Republicanism in Canada

A demonstration on Parliament Hill by members of Citizens for a Canadian Republic during the installation ceremony of Governor General Michaëlle Jean, 2005

Canadian republicanism is a movement for the replacement of the monarchy of Canada and a monarch as head of state with a parliamentary republic and a democratically-selected Canadian as head of state. Republicans are driven by various factors, such as a perception of inequality in the concept of excluding all but members of the royal family from the position or the argument that Canadian independence will not be achieved until Canadians can choose their own head of state independently and democratically.[1]

As with monarchism in Canada, strong republicanism is not a prevalent element of contemporary Canadian society. The movement's roots precede Canadian Confederation and it has emerged from time to time in Canadian politics, but has not been an influential force since the Rebellions of 1837,[2] which some Canadian republicans consider their efforts to be a continuation of.[3]

National identity

Monarchy and inherited rights in government, symbolic or otherwise, is a concept incompatible with Canadian values of egalitarianism.

Republicans in Canada assert that because of its hereditary aspects, the monarchy is inherently contrary to egalitarianism and multiculturalism.[4] Further, though it diverges from both the official position of the Canadian government and the opinions of some judges, legal scholars,[5][6][7][8][9][10] and members of the royal family themselves,[11][12][13] republicans deem the King or Queen of Canada to be either a solely British or English individual representing a British institution foreign to Canada.[4][14] Founded on this perception is the republican assertion that national pride is diminished by the monarchy, and it "prolongs a sense that Canada "is a colony" and is "subservient to Britain."[15][16]

This questioning of the monarchy's role in Canadian identity arose as a part of wider cultural changes that followed the evolution of the British Empire into the Commonwealth of Nations, the rise of anti-establishmentism, the creation of multiculturalism as an official policy in Canada, and the blossoming of Quebec separatism; the latter becoming the major impetus of political controversy around the Crown.[17] Quebec nationalists agitated for an independent Quebec republic and the monarchy was targeted as a symbol of anti-Anglophone demonstration,[18][19][20] notably Quebecers turned their backs on her procession when she toured Quebec City that year.[21] In a 1970 speech to the Empire Club of Canada, Governor General Roland Michener summed up the contemporary arguments against the Crown: From its opponents, he said, came the claims that monarchies are unfashionable, republics—other than those with oppressive regimes—offer more freedom, people are given greater dignity from choosing their head of state, the monarchy is foreign and incompatible with Canada's multicultural society, and that there should be change for the sake of change alone.[22] This fits into the argument that the monarchy is not representative of the people of its countries. This has been argued to be the case with Canada having a head of state that is of a foreign nationality and living in another country.[23]

However, though it was later thought the Quiet Revolution and the period beyond should have inspired more republicanism amongst Canadians, they did not.[n 1] Reg Whitaker blamed this on a combination of Quebec nationalists having no interest in the monarchy (as full sovereignty and their own form of government was their ultimate goal) with the remainder of the population simultaneously struggling with "bilingualism, dualism, special status, distinct society, asymmetrical federalism, sovereignty-association, partnership, and so on." Even the rise in multi-ethnic immigration to Canada in the 1970s did not inspire any desires to alter or remove the role of the Crown in Canada, the ethno-cultural groups not wanting to push constitutional change over a matter they had little concern for.[24]

Instead, until the appointment of Stephen Harper as prime minister, successive governments made subtle efforts to diminish the stature of the Canadian monarchy[25]—as David Smith said: "the historic Crown with its anthem, emblems, and symbolism made accessible a past the government of the day rejected"[26]—though never, since the reaction to some of Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau's proposals for alterations to the monarchy and its role in Canada, publicly revealing their stances on the Crown.[27] Following Elizabeth II's death in September 2022, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau publicly expressed support for the monarchy's continued status in Canada.[28][29]

Democratic principles and governmental role

Canadian republicans view their country's monarchy as "outdated and irrelevant"[14] and an undemocratic institution because the incumbent sovereign is neither elected, nor a citizen once on the throne; republicans will phrase this argument as "no Canadian citizen can become head of state."

In contrast to monarchist arguments, those against the Crown assert that it is possible to have an elected head of state be an apolitical individual and there would be no possibility of a clash with the prime minister over differences in political persuasion, though some republicans do desire an empowered chief executive who could hold the Cabinet in check for political reasons. Others feel an appointed Canadian president would be more democratic than the Crown.[4] The range of often contradictory proposals highlights the fact that Canadian republicans are not fully united on what sort of republican form of government they believe the nation should adopt. The Westminster-style parliamentary republican model, which is advocated by other Commonwealth republican movements, has been embraced by Citizens for a Canadian Republic as the preferred model for Canada.

