The Sultanate of Rûm seceded from the Great Seljuk Empire under Suleiman ibn Qutalmish in 1077, just six years after the Byzantine provinces of central Anatolia were conquered at the Battle of Manzikert (1071). It had its capital first at Nicaea and then at Iconium. It reached the height of its power during the late 12th and early 13th century, when it succeeded in taking key Byzantine ports on the Mediterranean and Black Sea coasts. In the east, the sultanate reached Lake Van. Trade through Anatolia from Iran and Central Asia was developed by a system of caravanserai. Especially strong trade ties with the Genoese formed during this period. The increased wealth allowed the sultanate to absorb other Turkish states that had been established following the conquest of Byzantine Anatolia: Danishmendids, House of Mengüjek, Saltukids, Artuqids.
The Seljuk sultans bore the brunt of the Crusades and eventually succumbed to the Mongol invasion at the 1243 Battle of Köse Dağ. For the remainder of the 13th century, the Seljuks acted as vassals of the Ilkhanate.[10] Their power disintegrated during the second half of the 13th century. The last of the Seljuk vassal sultans of the Ilkhanate, Mesud II, was murdered in 1308. The dissolution of the Seljuk state left behind many small Anatolian beyliks (Turkish principalities), among them that of the Ottoman dynasty, which eventually conquered the rest and reunited Anatolia to become the Ottoman Empire.
Since the 1030s, migratory Turkish groups in search of pastureland had penetrated Byzantine borders into Anatolia.[11] In the 1070s, after the battle of Manzikert, the Seljuk commander Suleiman ibn Qutulmish, a distant cousin of Alp Arslan and a former contender for the throne of the Seljuk Empire, came to power in western Anatolia. Between 1075 and 1081, he gained control of the Byzantine cities of Nicaea (present-day İznik) and briefly also Nicomedia (present-day İzmit). Around two years later, he established a principality that, while initially a Byzantine vassal state, became increasingly independent after six to ten years.[12][13] Nevertheless, it seems that Suleiman was tasked by Byzantine emperor Alexios I Komnenos in 1085 to reconquer Antioch and the former travelled there on a secret route, presumably guided by the Byzantines.[14]
Suleiman tried, unsuccessfully, to conquer Aleppo in 1086, and died in the Battle of Ain Salm, either fighting his enemies or by suicide.[15] In the aftermath, Suleiman's son Kilij Arslan I was imprisoned and a general of his, Abu'l-Qasim, took power in Nicaea.[16] Following the death of sultan Malik Shah in 1092, Kilij Arslan was released and established himself in his father's territories between 1092 and 1094, possibly with the approval of Malik Shah's son and successor Berkyaruq.[17]
Crusades
Kilij Arslan, although victorious in the People's Crusade of 1096, was defeated by soldiers of the First Crusade and driven back into south-central Anatolia, where he set up his state with its capital in Konya. He defeated three Crusade contingents in the Crusade of 1101. In 1107, he ventured east and captured Mosul but died the same year fighting Malik Shah's son, Mehmed Tapar. He was the first Muslim commander against the crusades.[citation needed]
Meanwhile, another Rum Seljuk, Malik Shah (not to be confused with the Seljuk sultan of the same name), captured Konya. In 1116 Kilij Arslan's son, Mesud I, took the city with the help of the Danishmends.[citation needed] Upon Mesud's death in 1156, the sultanate controlled nearly all of central Anatolia.
The Second Crusade was announced by Pope Eugene III, and was the first of the crusades to be led by European kings, namely Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany, with help from a number of other European nobles. The armies of the two kings marched separately across Europe. After crossing Byzantine territory into Anatolia, both armies were separately defeated by the Seljuk Turks. The main Western Christian source, Odo of Deuil, and Syriac Christian sources claim that the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos secretly hindered the crusaders' progress, particularly in Anatolia, where he is alleged to have deliberately ordered Turks to attack them. However, this alleged sabotage of the Crusade by the Byzantines was likely fabricated by Odo, who saw the Empire as an obstacle, and moreover Emperor Manuel had no political reason to do so. Louis and Conrad and the remnants of their armies reached Jerusalem and participated in 1148 in an ill-advised attack on Damascus, which ended in their retreat. In the end, the crusade in the east was a failure for the crusaders and a victory for the Muslims. It would ultimately have a key influence on the fall of Jerusalem and give rise to the Third Crusade at the end of the 12th century.
