Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission

Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission
ماموریہ جوہری توانائی پاکستان
Agency overview
Formed1956; 68 years ago (1956)
HeadquartersIslamabad, Pakistan
Employees120,000–130,000[1]
Annual budgetClassified
Agency executive
  • Dr. Raja Ali Raza Anwar
Parent agencyNational Command Authority (NCA)
Websitehttp://www.paec.gov.pk/

Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) (Urdu: ماموریہ جوہری توانائی پاکستان, romanized: māmūrīa jauhrī tawānā'ī pākistān) is a federally funded independent governmental agency, concerned with research and development of nuclear power, promotion of nuclear science, energy conservation and the peaceful use of nuclear technology.[2][3]

Since its establishment in 1956, the PAEC has overseen the extensive development of nuclear infrastructure to support the economical uplift of Pakistan by founding institutions that focus on development on food irradiation and on nuclear medicine radiation therapy for cancer treatment.[4][5] The PAEC organizes conferences and directs research at the country's leading universities.[6] Since the 1960s, the PAEC has also been a scientific research partner and sponsor of the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), where Pakistani scientists have contributed to developing particle accelerators and research on high-energy physics.[7] PAEC scientists regularly visit CERN to join projects led by the European organization.[8]

Until 2001, the PAEC was the civilian federal oversight agency that manifested the control of atomic radiation, development of nuclear weapons, and their testing. These functions were eventually taken over by the Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority (PNRA), and the National Command Authority under the Prime Minister of Pakistan.[9]

Overview

Early history

Main articles: Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction, Project-706, Chagai-I, and Chagai-II
Chaghi Monument at Faizabad in Islamabad

Following the partition of the British Indian Empire by the United Kingdom in 1947, Pakistan emerged as a Muslim-dominated state.[10] The turbulent nature of its emergence critically influenced the scientific development of Pakistan.[10]

The establishment of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR) in 1951 began Pakistan's research on physical sciences.[11] In 1953, U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower announced the Atoms for Peace program, of which Pakistan became its earliest partner.[12] Research at PAEC initially followed a strict non-weapon policy issued by then-Foreign Minister Sir Zafarullah Khan.[12] In 1955, the Government of Pakistan established a committee of scientists to prepare nuclear energy plans and build an industrial nuclear infrastructure throughout the country.[13] As the Energy Council Act went into full effect, Prime Minister Huseyn Suhrawardy established the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) in March 1956.[12] Its first chair was Nazir Ahmad – an experimental physicist.[12] Other members of the PAEC included Technical member Salimuzzaman Siddiqui, an organic chemist at the University of Karachi, and Raziuddin Siddiqui, a mathematical physicist at the same university.[12] Together, they both took charge of the research and development directorates of the commission.[13] In 1958, Abdus Salam of the University of the Punjab also joined the commission, along with Munir Ahmad Khan who initially lobbied for acquiring an open pool reactor from the United States.[13]

In 1958, PAEC Chairman Nazir Ahmad proposed to the Pakistan Industrial Development Corporation the building of a heavy water production facility with the capacity to produce 50 kg of heavy water per day at Multan, but this proposal was not acted on.[12] In 1960, I. H. Usmani was elevated as PAEC's second chair with the transfer of Nazir Ahmad at the Federal Bureau of Statistics.[12] The Multan Heavy Water Production Facility reactor was built in 1962, financed by local fertilizer companies.[14] In 1964, PAEC established its first research institute, the Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (PINSTECH), at Nilore, and began negotiation for Pakistan's first commercial nuclear power plant to be built in Karachi.[12] In 1965, the PAEC reached an agreement with Canadian General Electric to build a CANDU reactor in Karachi.[12] Financial investment for the Karachi Nuclear Power Plant was provided by the Economic Coordination Committee, and Edward Durell Stone was commissioned to oversee the architectural design of PINSTECH.[12] From 1965–71, the PAEC sent 600 scientists abroad for training in nuclear sciences.[12] in 1969, the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, agreed to supply a small scale nuclear reprocessing plant, with the capacity to extract 360 grams of plutonium per year.[12] In 1973, the PAEC announced the discovery of large uranium deposits in Punjab.[12]

