Phacelia

Phacelia
Phacelia tanacetifolia
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Boraginales
Family:	Boraginaceae
Subfamily:	Hydrophylloideae
Genus:	Phacelia Juss. (1789)
Type species
Phacelia secunda J.F.Gmel.
Diversity
About 200 species
Synonyms[1]
Aldea Ruiz & Pav. (1794) Cosmanthus Nolte ex A.DC. (1845) Endiplus Raf. (1818) Eutoca R.Br. (1823) Heteryta Raf. (1808) Howellanthus (Constance) Walden & R.Patt. (2010) Microgenetes A.DC. (1845) Miltitzia A.DC. (1845) Whitlavia Harv. (1846)

Phacelia (phacelia, scorpionweed, heliotrope) is a genus of about 200 species of annual or perennial herbaceous plants in the borage family, native to North and South America. California is particularly rich in species with over 90 recorded in the region. ^[2]

The genus is traditionally placed at family rank with the waterleafs (Hydrophyllaceae) in the order Boraginales. The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, recognizing that the traditional Boraginaceae and Hydrophyllaceae are paraphyletic with respect to each other, merges the latter into the former and considers the family basal in the Euasterids I clade. Other botanists^[3] continue to recognize the Hydrophyllaceae and Boraginales after analysing the secondary structure of the ITS1 genetic region rather than its sequence for these higher taxonomic levels. This placed Phacelia within the Hydrophyllaceae.^[3] Further molecular taxonomic analysis of the Boraginales has divided the Boraginales in two and placed Phacelia among the monophyletic herbaceous Hydrophyllaceae in Boraginales II.^[4]

The genus includes both annual and perennial species.^[2] Many have been cultivated as garden and honey plants.

There are reports that glandular hairs of stems, flowers and leaves of some species of Phacelia secrete oil droplets that can cause an unpleasant skin rash (contact dermatitis) in some people, specifically from P. brachyloba,^[5] P. campanularia,^[6] P. crenulata,^[5][7] P. gina-glenneae,^[8] P. grandiflora,^[5] P. ixodes,^[6] P. minor,^[9] and P. pedicellata.^[5][6] The major contact allergen of P. crenulata has been identified as geranylhydroquinone and of P. minor as geranylgeranylhydroquinone.^[9]

The mining bee Andrena phaceliae is a specialist pollinator of this genus in the Eastern United States

Selected species

Main article: List of Phacelia species

Phacelia adenophora J.T.Howell – glandular yellow Phacelia Phacelia affinis A.Gray – limestone Phacelia Phacelia anelsonii J.F.Macbr. – Aven Nelson's Phacelia Phacelia argentea A.Nelson & J.F.Macbr. – sand dune Phacelia Phacelia argillacea N.D.Atwood – Attwood's Phacelia, clay Phacelia (endangered) Phacelia austromontana J.T.Howell – Southern Sierra Phacelia Phacelia bicolor Torr. ex S.Watson – trumpet Phacelia Phacelia bolanderi A.Gray – Bolander's Phacelia Phacelia brachyloba (Benth.) A.Gray – shortlobe Phacelia Phacelia breweri A.Gray – Brewer's Phacelia Phacelia californica Cham. – California Phacelia Phacelia calthifolia Brand – Caltha-leaved Phacelia Phacelia campanularia A.Gray – California bluebell, desertbells Phacelia cicutaria Greene – caterpillar Phacelia Phacelia ciliata Benth. – Great Valley Phacelia Phacelia coerulea Greene – skyblue Phacelia Phacelia congdonii Greene – Congdon's Phacelia Phacelia cookei Constance & Heckard – Cooke's Phacelia Phacelia corymbosa Jeps. – serpentine Phacelia Phacelia covillei S.Watson – Coville's Phacelia, buttercup scorpionweed Phacelia crenulata Torr. ex S.Watson – notch-leaved Phacelia, Cleftleaf wild heliotrope Phacelia cryptantha Greene – hiddenflower Phacelia Phacelia curvipes Torr. ex S.Watson – Washoe Phacelia Phacelia dalesiana J.T.Howell – Scott Mountain Phacelia Phacelia davidsonii A.Gray – Davidson's Phacelia Phacelia distans Benth. – distant Phacelia Phacelia divaricata (Benth.) A.Gray – divaricate Phacelia Phacelia douglasii (Benth.) Torr. – Douglas' Phacelia Phacelia egena (Brand) Greene ex C.F.Baker – Kaweah River Phacelia Phacelia eisenii Brandegee – Eisen's Phacelia Phacelia exilis (A.Gray) G.J.Lee – Transverse Range Phacelia, lavender windows Phacelia fimbriata Michx. – fringed Phacelia Phacelia floribunda Greene – San Clemente Island Phacelia, Southern Island Phacelia Phacelia formosula Osterh. – North Park Phacelia (endangered) Phacelia fremontii Torr. – Frémont's Phacelia Phacelia grandiflora (Benth.) A.Gray – largeflower Phacelia Phacelia greenei J.T.Howell – Scott Valley Phacelia Phacelia grisea A.Gray – Santa Lucia Phacelia Phacelia gymnoclada Torr. ex S.Watson – nakedstem Phacelia Phacelia hastata Douglas ex Lehm. – silverleaf Phacelia Phacelia humilis Torr. & A.Gray – low Phacelia Phacelia hydrophylloides Torr. & A.Gray – waterleaf Phacelia Phacelia imbricata Greene – imbricate Phacelia Phacelia insularis Munz – coast Phacelia