Mesud's son, Kilij Arslan II, is the first known Seljuk ruler who is known to have used the title of sultan[20] and captured the remaining territories around Sivas and Malatya from the last of the Danishmends. At the Battle of Myriokephalon in 1176, Kilij Arslan II also defeated a Byzantine army led by Manuel I Komnenos. Despite a temporary occupation of Konya in 1190 by the Holy Roman Empire's forces of the Third Crusade, the sultanate was quick to recover and consolidate its power.[21] During the last years of Kilij Arslan II's reign, the sultanate experienced a civil war with Kaykhusraw I fighting to retain control and losing to his brother Suleiman II in 1196.[21][22]
Suleiman II rallied his vassal emirs and marched against Georgia, with an army of 150,000-400,000 and encamped in the Basiani valley. Tamar of Georgia quickly marshaled an army throughout her possessions and put it under command of her consort, David Soslan. Georgian troops under David Soslan made a sudden advance into Basiani and assailed the enemy's camp in 1203 or 1204. In a pitched battle, the Seljukid forces managed to roll back several attacks of the Georgians but were eventually overwhelmed and defeated. Loss of the sultan's banner to the Georgians resulted in a panic within the Seljuk ranks. Süleymanshah himself was wounded and withdrew to Erzurum. Both the Rum Seljuk and Georgian armies suffered heavy casualties, but coordinated flanking attacks won the battle for the Georgians.[23][better source needed]
Suleiman II died in 1204[24] and was succeeded by his son Kilij Arslan III, whose reign was unpopular.[24] Kaykhusraw I seized Konya in 1205 reestablishing his reign.[24] Under his rule and those of his two successors, Kaykaus I and Kayqubad I, Seljuk power in Anatolia reached its apogee. Kaykhusraw's most important achievement was the capture of the harbour of Attalia (Antalya) on the Mediterranean coast in 1207. His son Kaykaus captured Sinop[25] and made the Empire of Trebizond his vassal in 1214.[26] He also subjugated Cilician Armenia but in 1218 was forced to surrender the city of Aleppo, acquired from al-Kamil. Kayqubad continued to acquire lands along the Mediterranean coast from 1221 to 1225.[citation needed]
Kaykhusraw II (1237–1246) began his reign by capturing the region around Diyarbakır, but in 1239 he had to face an uprising led by a popular preacher named Baba Ishak. After three years, when he had finally quelled the revolt, the Crimean foothold was lost and the state and the sultanate's army had weakened. It is in these conditions that he had to face a far more dangerous threat, that of the expanding Mongols. The forces of the Mongol Empire took Erzurum in 1242 and in 1243, the sultan was crushed by Baiju in the Battle of Köse Dağ (a mountain between the cities of Sivas and Erzincan), and the Seljuk Turks were forced to swear allegiance to the Mongols and became their vassals.[10] The sultan himself had fled to Antalya after the 1243 battle, where he died in 1246, his death starting a period of tripartite, and then dual, rule that lasted until 1260.
The Seljuk realm was divided among Kaykhusraw's three sons. The eldest, Kaykaus II (1246–1260), assumed the rule in the area west of the river Kızılırmak. His younger brothers, Kilij Arslan IV (1248–1265) and Kayqubad II (1249–1257), were set to rule the regions east of the river under Mongol administration. In October 1256, Bayju defeated Kaykaus II near Aksaray and all of Anatolia became officially subject to Möngke Khan. In 1260 Kaykaus II fled from Konya to Crimea where he died in 1279. Kilij Arslan IV was executed in 1265, and Kaykhusraw III (1265–1284) became the nominal ruler of all of Anatolia, with the tangible power exercised either by the Mongols or the sultan's influential regents.