After India's decisive victory in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, Pakistan retracted its non-weapon policy and the research and development of nuclear weapons began in 1972.[12] PAEC's senior nuclear engineer Munir Ahmad Khan, was named as PAEC's third chair by Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto.[15] Work began on development of the nuclear fuel cycle infrastructure, and nuclear weapons research in the 1970s.[16] Key research took place at PINSTECH, where scientists worked on weapon designs and eventual nuclear weapons testing.[17] The PAEC expanded the crash program with various laboratories, facilities, and directorates researching on developing and testing materials and components for bomb designs, whilst it engineered plants and funded facilities for production of highly enriched uranium (HEU) and plutonium.[17] In 1976, possible test sites were decided by the PAEC and construction on the sites was completed in 1979.[17] In 1983, PAEC's efforts reached a milestone when it conducted its first subcritical test on a weapon design; such testing continued until the early 1990s under codename: Kirana-I.[17]

Following nuclear tests by India earlier in the month, on 28 May 1998, PAEC led the final preparations and conducted Pakistan's first nuclear tests (Codename: Chagai-I), which was followed by Chagai-II in Kharan Desert on 30 May 1998. In 2001, the PAEC's research was focused back onto civilian and peaceful research with the establishment of the National Command Authority and the Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority.[18]

Research and education

Main articles: Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology; Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology; and Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Oncology and Radiotherapy

Since its establishment in 1956, the PAEC has provided a conspicuous example of the benefits of atomic age technologies for the advancement of agriculture, engineering, biology, and medicine.[19][20] In 1960, the PAEC established its first nuclear medicine centre for cancer treatment at the Jinnah Medical College of the University of Karachi; the second Medical Isotope Institute was established at the Mayo Hospital of the King Edward Medical University, Lahore.[21] Physicians and medical researchers were provided with facilities for cancer diagnosis and treatment by the PAEC's funding.[21]

In 1960, the PAEC established its regional atomic research centre in Lahore, and a metallurgy centre in Karachi in 1963.[22] Another energy centre was located in Dhaka where many scientists were educated.[22] In 1967, the PAEC founded the Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences which became one of the primary technical universities of the country. Many of the PAEC's scientists and engineers served in its faculty.[22] The PAEC supports its university-level physics program at the Government College University, Lahore where it awards fellowships to the students. The PAEC continues to promotes its program as "peaceful uses of atomic energy commenced for the benefit the scientific community as well as public."[23]

About its promotion of education, senior scientist, Ishfaq Ahmad quoted: "the PAEC was responsible to send more than 600 scientists to the abroad.[12] As of present, PAEC maintains its prestigious image, and is now noted as one of the largest science and technology institution of the country.[24] The PAEC supports research activities and learning programs at the International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), of which PAEC is also its organizer.[25] Since 1974, the PAEC has been a key organizer and sponsor of the International Nathiagali Summer College on Physics and Contemporary Needs conference each year where scientists from all over the world are delegated to the country.[26] The Summer College disseminates the knowledge of advancements in physics, chemistry, biology, astronomy, mathematics, computer science, logic, and philosophy.[26]

As the emphasis shifted towards concerns for national security interests, the PAEC's important projects were also initiated in this area.[18] Many notable scientists with international prestige have worked and affiliated with the PAEC.[18]

PAEC also provided useful services in Pakistan like free religious and science education for more than 2000 poor children, Empowering Pakistani women by giving them basic education especially in suburbs by Hunargah (vocational training centers). PAEC has also established Centers for Retired Employees Welfare (CREW) in Lahore, Islamabad and Karachi for meetings, discussions and problems solving.

