Philaretos is described by Michael the Syrian as having a "tough and robust character" while Matthew of Edessa saw him as a "lawless and most evil prince".[2] Philaretos held a high command in the army of Romanus IV Diogenes. In 1069 he was given the command of the main Byzantine army that was protecting the frontier of Mesopotamia while Romanus participated in the siege of Akhlat.[3] He was defeated by the Seljuk Turks who advanced deep into Cappadocia and Lycaonia and plundered at will before rapidly retreating with their spoils. He was present at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071, where he commanded a division of Romanus' army, and remained at the head of a considerable body of troops after the defeat.[4]
In the aftermath of the battle, he commanded the forces of the fortress Romanopolis, and on Romanus' death he assumed the title of emperor.[5] As the only remaining Byzantine general in the southeast he established a quasi-autonomous realm in the neighbourhood of Germanicia, which stretched from Cilicia to Edessa.[citation needed] The core of his army was composed of 8,000 "Franks" (Normans) under Raimbaud. In 1078, at the beginning of the rule of Nikephoros III Botaneiates, he agreed to abandon his imperial claims on condition that Botaneiates appoint him as the duke of Antioch, which included Edessa.[6] Several seals testify him as megas domestikos and protokouropalates, then sebastos, then even protosebastos.
He retained his dukedom until the Turks began to press heavily upon him. In December 1084, he lost Antioch to Suleiman I, ruler of the Turks of Rum.[7] In 1087, Edessa fell to Malik Shah and Philaretos escaped back to the fortress of Germanicia; however, some sources indicate that he died in 1086. He was the last well-known Domestic of the Schools of the East. His sons handed Germanicia to the First Crusade in 1098. After his death, his principality fell apart and various other Armenians took control of fractions of it: Kogh Vasil controlled the area of Kaysun, Raban and Hromkla, Thoros controlled Edessa, Gabriel held Melitene and a certain Constantine the town of Gargar.[8][9]
Beihammer, Alexander Daniel (2017). Byzantium and the Emergence of Muslim Turkish Anatolia, ca. 1040-1130. Routledge. ISBN978-1-138-22959-4.
Dadoyan, Seta B. (2013). The Armenians in the Medieval Islamic World: Armenian Realpolitik in the Islamic World and Diverging Paradigms: Case of Cilicia Eleventh to Fourteenth Centuries. Transaction Publishers.
Dostourian, A. (1993). Armenia and the Crusades, 10th to 12th Centuries. Chronicles of Matthew of Edessa. London.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Finlay, George (1854). History of the Byzantine and Greek Empires from 1057 – 1453. Vol. 2. William Blackwood & Sons.
