By the late 1940s, up to one million ethnic Poles remained in the Soviet Union. Deprived of all educated leaders, who had already left for Poland, the Poles found themselves in the middle of several local conflicts, which took place in the Lithuanian SSR and Ukrainian SSR (see Lithuanian partisans, Ukrainian Insurgent Army). In the western part of Soviet Belarus, which still had a substantial Polish minority, several Polish guerrilla units operated until the early 1950s, especially in the area of Lida. Furthermore, the campaign of collectivization affected Polish villages from a wide belt, ranging from Vilnius to Ukraine’s Ternopil. Those farmers who resisted it were sent to Siberia, and the terror continued until the mid-1950s.
On 15 November 1956, a Polish delegation consisting of Władysław Gomułka and Józef Cyrankiewicz left for Moscow to initiate talks about the so-called repatriation. Due to their efforts, by end of that year some 30,000 Poles were allowed to leave the Soviet Union and settle in the People's Republic of Poland. On 25 March 1957, the ministers of internal affairs of both countries, Wladyslaw Wicha and Nikolay Dudorov, signed an agreement, upon which all individuals who before 17 September 1939 (see Soviet invasion of Poland) were citizens of the Second Polish Republic, together with their spouses and children, were able to move to Poland. In many cases, however, Polish citizenship was difficult to prove, since documents were missing or lost. In such situations, the Polish government had to provide evidence. Furthermore, ethnic Poles were scattered not only in former eastern provinces of Poland, but also all over the Soviet Union. Reaching them was often difficult, and to make matters worse, the process was overseen by the former Stalinist prosecutor, Stefan Kalinowski [pl], who had himself sent Poles to Siberia in the 1940s.
Despite all these obstacles, the number of repatriated Poles steadily grew:
After the repatriation, some 360,000 Poles still remained in Soviet Ukraine. Most of them resided in the area of Zhytomyr and Berdychiv, but also in the city of Lviv, where in 1959 the Polish population was about 17,000.[3] In Soviet Belarus, some 540,000 Poles remained, and in Lithuania, 230,000.