Disintegration
The Seljuk state had started to split into small emirates (beyliks) that increasingly distanced themselves from both Mongol and Seljuk control. In 1277, responding to a call from Anatolia, the Mamluk SultanBaibars raided Anatolia and defeated the Mongols at the Battle of Elbistan,[28] temporarily replacing them as the administrator of the Seljuk realm. But since the native forces who had called him to Anatolia did not manifest themselves for the defense of the land, he had to return to his home base in Egypt, and the Mongol administration was re-assumed, officially and severely. Also, the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia captured the Mediterranean coast from Selinos to Seleucia, as well as the cities of Marash and Behisni, from the Seljuk in the 1240s.
Near the end of his reign, Kaykhusraw III could claim direct sovereignty only over lands around Konya. Some of the beyliks (including the early Ottoman state) and Seljuk governors of Anatolia continued to recognize, albeit nominally, the supremacy of the sultan in Konya, delivering the khutbah in the name of the sultans in Konya in recognition of their sovereignty, and the sultans continued to call themselves Fahreddin, the Pride of Islam. When Kaykhusraw III was executed in 1284, the Seljuk dynasty suffered another blow from internal struggles which lasted until 1303 when the son of Kaykaus II, Mesud II, established himself as sultan in Kayseri. He was murdered in 1308 and his son Mesud III soon afterwards. A distant relative to the Seljuk dynasty momentarily installed himself as emir of Konya, but he was defeated and his lands conquered by the Karamanids in 1328. The sultanate's monetary sphere of influence lasted slightly longer and coins of Seljuk mint, generally considered to be of reliable value, continued to be used throughout the 14th century, once again, including by the Ottomans.
The comparative genealogy of the Sultanate of Rûm with their contemporary neighbors in Central Asia
The Seljuk dynasty of Rum, as successors to the Great Seljuks, based its political, religious and cultural heritage on the Perso-Islamic tradition and Greco-Roman tradition,[55] even to the point of naming their sons with Persian names.[56] The Seljuks of Rum had inherited the administrative method of Persian statecraft from the Seljuk Empire, which they would later pass on to the Ottomans.[57]
As an expression of Turko-Persian culture,[58] Rum Seljuks patronized Persian art, architecture, and literature.[59] Unlike the Seljuk Empire, the Seljuk sultans of Rum had Persian names such as Kay-Khusraw, Kay-Qubadh and Kay-Ka'us. The bureaucrats and religious elite of their realm were generally Persian.[60] In the 13th-century, the majority of the Muslim inhabitants in major Anatolian urban hubs reportedly spoke Persian as their main language.[61] It was in this century that the proneness of imitating Iran in terms of administration, religion and culture reached its zenith, encouraged by the major influx of Persians refugees fleeing Mongol invasions, who brought Persian culture with them and were instrumental in creating a "second Iran" in Anatolia.[62][63] Anatolia in the early 13th century was deeply influenced by Iranian cultural, political, and literary traditions.[64]
Despite their Turkic origins, the Seljuks used Persian for administrative purposes; even their histories, which replaced Arabic, were in Persian.[59] Their usage of Turkish was hardly promoted at all.[59] Even Sultan Kilij Arslan II, as a child, spoke to courtiers in Persian.[59] Khanbaghi states the Anatolian Seljuks were even more Persianized than the Seljuks that ruled the Iranian plateau.[59] The Rahat al-sudur, the history of the Great Seljuk Empire and its breakup, written in Persian by Muhammad bin Ali Rawandi, was dedicated to Sultan Kaykhusraw I.[65] Even the Tārikh-i Āl-i Saldjūq, an anonymous history of the Sultanate of Rum, was written in Persian.[66] The sultans of Rum were largely not educated in Arabic.[67] This clearly limited the Arab influence, or at least the direct influence, to a relatively small degree.[67] In contrast, Persian literature and Iranian influence expanded because most sultans and even a significant portion of the townspeople knew the language.[67]