Studies on expansion of nuclear power

Main article: Nuclear power in Pakistan

PAEC is held responsible for design preparation and proper operational function of Pakistan's commercial nuclear power plants. The PAEC provides lobbying at the governmental level for the safe usage of nuclear power sources; though the nuclear safety regulations, Protection of the nuclear power facilities is managed by the Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority (PNRA). Providing policy guidance to the government, PAEC's studies envision setting up power plants with a capacity of approximately 8800 Megawatts by 2030.[27]

Under this policy, the KANUPP power plants and CHASHNUPP power plants are expanding and under construction as of 2013.[28]

Constituent institutions

PAEC partnership with CERN

Pakistan has a long history of participating in experiments and research undertakings with CERN, and has a long tradition of physicists who are working around the world.[29] Since the 1960s, Pakistan has been contributing and regularly participating in CERN's projects, theoretical and nuclear experiments.[29] A prime example would be Abdus Salam; Salam was the first man to be accredited with all the collaboration with CERN which when he convinced them to give Pakistan stacks of nuclear emulsions exposed for further study of pions, kaons and antiprotons in the 1960s.[30] Some theoretical physicists from Pakistan had the opportunity to work at CERN through short visits.[29] During the 1980s, some of the experimental physicists from Pakistan, specialising in the technique of Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors (SSNTD), also benefited from CERN by exposing the stacks in the beam at the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS).[29]

In 2005, CERN awarded PAEC with the ATLAS Supplier Award in 2005, in connection with manufacturing and fabrication of various equipment for CERN.[31]

On 27 June 2011, PAEC and CERN reached an agreement for extending the technical cooperation with CERN's upcoming programmes.[31] CERN's Director-General Rolf-Dieter Heuer personally paid a visit to Pakistan where he spoke of the importance of science in Pakistan, and the importance of Germany's strategic alliance with Pakistan.[citation needed] The agreement was signed in order to extend an earlier agreement, which came into operation in 2003 between CERN and Pakistan for the supply of manufactured equipment for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, along with placement of scientists and engineers from Pakistan to assist in the scientific programme at CERN.[31]

With the efforts led by the PAEC, CERN made Pakistan an associate member, on 22 June 2014— the first Asian country and the second Muslim country after Turkey.[32]

PAEC contribution to Compact Muon Solenoid

In 1997 PAEC chairman Ishfaq Ahmad reached out to CERN to sign a contract between them after elaborate discussions an in-kind contribution worth one million Swiss francs for the construction of eight magnet supports for the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector.[30]

For the CMS, the PAEC built magnetic feet and installed 320 Resistive Plate Chambers (RPC), as well as contributing to CMS computing. Several other mechanical components for ATLAS and for the LHC were also built by the PAEC.[33] It was PAEC's efforts that led the Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (PINSTECH) with CERN's direct cooperation in the area of radioprotection.[33]

PAEC support to Large Hadron Collider

PAEC took participation in the development of Large Hadron Collider.

In 2000, CERN signed another agreement which doubled the Pakistani contribution from one to two million Swiss francs. And with this new agreement Pakistan started construction of the resistive plate chambers required for the CMS muon system. While more recently, a protocol has been signed enhancing Pakistan's total contribution to the LHC programme to $10 million. Pakistan with all these efforts is already hoping to become an observer state at CERN.[29][30] In 2006 PAEC and CERN agreed on expanded cooperation, including contributions by PAEC valued at 5 million Swiss francs.[34]

World's largest particle accelerator at CERN

The PAEC, partnered with Pakistan's leading universities, sent a large team of scientists and engineers to CERN to participate in the Large Hadron Collider on 10 September 2008.[35] According to the news sources, the team of Pakistani scientists were keenly involved in the development of the Large Hadron Collider— the world's largest and highest-energy particle accelerator.[35]

The data of the experiment was available for the Pakistani scientists who would examine the data and results would be accumulated afterwards by them.[36]

