[20]

Moog only patented his filter design; David Borden, one of the first users of the Minimoog, felt that if Moog had patented his pitch wheel design, he would have become extremely wealthy.[19] According to Sound on Sound, if Moog had created a monopoly on other synthesizer ideas that he created, such as modularity, envelope generation and voltage control, "it's likely the synth industry as we know it today would never have happened."[21]

Beginning in 1971, Moog Music absorbed investors, merged with Norlin Musical Instruments and moved to "less than ideal" premises near Buffalo, New York, amid a debilitating recession.[11] Moog remained employed as a designer at the company until 1977.[2] He said that he would have left earlier if his contract had not required him to remain employed there for four years to cash his stock.[11] By the end of the decade, Moog Music was facing competition from cheaper, easier-to-use instruments by competitors including ARP, Aries, Roland, and E-mu.[22]

Big Briar, return of Moog Music

In 1978, Moog moved to North Carolina and founded a new electronic instrument company, Big Briar.[2] He also worked as a consultant and vice president for new product research at Kurzweil Music Systems from 1984 to 1988.[12] In the early 1990s, he was a research professor of music at the University of North Carolina at Asheville.[23] In 2002, he renamed Big Briar to Moog Music after retrieving the rights to the name.[2] In later years, he continued to design electronic instruments, including a touchscreen-operated piano.[3]

Personal life and death

Moog married Shirley May Leigh on June 15, 1958.[24] They had four children, Laura (1961), Renée (1963), Michelle (1967), and Matthew (1970).[25] They divorced in 1994.[2] On May 19, 1996 Moog married Ileana Grams.[26]

Moog was diagnosed with a glioblastoma multiforme brain tumor on April 28, 2005. He died on August 21, 2005, at the age of 71 in Asheville, North Carolina.[11] He was survived by his second wife Ileana, four children, one stepdaughter and five grandchildren.[2]

Legacy

Moog has had a lasting influence on music. The BBC describes him as a pioneer of synthesized sound.[10] According to the Guardian, his inventions "changed the complexion of the pop and classical music worlds."[11] Moog's name became so associated with electronic music that it was sometimes used as a generic term for any synthesizer.[2][27]

Moog's awards include honorary doctorates from Polytechnic Institute of New York University (New York City), Lycoming College (Williamsport, Pennsylvania) and Berklee College of Music.[28] He received a Grammy Trustees Award for lifetime achievement in 1970, the Polar Music Prize in 2001 and a Special Merit/Technical Grammy Award in 2002.[29] In 2012, to celebrate Moog's birthday, Google created an interactive version of the Minimoog as its Google Doodle.[30] In 2013, Moog was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame.[31]

Museum

The Moogseum

On July 18, 2013, Moog's widow Ileana Grams-Moog announced plans to donate Moog's archives, maintained by the Bob Moog Foundation, to Cornell University. The foundation offered her $100,000 but Grams-Moog would not sell the archives. She felt that Cornell could provide better access for researchers and that the foundation had not made enough progress toward a planned museum to be worthy of maintaining the collection. The foundation responded that it had sufficiently preserved the collection and had made efforts to improve storage, although it could not yet afford to build the museum.[32]

In August 2019, the Bob Moog Foundation opened the Moogseum, a museum dedicated to Moog's work, in Asheville, North Carolina. The displays include rare theremins, prototype synthesizer modules and Moog's documents.[33]

Media

Moog has been the subject of books about his life and work, including the 2004 book Analog Days: The Invention and Impact of the Moog Synthesizer by Trevor Pinch and Frank Trocco and the 2023 biography Switched On: Bob Moog and the Synthesizer Revolution by Albert Glinsky. Moog had contributed the foreword to Glinsky's first book, Theremin: Ether Music and Espionage, about Leon Theremin, who was a principal inspiration to Moog.[34]

Moog was also the subject of Moog, a 2004 documentary directed by Hans Fjellestad, who said that Moog "embodies the archetypal American maverick inventor."[22]