One of its most famous Persian writers, Rumi, took his name from the name of the state. Moreover, Byzantine influence in the Sultanate was also significant, since Byzantine Greek aristocracy remained part of the Seljuk nobility, and the native Byzantine (Rûm) peasants remained numerous in the region.[68][69] Based on their genealogy, it appears that the Seljuk sultans favored Christian ladies, just like the early Ottoman sultans. Within the Seljuk harem, Greek women were the most dominant.[70] Cultural Turkification in Anatolia first started during the 14th-century, particularly during the gradual rise of the Ottomans.[71] With a population that included Byzantine Greeks, Armenians, Kurds, Turks, and Persians, the Seljuks were very successful between 1220 and 1250 and set the groundwork for later Islamization of Anatolia.[72]
Architecture
In their construction of caravanserais, madrasas and mosques, the Rum Seljuks translated the Iranian Seljuk architecture of bricks and plaster into the use of stone.[73] Among these, the caravanserais (or hans), used as stops, trading posts and defense for caravans, and of which about a hundred structures were built during the Anatolian Seljuk period, are particularly remarkable. Along with Persian influences, which had an indisputable effect,[74] Seljuk architecture was inspired by local Byzantine (Rûm) architects, for example the Gök Medrese (Sivas), and by Armenians.[75] As such, Anatolian architecture represents some of the most distinctive and impressive constructions in the entire history of Islamic architecture. Later, this Anatolian architecture would be inherited by the Sultanate of India.[76]
The largest caravanserai is the Sultan Han (built in 1229) on the road between the cities of Konya and Aksaray, in the township of Sultanhanı, covering 3,900 m2 (42,000 sq ft). There are two caravanserais that carry the name "Sultan Han", the other one being between Kayseri and Sivas. Furthermore, apart from Sultanhanı, five other towns across Turkey owe their names to caravanserais built there. These are Alacahan in Kangal, Durağan, Hekimhan and Kadınhanı, as well as the township of Akhan within the Denizli metropolitan area. The caravanserai of Hekimhan is unique in having, underneath the usual inscription in Arabic with information relating to the edifice, two further inscriptions in Armenian and Syriac, since it was constructed by the sultan Kayqubad I's doctor (hekim) who is thought to have been a former Christian who converted to Islam. There are other particular cases like the settlement in Kalehisar (contiguous to an ancient Hittite site) near Alaca, founded by the Seljuk commander Hüsameddin Temurlu, who had taken refuge in the region after the defeat in the Battle of Köse Dağ and had founded a township comprising a castle, a madrasa, a habitation zone and a caravanserai, which were later abandoned apparently around the 16th century. All but the caravanserai, which remains undiscovered, was explored in the 1960s by the art historian Oktay Aslanapa, and the finds as well as a number of documents attest to the existence of a vivid settlement in the site, such as a 1463 Ottoman firman which instructs the headmaster of the madrasa to lodge not in the school but in the caravanserai.[citation needed]
The Seljuk palaces, as well as their armies, were staffed with ghulams (plural ghilmân, Arabic: غِلْمَان), enslaved youths taken from non-Muslim communities, mainly Greeks from former Byzantine territories. The practice of keeping ghulams may have offered a model for the later devşirme during the time of the Ottoman Empire.[77]
As regards the names of the sultans, there are variants in form and spelling depending on the preferences displayed by one source or the other, either for fidelity in transliterating the Persian variant of the Arabic script which the sultans used, or for a rendering corresponding to the modern Turkish phonology and orthography. Some sultans had two names that they chose to use alternatively in reference to their legacy. While the two palaces built by Alaeddin Keykubad I carry the names Kubadabad Palace and Keykubadiye Palace, he named his mosque in Konya as Alâeddin Mosque and the port city of Alanya he had captured as "Alaiye". Similarly, the medrese built by Kaykhusraw I in Kayseri, within the complex (külliye) dedicated to his sister Gevher Nesibe, was named Gıyasiye Medrese, and the one built by Kaykaus I in Sivas as Izzediye Medrese.[citation needed]
^Modernly referred to as Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate (Persian: سلجوقیان روم, romanized: Saljûqiyân-i Rûm, lit. 'Seljuks of Rûm'), Sultanate of Iconium, Anatolian Seljuk State (Turkish: Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti) or Seljuks of Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye Selçukluları)[7]
^Andrew Peacock and Sara Nur Yildiz, The Seljuks of Anatolia: Court and Society in the Medieval Middle East, (I.B. Tauris, 2013), 132; "The official use of the Greek language by the Seljuk chancery is well known".