The truth is that the monarchy stands for much that has held Canada back. It embodies the triumph of inheritance over merit, of blood over brains, of mindless ritual over innovation. The monarchy reminds us to defer to authority and remember our place. In Quebec, the Royals are regarded as an insult.[30]

Towards that end, Citizens for a Canadian Republic proposed in March 2004 that the federal viceroy be made an elected position as a first step towards some form of republic. As the normal channels of appointment would follow after the election, no constitutional reform would be necessary. However, as monarchists point out, the scheme does not take into consideration any provincial input, especially concerning the relationship between the provincial and federal crowns and thus the lieutenant governors; an issue that would weigh heavily in any constitutional debate on the Crown, regardless of the selection process of the governor general. Further, a 2013 ruling by the Supreme Court of Canada disallowed similar consultative elections for senators, stating that such would be a change to how senators are selected and would thus require a constitutional amendment.[31]

History of issue

Colonial era and Confederation

Reformists began to emerge in the Canadian colonies during the early 19th century and by two decades into that century had begun to cohere into organized groups, such as the Upper Canada Central Political Union. The idea of political party was viewed by a number of British North Americans as an innovation of the United States, being "anti-British and of a republican tendency." Colonists were warned about "a few individuals, who unfortunately, are led by those, whose hostility to the British constitution is such, that they would sacrifice any and every thing to pull it down, in order that they might build up a Republic on its ruins."[32] It was believed that the persons agitating for republican change and their supporters were of American origin and had been taught to admire republican government as the best in the world and ridicule monarchism.[33]

William Lyon Mackenzie, founder of the Republic of Canada, and later advocate of Canadian annexation into the United States

The first open uprisings in Canada against the monarchical system came in 1837, with the Lower Canada Rebellion—led by Louis Joseph Papineau and his Parti Patriote—and the Upper Canada Rebellion—led by William Lyon Mackenzie. Though their main motives were for more representative government in their respective colonies, Mackenzie was inspired by the American model and wished to establish the same in Canada.[34] Papineau originally expressed loyalty to the Crown in his Ninety-Two Resolutions,[35] but turned when the British parliament instead adopted the Earl Russell's Ten Resolutions, which ignored all 92 of the requests from the Parti Patriote.[36] Most colonists, however, did not espouse a break with the Crown and the rebellions ultimately failed.[37] Mackenzie fled Toronto with 200 supporters and established, with the help of American sympathizers, the short-lived and never recognized Republic of Canada on Navy Island, while Papineau and other insurgents fled to the United States and proclaimed the Republic of Lower Canada.

After living in the US in order to avoid arrest in Canada, Mackenzie eventually became dissatisfied with the American republican system and gave up plans for revolution in the British North American provinces, though he theorized, near the end of his life, on Canadian annexation into the United States, should enough people in the former country become disillusioned with responsible government.[34] Similarly, by 1849, Papineau was advocating the absorption of the Province of Canada (formed in 1840) into the American republic to the south.[38] He echoed a significant minority of conservatives in Upper Canada who critiqued Canada's imitation of the British parliamentary constitutional monarchy as both too democratic and too tyrannical, theorizing that it simultaneously destroyed the independence of the appointed governor and legislative council and further concentrated power in the Cabinet. Instead, these "republican conservatives" preferred the American federal-state system and the US constitution, seeing the American model of checks and balances as offering Canada a more fair and conservative form of democracy. They debated constitutional changes that included an elected governor, an elected legislative council, and a possible union with the US, within this republican framework.[39]

Louis Riel, President of the provisional government of Red River

Some decades later, in 1869, a rebellion in the Red River area of Rupert's Land erupted under the leadership of Louis Riel, who established in the Red River settlement a provisional government under John Bruce as president, with the intent of negotiating a provincial relationship with the federal government of Canada. As negotiations proceeded, Riel was eventually elected as president by the provisional government's council. His delegation to Ottawa was eventually successful in having the federal Crown-in-Council in 1870 found the province of Manitoba with the same parliamentary constitutional monarchy as existed in the other provinces.[40]