PAEC chairs

Chairmen of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC)
Order Individual authority Term start Termination Alma mater
1 Nazir Ahmed 11 March 1956 21 May 1960 University of Cambridge
Aligarh Muslim University
2 Ishrat Hussain Usmani 15 July 1960 10 January 1972 Imperial College London
Aligarh Muslim University
3 Munir Ahmad Khan 20 January 1972 19 March 1991 North Carolina State University
University of the Punjab
4 Ishfaq Ahmad Khan 7 April 1991 6 April 2001 Université de Montréal
University of the Punjab
5 Parvez Butt 29 December 2001 5 April 2006 University of Toronto
University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore
6 Anwar Ali 1 May 2006 31 March 2009 University of Manchester
Government College University, Lahore
7 Ansar Pervaiz 7 April 2009 5 April 2015 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Quaid-i-Azam University
8 Muhammad Naeem 6 April 2015 5 April 2022 Government College University, Lahore
9 Raja Ali Raza Anwer 6 April 2022 Present University of Manchester

Awards

On June 26, 2021, 4 scientists of the PAEC were awarded the Team Achievement Award and another scientist was awarded the Young Scientist Award for work in plant mutation breeding and related technologies.[37] These awards were bestowed in recognition of Pakistan's advancements in the application of nuclear technology for achieving the U.N. Sustainable Development Goals.[38] The awards were jointly awarded by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the U.N.'s Food and Agriculture Organization.[39]

Management

The PAEC is chaired by a person appointed by the Government of Pakistan as specified in the government notification.[40] The PAEC's management is organized by the Government of Pakistan who awards contracts to the potential candidates.[40] Its full-time members consist of the appointed Chair; a finance member, and two technical members.[40] Its part-time members are composed of the senior scientists and the chief scientific adviser to the government.[40]

The PAEC's management are constitutionally bound to meet not less than four times every year for the execution of development projects involving nuclear power stations and the generation of electric power.[40] The PAEC retains its autonomous management structure under the National Command Authority.[41] The amendments carried out in 2010, the National Command Authority is now placed again under the Prime Minister of Pakistan.[41] The Chairman directly reports to the Prime Minister's Secretariat for its policy making and confirmation issues.[41]

Management
Individual figures and authority Official designation Term mandate
Dr. Raja Ali Raza Anwer Chairman, Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission Chairman
Mr. Muhammad Arshad Member, PAEC Member (Technical)
Mr. Arshad Ali Farooqi Member, PAEC Member (Fuel Cycle)
Mr. Mohsin Fayyaz Member, PAEC Member (Power)
Mr. Khalid Bin Sagheer Member, PAEC Member (System)
Mr. Shehzad Hasan Finance Secretary, Ministry of Finance (Pakistan) Member (Finance)
Dr. Masood Iqbal Member, PAEC Member (Science)
Mr. Kaleem Haider Member, PAEC Member (Engineering)
Maj. Gen. Muhammad Asim Khan Member, PAEC Member (Administration)
Mr. Syed Farman Hussain Member, PAEC Member (Material)

Spin-off's

Since 1990, the PAEC has spun off multiple organization, some being partial subsidiaries or where PAEC had minority interests in past.