^Mehmed Fuad Koprulu (2006). Early Mystics in Turkish Literature. p. 207.
^Grousset, Rene, The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia, (Rutgers University Press, 2002), 157; "...the Seljuk court at Konya adopted Persian as its official language."
^Bernard Lewis, Istanbul and the Civilization of the Ottoman Empire, (University of Oklahoma Press, 1963), 29; "The literature of Seljuk Anatolia was almost entirely in Persian...".
^A.C.S. Peacock and Sara Nur Yildiz, The Seljuks of Anatolia: Court and Society in the Medieval Middle East, (I.B. Tauris, 2015), 265.
^Beihammer, Alexander Daniel (2017). Byzantium and the Emergence of Muslim-Turkish Anatolia, ca. 1040-1130. New York: Routledge. p. 15.
^Alexander Kazhdan, "Rūm" The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (Oxford University Press, 1991), vol. 3, p. 1816.
Paul Wittek, Rise of the Ottoman Empire, Royal Asiatic Society Books, Routledge (2013), p. 81:
"This state too bore the name of Rûm, if not officially, then at least in everyday usage, and its princes appear in the Eastern chronicles under the name Seljuks of Rûm (Ar.: Salâjika ar-Rûm). A. Christian Van Gorder, Christianity in Persia and the Status of Non-muslims in Iran p. 215: "The Seljuqs called the lands of their sultanate Rûm because it had been established on territory long considered 'Roman', i.e. Byzantine, by Muslim armies."
^A.C.S. Peacock and Sara Nur Yildiz, The Seljuks of Anatolia: Court and Society in the Medieval Middle East, (I.B. Tauris, 2015), 73.
^ abAnatolia in the period of the Seljuks and the "beyliks", Osman Turan, The Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. 1A, ed. P.M. Holt, Ann K.S. Lambton and Bernard Lewis, (Cambridge University Press, 1995), 244-245.
^A.C.S. Peacock and Sara Nur Yildiz, The Seljuks of Anatolia: Court and Society in the Medieval Middle East, (I.B. Tauris, 2015), 29.
^ abcClaude Cahen, The Formation of Turkey: The Seljukid Sultanate of Rum: Eleventh to Fourteenth, transl. & ed. P.M. Holt, (Pearson Education Limited, 2001), 42.
^Lewis, Bernard, Istanbul and the Civilization of the Ottoman Empire, p. 29, Even when the land of Rum became politically independent, it remained a colonial extension of Turco-Persian culture which had its centers in Iran and Central Asia ... The literature of Seljuk Anatolia was almost entirely in Persian ...
^Hillenbrand 2021, p. 211 "Inner Anatolia was now set to become Muslim gradually, and this process occurred under the leadership of the Turks. In Anatolia, as elsewhere, the Seljuq rulers drank in Persian cultural ways in their cities. This tendency to copy Iran in administration, religion and culture reached its height in the thirteenth century with the fuller development of the Seljuq state in Anatolia and the influx of Persian refugees to Anatolian cities. Thus ‘a second Iran’ was created in Anatolia. It is food for thought that, while it was the Turks who conquered and settled the land of Anatolia in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, it was the Persians who were instrumental in bringing to these territories a developed Islamic religious and secular culture. (...) Quote in French: Les réfugiés iraniens qui entrèrent en grand nombre en Anatolie à la suite des invasions mongoles de l’Iran – les fonctionnaires, les poètes, les Sufis et, avant tout, les cadres religieux – transformèrent de l’intérieur la culture urbaine de cette région."