Post-Quebec sovereignty movement

The Parti Québécois rose to power in Quebec on the support of nationalists, with views towards the monarchy that ranged from hostility to indifference. In February 1968, during a constitutional conference in Ottawa, delegates from the Union Nationale-governed Quebec indicated that a provincial president might suit the province better than the appointed viceroy. Two years later, Parti Québécois (PQ) members of the National Assembly refused to recite the constitutionally mandated Oath of Allegiance to the sovereign before taking their seats in the legislature.[41] Sovereignists protested against the Queen's role in officially opening the 1976 Montreal Olympics, with René Lévesque asking Elizabeth to refuse the advice from Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau and not open the games.[41] Republican options were discussed following the election of the sovereigntist Parti Québécois to government in Quebec, but only specifically in relation to the province.[41]

Continuing talks of constitutional reform led to the role of the monarchy in Canada coming under scrutiny in the lead up to the patriation of the Canadian constitution in 1982.[42][43][full citation needed] However, proposals for change were thwarted by the provinces, including Quebec.[17][43][44]

The notion of a republic was raised publicly in the early 1990s, when Peter C. Newman wrote in Maclean's that the monarchy should be abolished in favour of a head of state "who would reflect our own, instead of imported, values." Then, in 1997, Deputy Prime Minister John Manley echoed Newman when he expressed at the end of a television interview his opinion that Canada should abolish its monarchy, citing Australia's contemporary discussions around the Australian Crown.[45] Then, in December of the following year, the Prime Minister's press secretary, Peter Donolo, who also complained that the monarch made Canada appear as a "colonial outpost",[46] unaccountably announced through a media story that the Prime Minister's Office was considering the abolition of the monarchy as a millennium project, though no definitive plans had been made.[47] Donolo later supported Manley when,[n 2] on Victoria Day 2001, Manley said on CBC Radio that he believed that hereditary succession was outdated, and that the country's head of state should be elected.[50] Then, just prior to the Queen's pan-country tour to celebrate her Golden Jubilee the following year, Manley (at that point the designated minister in attendance for the sovereign's arrival in Ottawa) again stated his preference for a "wholly Canadian" institution to replace the present monarchy after the reign of Queen Elizabeth II;[51] he was rebuked by other Cabinet members, a former prime minister, and the Leader of the Opposition,[49] as well as a number of prominent journalists.[n 3]

In 2002, the group Citizens for a Canadian Republic was established to promote the abolition of the Canadian monarchy in favour of a republic, at approximately the same time The Globe and Mail newspaper began a campaign against the monarchy,[54] with three republican journalists on staff – Margaret Wente, Jeffrey Simpson,[55] and Lawrence Martin[56] – though the editorial board argued Canada could dispose of its monarchy without becoming a republic. Tom Freda, chairman and co-founder of Citizens for a Canadian Republic, called for simply replacing the monarchy with the governor general, saying that he's not in favour of destroying Canada's identity or cultural institutions: "All we're advocating is that the link to the monarchy, in our Constitution, be severed. Our governor general for the past 60 years has performed all the duties of a head of state, and there's no reason we shouldn't make our governor general our official head of state."[57] Freda also, however, called the governor general and lieutenant governors "redundant".[58]

At approximately the same time, the editors of The Globe and Mail began calling for the governor general to be made head of state under the guise of "patriating the monarchy", and arguing that Canada could rid itself of its Crown without becoming a republic,[54] and backing their journalist Jeffrey Simpson's preference for the Companions of the Order of Canada to choose the head of state in a Canadian republic.[55]

Lawrence Martin called for Canada to become a republic in order to re-brand the nation and better its standings in the international market, he cited Sweden – a constitutional monarchy – as an example to be followed.[56]

In 2007, Quebec sovereignty again collided with the monarchy, when Quebec separatists threatened to mount demonstrations should the Queen be in attendance at the ceremonies for the 400th anniversary of Quebec City; Mario Beaulieu, then Vice-President of the Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society announced that the Queen's presence would be a catalyst for action, saying: "You can be sure that people will demonstrate in protest... We are celebrating the foundation of New France, not its conquest. The monarchy remains a symbol of imperialism and colonialism. Her presence will not be welcomed", and Gérald Larose, president of the Quebec Sovereignty Council, stated that the monarchy was "the most despicable, appalling, anti-democratic, imperial, colonial symbol against which all social and individuals rights were obtained through the course of history."[59]

At the Liberal Party of Canada convention in January 2012, its members debated on a motion to include severing ties with the monarchy as a party platform.[60] The proposed motion was rejected by 67 per cent.[61]