References

  1. ^ Glinsky, Albert (2022). Switched On: Bob Moog and the Synthesizer Revolution. New York City, New York, US: Oxford University Press. p. 4. ISBN 9780197642078.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Kozinn, Allan (August 23, 2005). "Robert Moog, Creator of Music Synthesizer, Dies at 71". New York Times. Retrieved December 3, 2018.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Bernstein, Adam (August 23, 2005). "Robert Moog Dies; Created Electronic Synthesizer". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved December 3, 2018.
  4. ^ Trangle, Sarina (May 30, 2012). "Synthesizer reunion". The Riverdale Press. Archived from the original on March 3, 2018. Retrieved March 3, 2018. In honor of what would've been Robert Moog's 78th birthday, the Bronx High School of Science started its day with a tribute to the 1952 alumnus who began pioneering the synthesizer in high school.
  5. ^ Journal of the Audio Engineering Society. Audio Engineering Society. 1986.
  6. ^ Switched on: Bob Moog and the Synthesizer Revolution. Oxford University Press. 2022. ISBN 978-0-19-764207-8.
  7. ^ "Robert Moog". nndb.com. Retrieved February 15, 2015.
  8. ^ Glinsky, Albert (2022). Switched On: Bob Moog and the Synthesizer Revolution. New York City, New York, US: Oxford University Press. pp. 32–33. ISBN 9780197642078.
  9. ^ Glinsky, Albert (2022). Switched On: Bob Moog and the Synthesizer Revolution. New York City, New York, US: Oxford University Press. p. 61. ISBN 9780197642078.
  10. ^ a b "Obituary: Dr Robert Moog". BBC News. August 22, 2005. Retrieved December 3, 2018.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Stearns, David Patrick (August 25, 2005). "Obituary: Robert Moog". the Guardian. Retrieved December 3, 2018.
  12. ^ a b c d e "Robert Moog biography (1934-2005)". Wired. Retrieved December 3, 2017.
  13. ^ McNamee, David (August 10, 2010). "Hey, what's that sound: Moog synthesisers". The Guardian. Retrieved October 12, 2018.
  14. ^ Pinch, Trevor; Trocco, Frank (2004). Analog Days: The Invention and Impact of the Moog Synthesizer. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01617-0.
  15. ^ McNamee, David (August 10, 2010). "Hey, what's that sound: Moog synthesisers". The Guardian. Retrieved October 12, 2018.
  16. ^ Hamer, Mick. "Interview: Electronic maestros". New Scientist. Retrieved December 3, 2018.
  17. ^ "Clear Some Space on Your Synth Rack: The Minimoog Returns". WIRED. Retrieved November 28, 2018.
  18. ^ Pinch, Trevor; Trocco, Frank (June 30, 2009). Analog Days: The Invention and Impact of the Moog Synthesizer. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674042162.
  19. ^ a b "Red Bull Music Academy Daily". daily.redbullmusicacademy.com. Retrieved November 28, 2018.
  20. ^ a b Pinch, Trevor; Trocco, Frank (2004). Analog Days: The Invention and Impact of the Moog Synthesizer. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01617-0.
  21. ^ Leon, Richard (October 2003). "Dr Robert & His Modular Moogs". Sound On Sound. Retrieved April 1, 2024.
  22. ^ a b Kozinn, Allan (August 23, 2005). "Obituary: Robert Moog, 71, creator of music synthesizer". The New York Times. Retrieved December 3, 2018.
  23. ^ "Robert Moog". Obituaries. Variety. 400 (2): 85. August 29, 2005 – via EBSCOhost.
  24. ^ Glinsky, Albert (2022). Switched On: Bob Moog and the Synthesizer Revolution. New York City, New York, US: Oxford University Press. pp. 37–42. ISBN 9780197642078.
  25. ^ Glinsky, Albert (2022). Switched On: Bob Moog and the Synthesizer Revolution. New York City, New York, US: Oxford University Press. pp. 54–198. ISBN 9780197642078.
  26. ^ Glinsky, Albert (2022). Switched On: Bob Moog and the Synthesizer Revolution. New York City, New York, US: Oxford University Press. p. 356. ISBN 9780197642078.
  27. ^ "Has Moog become a generic trademark?". genericides.org. April 12, 2020. Retrieved January 28, 2021.
  28. ^ Pinch, Trevor (2002). Analog Days: The Invention and Impact of the Moog Synthesizer (1 ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 12–16. ISBN 0-674-00889-8.
  29. ^ "The Laureates of the Polar Music Prize 2017 are..." Polar Music Prize. Retrieved March 4, 2017.
  30. ^ "Google Outdoes Itself With Moog Synthesizer Doodle (Play It Here)". WIRED. Retrieved November 28, 2018.
  31. ^ "Moog Inducted into Inventors Hall of Fame". School Band & Orchestra. 16 (5): 10. May 2013. ISSN 1098-3694.
  32. ^ Frankel, Jake (August 12, 2013). "Family feud continues over Moog archives". Mountain Xpress. Retrieved August 15, 2013.
  33. ^ Deahl, Dani (May 26, 2019). "There's now a museum dedicated to Robert Moog and synthesis called the Moogseum". The Verge. Retrieved November 16, 2019.
  34. ^ Glinsky, Albert (2022). Switched On: Bob Moog and the Synthesizer Revolution. New York City, New York, US: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780197642078.
Wikiquote has quotations related to Robert Moog.