^Findley, Carter V. (2005). The Turks in World History. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 72. ISBN978-0-19-517726-8. Meanwhile, amid the migratory swarm that Turkified Anatolia, the dispersion of learned men from the Persian-speaking east paradoxically made the Seljuk court at Konya a new center for Perso-Islamic court culture.
^Korobeinikov, Dimitri (2007), "A sultan in Constantinople: the feasts of Ghiyath al-Din Kay-Khusraw I", in Brubaker, Leslie; Linardou, Kallirroe (eds.), Eat, Drink, and be Merry (Luke 12:19): Food and Wine in Byzantium: Papers of the 37th Annual Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies, in Honour of Professor A.A.M. Bryer, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., p. 96, ISBN978-0-7546-6119-1
^A.C.S. Peacock and Sara Nur Yildiz, The Seljuks of Anatolia: Court and Society in the Medieval Middle East, (I.B. Tauris, 2015), 121.
^Blair, Sheila; Bloom, Jonathan (2004), "West Asia: 1000-1500", in Onians, John (ed.), Atlas of World Art, Laurence King Publishing, p. 130
^Architecture (Muhammadan), H. Saladin, Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, Vol.1, Ed. James Hastings and John Alexander, (Charles Scribner's son, 1908), 753.
^Armenia during the Seljuk and Mongol Periods, Robert Bedrosian, The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times: The Dynastic Periods from Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century, Vol. I, Ed. Richard Hovannisian, (St. Martin's Press, 1999), 250.
^Lost in Translation: Architecture, Taxonomy, and the "Eastern Turks", Finbarr Barry Flood, Muqarnas: History and Ideology: Architectural Heritage of the "Lands of Rum, 96.
Bektaş, Cengiz (1999). Selcuklu Kervansarayları, Korunmaları Ve Kullanlmaları üzerine bir öneri: A Proposal regarding the Seljuk Caravanserais, Their Protection and Use (in Turkish and English). Yapı-Endüstri Merkezi Yayınları. ISBN975-7438-75-8.
Cahen, Claude; Holt, Peter Malcolm (2001). The Formation of Turkey. The Seljukid Sultanate of Rūm: Eleventh to Fourteenth Century. Longman.
Crane, H. (1993). "Notes on Saldjūq Architectural Patronage in Thirteenth Century Anatolia". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 36 (1): 1–57. doi:10.1163/156852093X00010.
Frankopan, Peter (2013). The First Crusade: The call from the East. London: Vintage. ISBN9780099555032.
Hickman, Bill; Leiser, Gary (2016). Turkish Language, Literature, and History: Travelers' Tales, Sultans, and Scholars Since the Eighth Century. Routledge.
Hillenbrand, Carole (2021). The Medieval Turks: Collected Essays. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN978-1474485944.
Kastritsis, Dimitris (2013). "The Historical Epic "Ahval-i Sultan Mehemmed" (The Tales of Sultan Mehmed) in the Context of Early Ottoman Historiography". Writing History at the Ottoman Court: Editing the Past, Fashioning the Future. Indiana University Press.
Tricht, Filip Van (2011). The Latin Renovatio of Byzantium: The Empire of Constantinople (1204-1228). Translated by Longbottom, Peter. Brill.
Khanbaghi, Aptin (2016). "Champions of the Persian Language: The Mongols or the Turks?". In De Nicola, Bruno; Melville, Charles (eds.). The Mongols' Middle East: Continuity and Transformation in Ilkhanid Iran. Brill.