See also

References

  1. ^ Rodriguez, Alex (29 November 2010). "Cables reveal doubts about Pakistani nuclear security". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 18 May 2012.
  2. ^ Tahir, Abdul Ghaffar. "IAEA presentation on nuclear power by PAEC" (PDF). IAEA publications, PAEC direct. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
  3. ^ ASO. "Nuclear Power in Pakistan". Australian Safeguards Office. Archived from the original on 15 December 2014. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
  4. ^ "Biomedical engineering at PAEC". PAEC Medical Division. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
  5. ^ "Agriculture and Biotechnology". PAEC BIO Division. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
  6. ^ "PAEC and Summer College on Physics". International Nathiagali Summer College. Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission.
  7. ^ Ahmad, DSc, Ishfaq (5 October 2003). "CERN and Pakistan: a personal perspective". Switzerland: CERN Courier. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
  8. ^ Editorial (30 September 2014). "Pakistan and CERN". Express Tribune, 2014. Express Tribune. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
  9. ^ ISPR release (5 September 2013). "National Command Authority". Director-General of the Inter-Services Public Relations (ISPR). Archived from the original on 4 November 2014. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
  10. ^ a b Chakma, Bhumitra (2009). "Phase I: 1954-71" (google books). Pakistan's nuclear weapons. New York, [u.s.a]: Routledge Publications Co. ISBN 978-1134132546. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
  11. ^ Kapur, Ashok (1987). Pakistan's nuclear development. London: Croom Helm. p. 258. ISBN 0709931018. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "NTI archives: 1953-71" (PDF). United States.: Nuclear Threat Initiatives (NTI). p. 234. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
  13. ^ a b c Khan, Aqeel (7 June 2001). "Development of Nuclear Industry in Pakistan". Professor Aqeel Khan, professor of Political Science at the Ryerson University. Dr. Aqeel Khan of the Ryerson University and the Ryerson University Press. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
  14. ^ FAS. "Multan heavy water reactor". Federation of Atomic Scientists. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
  15. ^ Fox, Liam (2013). Rising Tides: Facing the Challenges of a New Era. London [u.k]: Quercus Co. p. 2000. ISBN 978-1782067412. Retrieved 6 November 2014.
  16. ^ Nanda, Prakash (2003). Rediscovering Asia : evolution of India's look-east policy (1st ed. in India ed.). New Delhi: Lancer Publ. ISBN 8170622972.
  17. ^ a b c d [Shahid-ur-Rehman] (1999). Long road to Chagai. Islamabad: Printwise publications. ISBN 9789698500009.
  18. ^ a b c Khan, Feroz Hassan (2012). Eating grass the making of the Pakistani bomb. Palo Alto California [u.s.a0: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0804784801. Retrieved 6 November 2014.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  19. ^ UNESCO (2010). UNESCO science report 2010. Paris: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. ISBN 978-9231041327.
  20. ^ Sasikumar, Karthika (2012). Organizational cultures and the management of nuclear technology political and military sociology. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-1412848947. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
  21. ^ a b Khurshid, S.J. (15 July 2005). "Nuclear Medical Centers of PAEC" (PDF). The Nucleus. 42 (1–2). Islamabad, Pakistan: 93–96. ISSN 0029-5698. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
  22. ^ a b c Tim, Turpin; Krishna, Venni V. (2007). Science, Technology policy, and Diffusion of Knowledge: Understanding the Dynamic System of Asia-Pacific. Massachusetts: Edward Elger Publication Co. ISBN 978-1-84376-780-0. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
  23. ^ Acton, Q. Ashton (2013). Isotopes—Advances in Research and Applications. Atlanta, GA, [u.s.a]: ScholarlyEditions. ISBN 978-1481676984. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
  24. ^ "Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission". SCIENCE, Pakistan. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
  25. ^ Khan, Shahid Riaz (May 2013). "Investment in Research" (PDF). PakAtom. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
  26. ^ a b INSC. "International Nathiagali Summer College on Physics & Contemporary Needs, Nathiagali, Pakistan". International Nathiagali Summer College on Physics & Contemporary Needs, Nathiagali, Pakistan. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
  27. ^ PakistanToday (2 August 2017). "PAEC to generate 8800MW electricity by 2030 | Pakistan Today". Retrieved 26 April 2022.
  28. ^ PAEC Nuclear Power. "Nuclear Power". PAEC Nuclear Power. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
  29. ^ a b c d e Ahmad, Ishfaq (6 October 2003). "CERN Courier: CERN and Pakistan: a personal perspective" (HTTP). CERN Courier. cerncourier.com. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
  30. ^ a b c "paki.in". www77.paki.in.
  31. ^ a b c "Pakistan and CERN signed agreement for Technical Cooperation". PAEC Public Relations and International Press Directorate. Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission's International Relations Directorate. 27 June 2011. Archived from the original (HTTP) on 9 June 2010.
  32. ^ From the Newspaper, AFP (22 June 2014). "Pakistan granted Cern's associate membership". Dawn Newspapers, 2014. Dawn Newspapers. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
  33. ^ a b "Pakistan and CERN". Pakistan and CERN. Archived from the original on 18 July 2015. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
  34. ^ "2006 Protocol on CERN-PAEC cooperation" (PDF).
  35. ^ a b "27 Pakistani Scientists working on CERN's LHC "Big Bang" Experiments". LahoreTech News. 16 September 2008. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
  36. ^ APP (16 September 2008). "27 Pakistani scientists took part in 'Big Bang' experiment". Associate Press of Pakistan, 16 September 2008. Associate Press of Pakistan. Archived from the original on 11 November 2014. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
  37. ^ Dawn.com (24 June 2021). "IAEA awards Pakistani nuclear institution, scientists". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
  38. ^ "Pakistani nuclear scientists win international awards". www.geo.tv. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
  39. ^ "Pakistani nuclear scientists, institution bag int'l awards". The Express Tribune. 23 June 2021. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
  40. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l PD (29 May 1965). "The Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission Ordinance, 1965" (PDF). Govt. of Pakistan, 1965. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
  41. ^ a b c PD, Public Domain. "National Command Authority ACT 2010" (PDF). Gazette of Pakistan, PD. Retrieved 11 November 2014.