Read other articles:

صموئيل لي

صموئيل لي (بالإنجليزية: Samuel Lee)‏    معلومات شخصية الميلاد 14 مايو 1783(1783-05-14) الوفاة 16 ديسمبر 1852 (69 سنة)   هارتفوردشير  مواطنة المملكة المتحدة لبريطانيا العظمى وأيرلندا  الحياة العملية المدرسة الأم كلية كوينز  المهنة لغوي،  وطبيب أعشاب  [لغات أخرى]‏  ال

 

Liste der Pfarren im Dekanat St. Georgen

Das Dekanat St. Georgen ist ein Dekanat der römisch-katholischen Erzdiözese Salzburg. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Pfarren mit Kirchengebäuden 2 Dekanat St. Georgen 3 Dechanten 4 Weblinks 5 Einzelnachweise Pfarren mit Kirchengebäuden Ort Pfarrverband Ink. Seit Patrozinium Kirchengebäude Bild Anthering Anthering – Maria Bühel – Nußdorf am Haunsberg – Oberndorf bei Salzburg 1857 Mariä Himmelfahrt Pfarrkirche Anthering Bürmoos Bürmoos – Dorfbeuern – Lamprechtshausen – St. Georgen b...

 

Pistol air

Pistol air Pistol air adalah sebuah jenis pistol mainan yang dirancang untuk menembakkan cipratan air. Mirip dengan balon air, tujuan utama mainan tersebut adalah untuk dicipratkan ke orang lain dalam sebuah permainan rekreasional seperti perang air.[1] Referensi ^ Oldest Known Water Guns. iSoaker.com. Diakses tanggal 2009-07-20.  Pranala luar Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai Water guns. Super Soaker Central Water Gun Museum Waterworks

Océan-class ship of the line

Class of 120-gun ships of the line of the French Navy 1⁄48 scale model of the Océan-class 120-gun ship of the line Commerce de Marseille, on display at Marseille naval museum; and Half-hull of a 120-gun ship of the line on display at Brest naval museum. Class overview NameOcéan class BuildersPlans by Jacques-Noël Sané Operators French Navy Preceded byBretagne Succeeded byCommerce de Paris class SubclassesSouverain class In commission1788–1882 Planned20 Completed15 Cancel...

 

Sunderland A.F.C. Women

This article is about the women's football club. For the men's football club, see Sunderland A.F.C. Football clubSunderland AFC WomenFull nameSunderland Association Football Club Women[1]Nickname(s)The LassesFounded1989; 34 years ago (1989)(as The Kestrels)GroundEppleton Colliery Welfare GroundCapacity2,500 (250 seated)ManagerMelanie ReayLeagueWomen's Championship2022–23Women's Championship, 11th of 12WebsiteClub website Home colours Away colours Current season Thi...