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For the song from the musical Oklahoma!, see Oh, What a Beautiful Mornin'. This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (April 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) 2000 live album by EelsOh, What a Beautiful MorningLive album by EelsReleasedDecember 2000 (2000-12)RecordedMultiple locations, 2000GenreIndie rockLength63:25…
Online showroom of web browser based experiments This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (February 2022) Chrome ExperimentScreenshot Screenshot of Chrome Experiments website.Type of businessNonprofitType of siteShowcase of web technologyOwnerGoogle Inc.Created byGoogle Inc.URLwww.chromeexperiments.comCommercialNoLaunchedMarch 1, 2009; 14 years ago (2009-03-01)Current statusActive Google…
This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience. Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia's inclusion policy. (September 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Indian businessman This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by intro…
Artikel ini tidak memiliki referensi atau sumber tepercaya sehingga isinya tidak bisa dipastikan. Tolong bantu perbaiki artikel ini dengan menambahkan referensi yang layak. Tulisan tanpa sumber dapat dipertanyakan dan dihapus sewaktu-waktu.Cari sumber: ANSI C – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR ANSI C adalah sebuah standar yang dibuat oleh American National Standard Institute (ANSI) untuk bahasa pemrograman C. Tujuannya adalah agar bahasa …
American college soccer team Northeastern Huskies men's soccerFounded1988UniversityNortheastern UniversityHead coachRich Weinrebe (1st season)ConferenceCAALocationBoston, MassachusettsStadiumParsons Field (Capacity: 7,000)NicknameHuskiesColorsRed and black[1] Home Away NCAA Tournament appearances2002, 2012Conference Tournament championships2002, 2012Conference Regular Season championships2000, 2002 The Northeastern Huskies men's soccer team represents Northeas…
The videography of singer, composer and pianist Elton John This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Elton John videography – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Elton John video discographyJohn in 1971, during filming for his vi…
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Tokyo Seikatsusha Network – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Political party in Japan Tokyo Seikatsusha Network 東京・生活者ネットワークFounded1977IdeologyLocalismCultural …
Airport in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India Coimbatore International AirportIATA: CJBICAO: VOCBSummaryAirport typePublicOwnerMinistry of Civil AviationOperatorAirports Authority of IndiaServesCoimbatore Metropolitan AreaLocationPeelamedu, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, IndiaTime zoneIST (+5:30)Elevation AMSL400 m / 1,311[1] ftCoordinates11°01′36″N 077°02′30″E / 11.02667°N 77.04167°E / 11.02667; 77.04167WebsiteCoimbatore AirportMapCJBShow map of Ta…
Egyptian TV series The EndArabicالنهاية GenreSuspense Thriller Science fiction DramaWritten byAmr Samir AtefStory byYoussef El SherifDirected byYasser SamiStarringYoussef El Sherif Nahed El Sebai Sahar El Sayegh Ahmed Wafik Amr Abdelgelil Mohamed LotfyVoices ofAhmed JaberTheme music composerHisham KharmaCountry of originEgyptOriginal languageArabicNo. of seasons1No. of episodes30ProductionProducerTamer MorsiCinematographyHussam HabibCamera setupKarim AshourRunning time40—30 minutesProdu…
Motorsport track in Tennessee, United States Not to be confused with the Fairgrounds Speedway, the other race track in Nashville. Nashville SuperspeedwayNSSTri-ovalLocation4847-F McCreary RoadLebanon, TN 37090Time zoneUTC-6 (UTC-5 DST)Coordinates36°02′39.91″N 86°24′45.43″W / 36.0444194°N 86.4126194°W / 36.0444194; -86.4126194Capacity38,000[1]OwnerDover Motorsports (2001–2021)Speedway Motorsports (2021–present)Opened2001Reopened: 2021Closed2011Major…