On October 26, 2022, Bloc Québécois (BQ) Leader Yves-François Blanchet moved a motion calling for the severing of "ties between the Canadian State and the British monarchy" in the Federal House of Commons, It was rejected 44 to 266.[62]

Activities

As abolition of the monarchy would require a constitutional amendment made only after the achievement of unanimous consent amongst the federal parliament and all ten provincial legislatures, republicans face difficulty in achieving their goal.[63] Further, though republicans have pointed to Ireland and India as models that could be adapted to Canada, no specific form of republic or selection method for a president has been decided on,[64] and the Canadian populace remains largely indifferent to the issue.[65]

Up until 2010, most republican action had taken the form of protests on Victoria Day – the Canadian sovereign's official birthday – in Toronto, lobbying of the federal and provincial governments to eliminate Canadian royal symbols,[66] and legal action against the Crown, specifically in relation to the Oath of Citizenship and the Act of Settlement 1701.[67][68]

Today, most of Citizens for a Canadian Republic's activities are educational, providing commentators to the media and networking with supporters in all political parties.[69]

In 2013, several former members of Citizens for a Canadian Republic formed Republic Now, led by Ashok Charles, which has a more activist approach in advocating for a republic.[70][71]

Ted McWhinney has argued that Canada can become a republic upon the demise of the current monarch by not proclaiming a successor; according to McWhinney, this would be a way for the constitution to evolve "more subtly and by indirection, through creating new glosses on the Law of the Constitution as written, without formally amending it."[72] However, Ian Holloway, Dean of Law at the University of Western Ontario, criticized this proposal for its ignorance of provincial input, and opined that its implementation "would be contrary to the plain purpose of those who framed our system of government."[73]

Opinion polling

Polls conducted on the subject of abolition of the Canadian Crown in 2022 and 2023, following the accession of Charles III, stated that 58% of Canadians think there should be a referendum on the future of the monarchy and between 40% and 54% of Canadians favour becoming a republic.[74][75][76] However, pollster Michael Ashcroft cautioned that "for change to happen in Canada, the issue would have to find its way to the top of the political agenda. It’s hard to see what could be the catalyst for that to happen.”[75]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Even prominent calls for a republic, such as those issued by the Toronto Star editorial board in the centennial year of Confederation, did not inspire action amongst the wider populace. As put by Reg Whitaker: "In the 1960s, in the first fine, careless rapture of bilingualism and biculturalism, an end to the monarchy might have become a shared program between Quebec nationalists and Canadian dualists. It never happened."[24]
  2. ^ Donolo wrote in Maclean's that "it's the institution of the monarchy that is incompatible with the values of a modern, democratic, pluralistic state."[48][49]
  3. ^ Negative commentary came from John Fraser and Christie Blachford in the National Post, Rosie DiManno in the Toronto Star, Hartley Steward in The Sunday Sun, Michael Valpy in The Globe and Mail,[48][49] Rex Murphy on the CBC,[52] and Andrew Coyne in the National Post.[53]

References

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Further reading

  • Ajzenstat, Janet and Peter J. Smith. Canada's Origins: Liberal, Tory, Or Republican? Montreal: McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP, 1995. ISBN 0-88629-274-3
  • Caccia, Fulvio, Daniel Sloate and Domenico Cusmano. Republic Denied: The Loss of Canada. Translated by Daniel Sloate and Domenico Cusmano Toronto: Guernica Editions, 2002. ISBN 1-55071-144-X
  • Smith, David E. The Republican Option in Canada, Past and Present. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999. ISBN 0-8020-4469-7
  • Vaughan, Frederick. The Canadian Federalist Experiment: From Defiant Monarchy to Reluctant Republic.Montreal: McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP, 2003. ISBN 0-7735-2537-8

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Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Oktober 2022. Hari pertama sekolah adalah sebuah kegiatan belajar-mengajar antara guru dan siswa di sekolah dalam hari pertama sebuah tahun akademik. Kegiatan ini umumnya erat dikaitkan dengan Masa Orientasi Peserta Didik. Referensi Artikel bertopik pendidikan ini a...

 

Archaeological culture in Mexico Important Epi-Olmec sitesThe Epi-Olmec culture was a cultural area in the central region of the present-day Mexican state of Veracruz. Concentrated in the Papaloapan River basin, a culture that existed during the Late Formative period, from roughly 300 BCE to roughly 250 CE.[1] Epi-Olmec was a successor culture to the Olmec, hence the prefix epi- or post-. Although Epi-Olmec did not attain the far-reaching achievements of that earlier culture, it did r...