 

Sealdah railway station

Railway station in Kolkata, West Bengal, India Sealdah Railway Station (Bengali: শিয়ালদহ রেলওয়ে স্টেশন; Station Code:SDAH) is one of India's major railway terminals serving the city of Kolkata. The other main railway stations in the Kolkata metropolitan area are Howrah, Shalimar, Dankuni, Kolkata and Santragachi. Over 1.2 million passengers use the station daily.[1] It is an important suburban rail terminal. Kolkata Metro Line 2 passes throu...

James Spillane

American politician from New Hampshire Spillane in 2022 James Spillane is an American Republican politician. He serves in the New Hampshire House of Representatives in Rockingham County alongside Jason Osborne and Kevin Verville.[1] Political career In 2020 he was investigated by the State Attorney General for a Facebook comment.[2] In June 2023, he switched his endorsement to Ron DeSantis from Donald Trump in the 2024 Republican Party presidential primaries after Trump's crit...

 

White Shirts Society

1945–c.1950 Korean fascist terrorist group White Shirts SocietyAlso known as White Clothes Society White Shirt Society Baikyi-sa Founding leaderYeom Dong-jinFoundationNovember 1945DissolvedAround 1950Ideology Fascism Anti-communism Notable attacks Assassination attempt on Kim Il Sung Assassination of Kim Ku Allies  United States United States Army Military Government in Korea (1946–1948)  Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea (1945–1948)  South Korea Opponents &...

 

Cirkus (Stockholm)

Arena in Djurgården, Stockholm, Sweden CirkusMamma Mia! showing at Cirkus in 2006.Full nameCirkusteaternFormer namesCirkusteaternLocationDjurgården, Stockholm, SwedenOwnerCirkus Arena och Restaurang ABCapacity1,650Opened1892 Cirkus (Swedish: Cirkus Arena och Restaurang AB) is an arena in Djurgården, Stockholm, Sweden, that holds 1,650 people. It was originally used as a circus (the old official name being Cirkusteatern), but is today mostly used for concerts and musical shows. The French c...

Jean-Auguste Barre

French sculptor and medalist Tomb of Alfred de Musset by Barre, Père Lachaise Cemetery, Paris Jean Auguste Barre (25 September 1811 – 5 February 1896) was a French sculptor and medalist.[1][2] Born in Paris, he was trained by his father Jean-Jacques Barre (1793–1855), a medalist. Barre studied at the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts in Paris under Jean-Pierre Cortot, and he is mainly known as a portrait sculptor. Exhibiting at the French Salon from 1831 to ...

 

The Vampire Doll

1970 Japanese filmThe Vampire DollTheatrical release posterDirected byMichio YamamotoScreenplay by Ei Ogawa Hiroshi Nagano[1] Produced by Tomoyuki Tanaka Fumio Tanaka[2] Starring Kayo Matsuo Yukiko Kobayashi Yoko Minazake[3] CinematographyKazutomi Hara[3]Music byRiichiro Manabe[3]ProductioncompanyToho[3]Distributed byTohoRelease date June 4, 1970 (1970-06-04) (Japan) Running time71 minutes[4]CountryJapanLanguageJapanes...

 

Gerhard Herzberg

Gerhard Herzberg, London 1952 The Honourable Gerhard Herzberg, PC, CC, D.Sc, LL.D, FRSC, FRS (25 Desember 1904 – 3 Maret 1999) ialah kimiawan teoretis senior. Dilahirkan di Hamburg, Jerman, menerima gelar doktor dari Universitas Teknik Darmstadt pada 1928. Naiknya Nazi ke puncak kekuasaan memaksanya meninggalkan Jerman pada 1935 dan pergi ke Kanada. Di sana ia bekerja di Universitas Saskatchewan. Antara 1945-1948 ia bekerja di Observatorium Yerkes di Wisconsin, setelah itu memimpin Divisi F...