This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Music of Guangdong – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Music of China Timeline General topics Instruments Musicology Orchestra Genres C-pop: (Cantopop, Mandopop, Hokkien pop) Rock Heavy metal Hip hop Ope…
David LeonhardtLeonhardt pada 2012Lahir1 Januari 1973 (umur 50)New York, New YorkTempat tinggalWashington, D.C.[1]KebangsaanAmerikaPendidikanB.S., Matematika Terapan (1994)AlmamaterUniversitas YalePekerjaanJurnalis, kolomnisTempat kerjaThe New York TimesDikenal atasPulitzer Prize for Commentary, 2011; Ketua biro Washington, The New York Times (2011—2013)Kota asalNew York, New YorkGelarKolomnis op-edSitus webwww.nytimes.com/by/david-leonhardt David Leonhardt (lahir 1 Januari 1…
British TV sitcom (1976–1979) This article is about the original 1970s series. For the 2009 remake, see Reggie Perrin. The Fall and Rise of Reginald PerrinCover of the DVD release of the 1st seriesCreated byDavid NobbsStarring Leonard Rossiter Pauline Yates David Warwick (series 1) Sally-Jane Spencer Tim Preece (series 1–2) Leslie Schofield (series 3) Sue Nicholls John Barron Geoffrey Palmer Trevor Adams Bruce Bould John Horsley Derry Power (series 2–3) Joseph Brady (series 3) Theresa Wats…
Radio station in LegazpiBrigada News FM Bicol (DWED)LegazpiBroadcast areaAlbay and surrounding areasBranding91.5 Brigada News FMProgrammingLanguage(s)Albayanon, FilipinoFormatContemporary MOR, News, TalkNetworkBrigada News FMOwnershipOwnerCentury Broadcasting NetworkOperatorBrigada Mass Media CorporationHistoryFirst air dateNovember 5, 2009 (as Magik FM)October 5, 2012 (as Radyo Siram)August 18, 2016 (as Brigada News FM)Former call signsDWML (2009-2015)Technical informationLicensing authorityNTC…
Hedwig of DenmarkElectress consort of SaxonyTenure1602–1611Born5 August 1581Frederiksborg Palace, Hillerød, Kingdom of DenmarkDied26 November 1641(1641-11-26) (aged 60)Schloss Lichtenburg, Prettin, Electorate of SaxonyBurialFreiberg, SaxonySpouseChristian II, Elector of SaxonyHouseOldenburgFatherFrederick II of DenmarkMotherSophie of Mecklenburg-GüstrowReligionLutheranism Danish RoyaltyHouse of OldenburgMain Line Frederick II Children Elizabeth, Duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel Anne, …
Tony BrentBackground informationBirth nameReginald Hogan BretagneBorn(1927-08-26)26 August 1927Byculla, Bombay, IndiaDied19 June 1993(1993-06-19) (aged 65)Sydney, AustraliaGenresTraditional pop musicOccupation(s)SingerInstrument(s)VocalsYears active1949 – early 1980sLabelsColumbiaMusical artist Tony Brent (born Reginald Hogan Bretagne, 26 August 1927 – 19 June 1993)[1] was a British traditional pop music singer, most active in the 1950s. He scored seven Top 20 chart hits in the …
الصفحه دى يتيمه, حاول تضيفلها مقالات متعلقه لينكات فى صفحات تانيه متعلقه بيها. محمد فايز معلومات شخصيه الميلاد 6 اكتوبر 1989 (35 سنة)[1] الطول الجنسيه الامارات الوزن الحياة العمليه الفرق نادى العين (2010–)فريق الامارات العربيه المتحده لكوره قدم (2010–) المهنه لعيب ك…
جولييان فيليبي معلومات شخصية الميلاد 28 يناير 1861 كافيت سيتي الوفاة 2 أكتوبر 1944 (83 سنة) مانيلا مواطنة الفلبين الحياة العملية المهنة ملحن أعمال بارزة نشيد الفلبين الوطني تعديل مصدري - تعديل جولييان فيليبي هو ملحن فلبيني، ولد في 28 يناير 1861 في كافيت …
Marking out or layout means the process of transferring a design or pattern to a workpiece, as the first step in the manufacturing process.[1] It is performed in many industries or hobbies although in the repetition industries the machine's initial setup is designed to remove the need to mark out every individual piece. Manufacturing Metal covered in marking blue, ready for marking Marking out consists of transferring the dimensions from the plan to the workpiece in preparation for the n…