 

هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (أبريل 2016) هدنة تعديل مصدري - تعديل   مسرحية هدنة عرض مسرحي سوري من إنتاج المسرح القومي، عرض على خشبة مسرح الحمراء في دمشق بمناسبة الذكرى السنوية لرحيل الكاتب المسرحي...

テレビ番組・中継内での各種情報(終了した番組・中継を含みます)は、DVDやBlu-rayなどでの販売や公式なネット配信、または信頼できる紙媒体またはウェブ媒体が紹介するまで、出典として用いないで下さい。検証可能性に基づき除去される場合があります。 笑って年越したい!!笑う大晦日シリーズジャンル 特別番組(バラエティ番組 / 年越し番組)企画 髙橋利之構成

 

Bajo Boquete Corregimiento Vista de Bajo Boquete. Bajo BoqueteLocalización de Bajo Boquete en Panamá Bajo BoqueteLocalización de Bajo Boquete en Provincia de ChiriquíCoordenadas 8°46′48″N 82°25′58″O / 8.78, -82.432777777778Entidad Corregimiento • País  Panamá • Provincia Chiriquí • Distrito BoqueteSuperficie   • Total 18.2 km²[1]​Altitud   • Media 1131[2]​ m s. n. m.Población (2010)  ...

 

Municipality in Southeast, BrazilBarra de São FranciscoMunicipality FlagSealBarra de São FranciscoLocation in BrazilCoordinates: 18°45′18″S 40°53′27″W / 18.75500°S 40.89083°W / -18.75500; -40.89083Country BrazilRegionSoutheastState Espírito SantoFoundedSeptember 8, 1551Area • Total933.747 km2 (360.522 sq mi) [1]Population (2020 [2]) • Total44,979Time zoneUTC−3 (BRT)WebsiteVitóri...

Takehiro Tomiyasu Tomiyasu membela Bologna pada 2020Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Takehiro Tomiyasu[1]Tanggal lahir 5 November 1998 (umur 25)Tempat lahir Prefektur Fukuoka, JepangTinggi 1,88 m (6 ft 2 in)Posisi bermain Bek Tengah, Bek KananInformasi klubKlub saat ini ArsenalNomor 18Karier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)2015–2017 Avispa Fukuoka 45 (1)2018–2019 Sint-Truidense 27 (1)2019–2021 Bologna 61 (3)2021– Arsenal 42 (0)Tim nasional‡2014–2015 Jepang U-...

 

f1 Karte mit allen Koordinaten: OSM | WikiMap Blick südwärts von Proschwitz aus auf die rechtselbischen Stadtteile von Meißen Richtung Spaargebirge In der Liste der Kulturdenkmale in Meißen (rechtselbisch) sind die am rechten Ufer der Elbe gelegenen Kulturdenkmale der Stadt Meißen verzeichnet (ohne archäologische Kulturdenkmale). Die Anmerkungen sind zu beachten. Diese Aufzählung ist eine Teilmenge der Liste der Kulturdenkmale in Meißen. Die linkselbisch gelegenen Kulturdenkmale ...

 

Public university in Leyte, Philippines Not to be confused with University of the Visayas or University of the Philippines Visayas. This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Visayas Sta...

Эта статья — о форме брака у людей. О форме разделения полов у растений см. Многодомность. Правовой статус полигамии в мире      Полигамия законна     Полигамия законна в некоторых регионах     Полигамия законна только для м...

 

German politician (born 1975) Bonde in 2013 Alexander Bonde (born 12 January 1975 in Freiburg im Breisgau) is a German politician of Alliance 90/The Greens who has been serving as the secretary-general of the German Federal Environment Foundation (DBU) since 2018.[1] Early life and education In 1992 and 1993 Bonde was an exchange student at Kahuku High School (Oahu, Hawaii, USA). One of his classmates was Jack Johnson. Political career Member of the Bundestag, 2002–2011 From 2002 to...

 

Novel by Commpton Mackenzie Rogues and Vagabonds AuthorCompton MackenzieCountryUnited KingdomLanguageEnglishGenreHistoricalPublisherCassell (UK)George H. Doran Co. (US)Publication date1927Media typePrint Rogues and Vagabonds is a 1927 historical novel by the British writer Compton Mackenzie.[1] It is set in the Victorian era. References ^ Linklater p.325 Bibliography David Joseph Dooley. Compton Mackenzie. Twayne Publishers, 1974. Andro Linklater. Compton Mackenzie: A Life Hogart...

يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (سبتمبر 2019) يو بي-34   الجنسية  ألمانيا النازية الشركة الصانعة بلوم+فوس  المالك البحرية الإمبراطورية الألماني...

 

Beer shevaKotaPopulasi187.200 (city)531.000 (metro)Situs webhttp://www.beer-sheva.muni.il Beersheba atau Bersyeba (bahasa Ibrani: בְּאֶר שֶׁבַע, Bəʼer Šévaʻ; bahasa Arab: بِئْرْ اَلْسَبْعْ Biʼr as-Sabʻ) merupakan kota yang terletak di Israel bagian selatan, merupakan kota terbesar di padang gurun Negev (= Negeb). Sering disebut sebagai Capital of the Negev (Ibu kota wilayah 'Negeb'). Termasuk daftar 7 kota terbesar di Israel. Penduduknya berjumlah 194.300 ji...

 

2010 United States House of Representatives elections in Idaho ← 2008 November 2, 2010 (2010-11-02) 2012 → All 2 Idaho seats to the United States House of Representatives   Majority party Minority party   Party Republican Democratic Last election 1 1 Seats won 2 0 Seat change 1 1 Popular vote 263,699 150,884 Percentage 58.97% 33.74% Swing 0.26% 7.03% Republican   50–60%   60–70% Elections in Idaho Feder...

For the molecular effect giving increased stability to coordination complexes, see Macrocyclic effect. Molecule with a large ring structure Erythromycin, a macrolide antibiotic, is one of many naturally occurring macrocycles.[1] Macrocycles are often described as molecules and ions containing a ring of twelve or more atoms. Classical examples include the crown ethers, calixarenes, porphyrins, and cyclodextrins. Macrocycles describe a large, mature area of chemistry.[2] IUPAC d...

 

Malian footballer Senou Coulibaly Coulibaly in 2019 with DijonPersonal informationFull name Senou CoulibalyDate of birth (1994-09-04) 4 September 1994 (age 29)Place of birth Pontoise, FranceHeight 1.93 m (6 ft 4 in)Position(s) Centre backTeam informationCurrent team OmoniaNumber 5Youth career2013–2017 Cergy-Pontoise FCSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)2017–2018 Mantes 25 (0)2018–2021 Dijon II 7 (0)2018–2023 Dijon 97 (5)2023– Omonia 2 (0)International career‡20...

 

1990 studio album by Miho NakayamaAll for YouStudio album by Miho NakayamaReleasedMarch 16, 1990 (1990-03-16)Recorded1989GenreJ-poppop rockLength42:16LanguageJapaneseLabelKing RecordsProducerAkira FukuzumiCindyMiho Nakayama chronology Merry Merry(1989) All for You(1990) Jeweluna(1990) Singles from All for You Midnight TaxiReleased: January 15, 1990 (1990-01-15) Semi-sweet MagicReleased: March 21, 1990 (1990-03-21) All for You (オール・...

For the 6th century general, see Li Xian (Northern Zhou general). Crown Prince Zhanghuai Li XianCrown Prince ZhanghuaiFigures in a cortege, from a mural of Li Xian's tomb at Qianling Mausoleum, dated 706 AD; each figure measures approximately 1.6 m (63 in) in height.Crown Prince of Tang DynastyReign675-680PredecessorLi HongSuccessorEmperor Zhongzong of TangPrince of Yong 雍王Reign673-675Prince of Pei 沛王Reign662-673Prince of Lu 潞王Reign655-662Born(655-01-29)29 January 655Died13 March ...

 

Type of Philippine sword For other uses, see Kalis (disambiguation). Kalis ᜃᜎᜒ/ᜃᜎᜒᜐ᜔كاليس Moro kalis nomenclature, given in Tausūg, Maranao, and MaguindanaoTypeSwordPlace of originPhilippinesService historyIn serviceTondo, Rajahnate of Cebu, Butuan, Rajahnate of Maynila, Ma-i, Sultanate of Maguindanao, Sultanate of Sulu, Bruneian EmpireUsed byMoro people (Sama people, Maguindanao people, Maranao people, Tausūg people), Tagalog peopleSpecificationsLen...

 

Strategi Solo vs Squad di Free Fire: Cara Menang Mudah!