Religion in Houston

Overview of religion in Houston Religious affiliation (2020) Christian   72% Protestant   40% Catholic   29% Other Christian   3% Unaffiliated   21% Muslim   2% Jewish   1% Buddhist   1% Hindu   0.5% Other faiths   1.5% Throughout its history the city of Houston, Texas has been religiously influenced by Protestant Christianity in the Bible Belt.[1] Since the latter half of the 20th century, the Houston area has become home to...

 

Siomai

SiomaiSiomai campur batagor disajikan di warung makan dekat stasiun kereta Bandung.Nama lainSiomaySajianCamilanTempat asal TiongkokDaerahTiongkok dan IndonesiaSuhu penyajianPanasBahan utamaPangsit ikan dengan tahu dan sayuran dengan saus kacangVariasiBatagor, shumai  Media: Siomai Siomai (Hokkien: 燒賣; dialek xiamen sio māiⁿ) adalah sejenis dimsum yang merupakan makanan tradisional Tiongkok. Dalam bahasa Mandarin, makanan ini disebut shaomai, sedangkan dalam bahasa Kanton ...

 

True Grit (novel)

1968 novel by Charles Portis True Grit Front cover of the 1968 Simon & Schuster hardback 1st edition of True Grit by Charles Portis.AuthorCharles PortisCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishGenreWesternPublisherSimon & SchusterPublication date1968Media typePrint (hardback & paperback)Pages215 True Grit is a 1968 novel by Charles Portis that was first published as a 1968 serial within The Saturday Evening Post.[1] The novel is told from the perspective of a woman named Ma...

Eastern National Railway (Austria)

This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Eastern National Railway Austria – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Railways lines in Galicia, 1897 The Imperial and Royal Eastern National Railway (German: k.k. Östliche Staatsbahn, ÖStB) was a n...

 

James Hadley (potter)

For other people named James Hadley, see James Hadley. James HadleyBorn1837 (1837)DiedDecember 23, 1903(1903-12-23) (aged 66)Occupation(s)Potter, artistEmployerWorcester Royal Porcelain CompanyNotable workAesthetic Teapot James Hadley (August 1837 – 23 December 1903) was an English potter and artist associated with the Worcester Royal Porcelain Company.[1][2] Until 1895 his work was produced almost exclusively by Royal Worcester; he later set up his own factory...

 

Leonid Vološin

Questa voce sugli argomenti atleti russi e atleti sovietici è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti dei progetti di riferimento 1, 2. Leonid Vološin Nazionalità  Unione Sovietica (fino al 1991) Russia (dal 1992) Altezza 180 cm Atletica leggera Specialità Salto triplo, salto in lungo Palmarès  Unione Sovietica Competizione Ori Argenti Bronzi Mondiali 0 1 0 Mondiali indoor 0 1 0 Europei 1 0 0  Squadra ...

Hans Gabriel Nissen Buck

Norwegian physician and politician Hans Gabriel Nissen Buck Hans Gabriel Nissen Buck (2 May 1848 – 21 May 1924) was a Norwegian physician and politician for the Conservative Party.[1] He was born at Inderøy in Nord-Trøndelag, Norway as the son of captain Jørgen Mandix Buck (1814–1878) and his wife Fredrikke Gebhardine Nissen (1822–1902). He enrolled as a student in 1867 and graduated as cand.med. in 1874. He first opened his own physician's office in Fredrikstad, but then wor...

 

Jean-Baptiste de Santeul

French poet Jean-Baptiste de SanteulPortrait by Toussain DuméeBorn(1630-05-12)12 May 1630Paris, FranceDied5 August 1697(1697-08-05) (aged 67)Dijon, FranceNationalityFrenchOccupationPoetKnown forCastigat ridendo mores Jean-Baptiste de Santeul (or Santeuil, Santeüil; 12 May 1630 – 5 August 1697) was a French poet who wrote in Latin. Life Jean-Baptiste de Santeul was born on 12 May 1630 in Paris, to a good family.[1][a] His father was Claude de Santeuil, a bourgeois...

 

Strategi Solo vs Squad di Free Fire: Cara Menang Mudah!