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Papaver nudicaule
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Order:	Ranunculales
Family:	Papaveraceae
Genus:	Papaver
Species:	P. nudicaule
Binomial name
	Papaver nudicaule; L.
Synonyms
	List Papaver macounii Greene, 1897 ; Papaver miyabeanum Tatewaki, 1935 ; P. f. amurense (N.Busch) H.Chuang, 1999 ;

Papaver nudicaule, the Iceland poppy,^[4] is a boreal flowering plant. Native to subpolar regions of Asia and North America, and the mountains of Central Asia as well as temperate China^[5] (but not in Iceland), Iceland poppies are hardy but short-lived perennials, often grown as biennials. They yield large, papery, bowl-shaped, lightly fragrant flowers supported by hairy, 1 foot (30 cm) curved stems among feathery blue-green foliage 1–6 inches long. They were first described by botanists in 1759. The wild species blooms in white or yellow, and is hardy from USDA Zones 3a-10b.

The Latin specific epithet nudicaule means "with bare stems".^[6]

Cultivars

Cultivars come in shades of yellow, orange, salmon, rose, pink, cream and white as well as bi-colored varieties. Seed strains include: 'Champagne Bubbles' (15-inch plants in orange, pink, scarlet, apricot, yellow, and creamy-white); 'Wonderland' (10-inch dwarf strain with flowers up to 4 inches wide); 'Flamenco' (pink shades, bordered white, 11⁄2 to 2 feet tall); 'Party Fun' (to 1 foot, said to bloom reliably the first year in autumn and the second spring); 'Illumination' and 'Meadow Pastels' (to 2 feet, perhaps the tallest strains); 'Matador' (scarlet flowers to 5 inches across on 16 inch plants); the perennial 'Victory Giants' with red petals and 'Oregon Rainbows', which has large selfed, bicolor, and picoteed^{[check spelling]} flowers and is perhaps the best strain for the cool Pacific Northwest^[7] (elsewhere this strain's buds frequently fail to open).

The dwarf Gartenzwerg group,^[8] and the cultivars 'Solar Fire Orange'^[9] and 'Summer Breeze Orange'^[10] have all won the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.^[11]

Color variations

White

Orange

Red

Pink

Yellow

White is the dominant color, the others being recessive.

Cultivation

The plants prefer light, well-drained soil and full sun. The plants are not hardy in hot weather, perishing within a season in hot summer climates.

Iceland poppies, like all poppies, possess exceedingly minute seeds and long taproots that resent disturbance.^{[citation needed]} In cool summer climates on well-drained soils, Iceland poppies can live 2–3 seasons, flowering from early spring to fall.^[12]

Iceland poppies are amongst the best poppies for cutting, as they last for several days in the vase.^[13]

Genetics

The genetics of the garden forms of P. nudicaule have been studied, particularly with respect to flower colour.^[14] The white flower colour is dominant with respect to yellow. Other colours, such as buff and orange, are recessive.

Toxicity

All parts of this plant are likely to be poisonous,^[15] containing (like all poppies) toxic alkaloids. In particular, P. nudicaule has been shown to contain the benzophenanthidine alkaloid, chelidonine.^[16] It also contains (+)-amurine, (-)-amurensinine, (-)-O-methylthalisopavine, (-)-flavinantine and (-)-amurensine.^[17]

References

^ Linne, Carl von (1753). Species Plantarum. Vol. 1. Holmiae :Impensis Laurentii Salvii. p. 507.
^ "Papaver nudicaule". Flora of Pakistan. Retrieved 2014-04-27 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
^ "genus Papaver". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) online database. Retrieved 2014-04-27.
^ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
^ "Papaver nudicaule". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2014-04-27.
^ Harrison, Lorraine (2012). RHS Latin for Gardeners. United Kingdom: Mitchell Beazley. ISBN 978-1845337315.
^ Brenzel, Kathleen Norris (2001). Sunset Western Garden Book. Menlo Park, CA: Sunset Books/Sunset Publishing Corporation. ISBN 0-376-03874-8.
^ "Papaver nudicaule Gartenzwerg Group". RHS Plantfinder. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
^ "Papaver nudicaule 'Solar Fire Orange'". RHS Plantfinder. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
^ "Papaver nudicaule 'Summer Breeze Orange'". RHS Plantfinder. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
^ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 71. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
^ Armitage, Allan M. (2001). Armitage's Manual of Annuals, Biennials, and Half-hardy Perennials. Portland, Or. [Great Britain]: Timber Press (OR). ISBN 0-88192-505-5.
^ "Poppy Primer". Floret Flowers. 2019-12-10. Retrieved 2020-09-04.
^ Fabergé, A. C. (1942). "Genetics of the scapiflora section of Papaver: I. The garden iceland poppy". Journal of Genetics. 44 (2–3): 169–193. doi:10.1007/BF02982827. ISSN 0022-1333.
^ Kingsbury, J. M. (1964). Poisonous plants of the United States and Canada. Englewood Cliffs, N.J., USA: Prentice-Hall Inc.
^ Zhang, Y.; Pan, H.; Chen, S.; Meng, Y.; Kang, S. (1997). "[Minor alkaloids from the capsule of Papaver nudicaule L]". Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi = Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi = China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica (in Chinese). 22 (9): 550–551, 576. ISSN 1001-5302. PMID 11038947.
^ Philipov, S; Istatkova, R; Yadamsurenghiin, GO; Samdan, J; Dangaa, S (2007). "A new 8,14-dihydropromorphinane alkaloid from Papaver nudicaule L". Natural Product Research. 21 (9): 852–6. doi:10.1080/14786410701494777. PMID 17763104. S2CID 8609245.