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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Rusi film – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) 1984 Indian filmRusiDirected byManamohanScreenplay byVennira Aadai MoorthyProduced byS. S. DhanapalanSubha ChokkalingamStarringMohanSwap...

 

Sure Fire

Sure FireSutradara John Ford ProduserDitulis oleh George C. Hull Eugene Manlove Rhodes PemeranHoot GibsonSinematograferVirgil MillerDistributorUniversal Film Manufacturing CompanyTanggal rilis 5 November 1921 (1921-11-05) Durasi50 menitNegara Amerika Serikat BahasaFilm bisu dengan antar judul Inggris Sure Fire adalah sebuah film koboi Amerika Serikat tahun 1921 yang disutradarai oleh John Ford dan menampilkan Hoot Gibson. Film tersebut dianggap sebagai film hilang.[1] Referensi ^...

 

Mike Barker (producer)

American producer and writer For other people with similar names, see Michael Barker. This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: Mike Barker producer – news · newspapers · books · scholar...

Hawaiian religion

Polytheistic, animistic Hawaiian religious beliefs A depiction of a royal heiau (Hawaiian temple) at Kealakekua Bay, c. 1816 Hawaiian religion refers to the indigenous religious beliefs and practices of native Hawaiians, also known as the kapu system. Hawaiian religion is based largely on the tapu religion common in Polynesia and likely originated among the Tahitians and other Pacific islanders who landed in Hawaiʻi between 500 and 1300 AD.[1] It is polytheistic and animistic, w...

 

God's Plan (song)

2018 single by DrakeGod's PlanSingle by Drakefrom the EP Scary Hours and the album Scorpion B-sideDiplomatic ImmunityReleasedJanuary 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)Recorded2017Genre Pop pop-rap trap Length3:19Label Young Money Cash Money Republic Songwriter(s) Aubrey Graham Ronald LaTour Daveon Jackson Matthew Samuels Noah Shebib Brock Korsan Producer(s) Cardo Yung Exclusive Boi-1da 40 (addi.) Drake singles chronology No Complaints (2017) God's Plan (2018) Diplomatic Immunity (2018) Musi...

 

Strategi Solo vs Squad di Free Fire: Cara Menang Mudah!