Phacelia inundata J.T.Howell – playa Phacelia Phacelia inyoensis (J.F.Macbr.) J.T.Howell – Inyo Phacelia Phacelia ivesiana Torr. – Ives' Phacelia Phacelia lemmonii A.Gray – Lemmon's Phacelia Phacelia leonis J.T.Howell – Siskiyou Phacelia Phacelia linearis (Pursh) Holz. – threadleaf Phacelia Phacelia longipes Torr. ex A.Gray – longstalk Phacelia Phacelia malvifolia Cham. & Schltdl. – stinging Phacelia Phacelia marcescens Eastw. ex J.F.Macbr. – persistentflower Phacelia Phacelia minor (Harv.) Thell. – Whitlavia, wild Canterbury bells Phacelia mohavensis A.Gray – Mojave Phacelia Phacelia monoensis Halse – Mono Phacelia Phacelia mustelina Coville – weasel Phacelia, Death Valley round-leaved Phacelia Phacelia mutabilis Greene – changeable Phacelia Phacelia nashiana Jeps. – Charlotte's Phacelia Phacelia neglecta M.E.Jones – alkali Phacelia Phacelia nemoralis Greene – shade Phacelia Phacelia orogenes Brand – mountain Phacelia Phacelia pachyphylla A.Gray – blacktack Phacelia Phacelia parishii A.Gray – Parish's Phacelia Phacelia parryi Torr. – Parry's Phacelia Phacelia pedicellata A.Gray – pedicellate Phacelia Phacelia perityloides Coville – Panamint Phacelia Phacelia phacelioides (Benth.) Brand – Mt. Diablo Phacelia Phacelia platyloba A.Gray – broadlobe Phacelia Phacelia pringlei A.Gray – Pringle's Phacelia Phacelia procera A.Gray – tall Phacelia Phacelia purpusii Brandegee – Purpus' Phacelia Phacelia purshii Buckley – Miami mist Phacelia quickii J.T.Howell – Quick's Phacelia Phacelia racemosa (Kellogg) A.Heller – racemose Phacelia Phacelia ramosissima Douglas ex Lehm. – branching Phacelia Phacelia rattanii A.Gray – Rattan's Phacelia Phacelia rotundifolia Torr. ex S.Watson – roundleaf Phacelia Phacelia saxicola A.Gray – stonecrop Phacelia Phacelia sericea (Graham) A.Gray – silky Phacelia Phacelia stebbinsii Constance & Heckard – Stebbins' Phacelia Phacelia stellaris Brand – star Phacelia, Brand's Phacelia Phacelia tanacetifolia Benth. – lacy Phacelia Phacelia thermalis Greene – heated Phacelia Phacelia vallicola Congdon ex Brand – Mariposa Phacelia Phacelia vallis-mortae J.W.Voss – Death Valley Phacelia Phacelia viscida (Benth. ex Lindl.) Torr. – tacky Phacelia

• 
  Phacelia argentea
• 
  Phacelia bicolor
• 
  Phacelia californica
• 
  Phacelia campanularia
• 
  Phacelia congesta
• 
  Phacelia distans
• 
  Phacelia fremontii
• 
  Phacelia hastata
• 
  Phacelia rotundifolia
• 
  Phacelia secunda
• 
  Phacelia sericea
• 
  Phacelia tanacetifolia
• 
  Phacelia purshii

See also

• List of Phacelia species

References

1. Phacelia Juss. Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 30 July 2024.
2. Gilbert, Cynthia; Dempcy, John; Ganong, Constance; Patterson, Robert; Spicer, Greg S (2005). "Phylogenetic Relationships within Phacelia subgenus Phacelia (Hydrophyllaceae) Inferred From Nuclear rDNA ITS Sequence Data". Systematic Botany. 30 (3): 627–634. doi:10.1600/0363644054782251. S2CID 85948949. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
3. Gottschling, M; Hilger, H H; Wolf, M; Diane, N (2001). "Secondary Structure of the ITS1 Transcript and its Application in a Reconstruction of the Phylogeny of Boraginales". Plant Biology. 3 (6): 629–636. Bibcode:2001PlBio...3..629G. doi:10.1055/s-2001-19371. S2CID 260252906. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
4. Weigend, Maximilian; Luebert, Federico; Gottschling, Marc; Couvreur, Thomas L.P.; Hilger, Hartmut H.; Miller, James S. (2013). "From capsules to nutlets—phylogenetic relationships in the Boraginales". Cladistics. 30 (5): 508–518. doi:10.1111/cla.12061. PMID 34794245. S2CID 11954615.
5. Munz, Phillip A (1932). "Dermatitis produced by Phalecia (Hydrophyllaceae)". Science. 74 (1965): 194–195. doi:10.1126/science.76.1965.194.a. PMID 17795320. S2CID 239784768. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
6. Reynolds, Gary W.; Epstein, William L. (1986). "Unusual contact allergens From plants in the family Hydrophyllaceae". Contact Dermatitis. 14 (1): 39–44. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1986.tb01150.x. PMID 3948508. S2CID 30674931.
7. Berry, C. Z., et al. (1962). Dermatitis venenata from Phacelia crenulata. Archives of Dermatology 85(6), 737-39.
8. Edgar, Leith. "Service Botanist Discovers Native Colorado Flower". US Fish and Wildlife Service. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
9. Reynolds, Gary; Epstein, William; Terry, Diane; Rodriguez, Eloy (1980). "A potent contact allergen of Phacelia (Hydrophyllaceae)". Contact Dermatitis. 6 (4): 272–274. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1980.tb04929.x. PMID 7398286. S2CID 42561206.

Further reading

• Olmstead, R.G.; Kim, K-J.; Jansen, R.K. & Wagstaff, S.J. (2000): The phylogeny of the Asteridae sensu lato based on chloroplast ndhF gene sequences. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 16: 96–112.

External links

• Panorama of a Phacelia Field (QuickTime required)