Orikhiv

Orikhiv

Оріхів
Orikhiv Оріхів
	Flag Coat of arms
	Orikhiv Location of Orikhiv in Zaporizhia Oblast Orikhiv Location of Orikhiv in Ukraine
	Coordinates: 47°34′10″N 35°46′40″E / 47.56944°N 35.77778°E
Country	Ukraine
Oblast	Zaporizhzhia Oblast
Raion	Polohy Raion
Hromada	Orikhiv urban hromada
Founded	c. 1783
Incorporated	1801
City status	1938
Area
• Total	10 km2 (4 sq mi)
Population (1 January 2022)
• Total	13,896
• Density	1,400/km2 (3,600/sq mi)
	All but 6,000 evacuated during the 2022 Russian invasion.
Postal code	70500
Area code	+380 6141
Climate	Dfa

Orikhiv (Ukrainian: Оріхів, IPA: [oˈr⁽ʲ⁾ix⁽ʲ⁾iu̯]) is a city in Polohy Raion, Zaporizhzhia Oblast, southern Ukraine. It had an estimated population of 13,896,^[1] as of 1 January 2022. Early in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, many residents were evacuated, with 6,000 remaining by August,^[2] and the city being shelled constantly by Russian artillery.

History

18th and 19th century

Orikhiv was founded in about 1783 near the Konka river; it was incorporated in 1801. It is situated about 50 km (31.07 mi) southeast of Zaporizhzhia (formerly Aleksandrovsk), and almost the same distance north of the Molochna Kolonia (literally, 'milk colony'). In 1818 Orikhiv appeared to be a place where military personnel of the Russian tsar were stationed; an officer from Orikhiv came out to finalize arrangements for the tsar's visit to Lindenau in May of that year. As early as 1836 a “Salt Road” (Tschumakemveg) connected Orikhiv with Perekop to the south, the road running through the Molochna Kolonia. This road was still shown on maps of 1852.^{[citation needed]} In 1850 Orikhiv was within the boundaries of Taurida, near the northeast border of that province. When the railway was built connecting Aleksandrovsk to Berdyansk it went through Orikhiv, presumably helping the development of the city and giving easy access to the port at Berdyansk.

The first Mennonites likely settled in Orikhiv as early as the 1830s. By 1852 there were two windmills in Orikhiv owned by Mennonites (Kornelius Ediger and Kornelius Heinrichs) as well as a treadmill and oil press operated by Aaron Wiens. In the 1860s a number of families moved from Schoenwiese of the Khortytsia Colony to Orikhiv. Among these was Johann Heinrich (Ivan Andreievitch) Janzen, who built two large steam-powered flour mills and encouraged other Mennonite businessmen to follow his example.

By 1874 the small Mennonite community, in cooperation with the equally small Lutheran group, had built a church and a school. Apparently the Mennonites and Lutherans had joint services in the church, but for major festivals the Mennonites tended to go to their home churches, for many this being Schoenwiese in the Chortitza Colony. They also went back to their home churches to allow the young people to meet prospective marriage partners.

In 1874 Johann Heinrich (Ivan Andreievich) Janzen was elected mayor of Orikhiv. Despite some opposition from the business community because Janzen was German, the governor of the province encouraged him to continue in his position, Orikhiv being one of the few cities with a positive balance sheet despite an aggressive school building program. Janzen retired in 1899. At the end of the nineteenth century, of a population of 10,000, there were only about 200 "Germans" in total (called niemsty), which included approximately equal numbers of Mennonites and Lutherans. Only one Mennonite estate, Rosenheim (Epp) was listed as being close to Orikhiv, while Wintergruen Estate was 14 verst (15 kilometres) east-southeast of the city. These estates no longer exist.^{[citation needed]}

20th century

Peter Kondratyevitch Pavlenko was principal of the Halbstadt Zentralschule in 1909 and 1910, also teaching in the areas of mathematics and pedagogy; before that he had been on the faculty of the secondary school in Orikhiv. In 1918–1919 Orikhiv was in the centre of the area controlled by the anarchist Nestor Makhno, so it likely suffered the usual consequences of being occupied by his army. During the subsequent Civil War it was overrun a number of times as the vicissitudes of war caused frequent changes in the struggles between the Whites and the Reds. Orikhiv was the base from which the Red Army surged southward to finally defeat the Mennonite Selbstschutz – eventually leading to the capitulation in Gnadenfeld, Molotschna (today Bohdanivka).

Orikhiv attained city status in 1938. In 1972 it was the capital of the Orikhiv Region of Zaporizhzhia Oblast. In 1990 the population was 21,200. Main industries produced clothing, machinery and building supplies. There is a metallurgy plant, Orikhiv Quarry of Molding Materials, which deals with refractory materials, and a sugar refinery. The city also has a regional museum.^{[citation needed]} There are no obvious traces of the Mennonite past remaining.^{[according to whom?]}

Russian invasion of Ukraine

Early in the Russian invasion of Ukraine, as many residents as possible were evacuated from Orikhiv. By late April 2022, Russian lines were three miles away and Russian artillery was shelling the town constantly.^[3] On 7 May 2022, around 21:00, Orikhiv hospital was shelled by Russian forces. According to the local government, Russian forces wanted to finish off the wounded and kill civilian doctors.^[4] On 21 May, local media reported that as a result of the Russian shelling, the gymnasium, and the building of the city executive committee were destroyed.^[5]

According to OCHA, by 17 August the town's population had dwindled to 6,000.^[2] As of October 2022, Russian forces were regularly shelling Orikhiv.^[6]^[7]^[8] The American organization for senior citizens, AARP, profiled one family's desperate choices to stay in their familiar Orikhiv, or to leave under threat of Russian bombing.^[9] The OCHA has a presence in the city. In October 2023 it was reported that the Russians were bombing the city 25 to 30 times a day and that there were very few undamaged houses in the city.^[10]

Demographics

Ethnic groups according to the 2001 Ukrainian census:^[11]

Ethnic groups in Orikhiv
			percent
Ukrainians			89.86%
Russians			8.82%
Belarusians			0.38%
Armenians			0.21%
Bulgarians			0.19%
Germans			0.07%

Native language according to the 2001 Ukrainian census:^[12]

Native languages in Polohy
			percent
Ukrainian			90.2%
Russian			9.3%
Others			0.5%

Gallery

Mansion house of Heinrich Janzen, city mayor of Orikhiv in 1874-1899 and manufacturer
Detail of mansion house of Heinrich Janzen
Office house of mills of Heinrich Janzen
Old town council
Old Gymnasium for girls
Old non-classical secondary school for boys
Post station
First victualling-house in Orikhiv