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Phaanthosaurus; Temporal range: Early Triassic, Induan PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Clade:	†Parareptilia
Order:	†Procolophonomorpha
Family:	†Procolophonidae
Genus:	†Phaanthosaurus; Chudinov & Vjushkov, 1956
Species
	†P. ignatjevi Chudinov & Vjushkov, 1956 (type); †P. simus (Ivakhnenko, 1974);
Synonyms
	Contritosaurus simus Ivakhnenko, 1974; C. convector Ivakhnenko, 1974; Phaantosaurus Butler et al., 2023 (sic);

Phaanthosaurus is an extinct genus of basal procolophonid parareptile from early Triassic (Induan stage) deposits of Nizhnii Novgorod, Russian Federation. It is known from the holotype PIN 1025/1, a mandible (a dentary). It was collected from Vetluga River, Spasskoe village and referred to the Vokhmian terrestrial horizon of the Vokhma Formation. It was first named by P. K. Chudinov and B. P. Vjushkov in 1956 and the type species is Phaanthosaurus ignatjevi.^[2]^[3]

In 2000, Spencer and Benton found Contritosaurus to be junior synonym of Phaanthosaurus. C. simus Ivakhnenko, 1974 which is known from the holotype PIN 3355/1, a partial skull with right mandible from the same location, and from three paratypes, was recombined as P. simus. They also found that the second species of Contritosaurus, C. convector (PIN 3357/1, a mandible) is a junior synonym of P. simus.^[4] Recent cladistic analyses by Juan Carlos Cisneros, 2008 and Mark J. Macdougall and Sean P. Modesto, 2011 accepted this synonymy.^[5]^[6]

Its bone microanatomy suggests a terrestrial lifestyle,^[7] as for most early amniotes.^[8]

References

^ Butler, R. J.; Meade, L. E.; Cleary, T. J.; McWhirter, K. T.; Brown, E. E.; Kemp, T. S.; Benito, J.; Fraser, N. C. (2023). "Hwiccewyrm trispiculum gen. et sp. nov., a new leptopleuronine procolophonid from the Late Triassic of southwest England". The Anatomical Record. doi:10.1002/ar.25316. PMID 37735997.
^ P. K. Chudinov; B. P. Vjushkov (1956). "New Data on Small Cotylosaurs from the Permian and Triassic of the USSR". Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR. 108 (3): 547–550 [In Russian].
^ Ivakhnenko, M. F. (1974). "New data on Early Triassic procolophonids of the USSR". Paleontological Journal. 8: 346–351.
^ P. S. Spencer & M. J. Benton (2000). "Procolophonids from the Permo-Triassic of Russia". In M. J. Benton; M. A. Shishkin; D. M. Unwin & E. N. Kurochkin (eds.). The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 160–176. ISBN 978-0-521-55476-3.
^ Juan Carlos Cisneros (2008). "Phylogenetic relationships of procolophonid parareptiles with remarks on their geological record". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 6 (3): 345–366. Bibcode:2008JSPal...6..345C. doi:10.1017/S1477201907002350. S2CID 84468714.
^ Mark J. Macdougall; Sean P. Modesto (2011). "New information on the skull of the Early Triassic parareptile Sauropareion anoplus, with a discussion of tooth attachment and replacement in procolophonids". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 31 (2): 270–278. Bibcode:2011JVPal..31..270M. doi:10.1080/02724634.2011.549436. S2CID 84934974.
^ Laurin, Michel; Girondot, Marc; Loth, Marie-Madeleine (December 2004). <0589:TEOLBM>2.0.CO;2 "The evolution of long bone microstructure and lifestyle in lissamphibians". Paleobiology. 30 (4): 589–613. doi:10.1666/0094-8373(2004)030<0589:TEOLBM>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0094-8373.
^ Carroll, Robert Lynn (1988). Vertebrate paleontology and evolution. New York, N.Y: Freeman. ISBN 9780716718222.