The Oghuz confederation migrated westward from the Jeti-su area after a conflict with the Karluk allies of the Uyghurs. In the 9th century, the Oghuz from the Aral steppes drove Pechenegs westward from the Emba and Ural River region. In the 10th century, the Oghuz inhabited the steppe of the rivers Sari-su, Turgai and Emba north of Lake Balkhash in modern-day Kazakhstan.[6]
They converted to Islam from traditional Turkish Shamanism and Judaism, and adapted their traditions and institutions to the Islamic world. In the 11th century, the Seljuk Oghuz clan entered Persia, where they founded the Great Seljuk Empire. The same century, a Tengriist Oghuz clan, also known as Uzes or Torks, overthrew Pecheneg supremacy in the frontier of the Russian steppes; those who settled along the frontier were gradually Slavicized; the almost feudal Black Hat principality grew with its own military aristocracy.[7] Others, harried by the Kipchak Turks, crossed the lower Danube and invaded the Balkans,[8] where they were stopped by a plague and became mercenaries for the Byzantine imperial forces (1065).[9] Oghuz warriors served in almost all Islamic armies of the Middle East from the 1000s onwards, and as far as Spain and Morocco.[7]
The name Oghuz is a Common Turkic word for "tribe". By the 10th century, Islamic sources were calling them MuslimTurkmens, as opposed to those of Tengrist or Buddhist religion; and by the 12th century this term was adopted into Byzantine usage, as the Oghuzes were overwhelmingly Muslim.[15] The name "Oghuz" fell out of use by 13th century.[5]
Linguistically, the Oghuz belong to the Common Turkic speaking group, characterized by sound correspondences such as Common Turkic /-š/ versus Oghuric /-l/ and Common Turkic /-z/ versus Oghuric /-r/.Within the Common Turkic group, the Oghuz languages share these innovations: loss of Proto-Turkicgutturals in suffix anlaut, loss of /ɣ/ except after /a/, /g/ becoming either /j/ or lost, voicing of /t/ to /d/ and of /k/ to /g/, and */ð/ becomes /j/.[16]
Their language belongs to the Oghuz group of the Turkic languages family. Kara-Khanid scholar Mahmud al-Kashgari wrote that of all the Turkic languages, that of the Oghuz was the simplest. He also observed that long separation had led to clear differences between the western Oghuz and Kipchak language and that of the eastern Turks.[17]
In early times, they practiced a Tengrist religion, erecting many carved wooden funerary statues surrounded by simple stone balbal monoliths and holding elaborate hunting and banqueting rituals.[26]
During the 2nd century BC, according to ancient Chinese sources, a steppe tribal confederation known as the Xiongnu and their allies, the Wusun (probably an Indo-European people) defeated the neighboring Indo-European-speaking Yuezhi and drove them out of western China and into Central Asia. Various scholarly theories link the Xiongnu to Turkic peoples and/or the Huns. Bichurin claimed that the first usage of the word Oghuz appears to have been the title of Oğuz Kağan, whose biography shares similarities with the biography, recorded by Han Chinese, of Xiongnu leader Modu Shanyu (or Mau-Tun),[27][28] who founded the Xiongnu Empire. However, Oghuz Khan narratives were actually collected in Compendium of Chronicles by Ilkhanid scholar Rashid-al-Din in the early 14th century.[29]
Sima Qian recorded the name Wūjiē 烏揭 (LHC: *ʔɔ-gɨat) or Hūjiē 呼揭 (LHC: *xɔ-gɨat), of a people hostile to the Xiongnu and living immediately west of them, in the area of the Irtysh River, near Lake Zaysan.[30]Golden suggests that these might be Chinese renditions of *Ogur ~ *Oguz, yet uncertainty remains.[31] According to one theory, Hūjiē is just another transliteration of Yuezhi and may refer to the Turkic Uyghurs; however, this is controversial and has few scholarly adherents.[32]
Yury Zuev (1960) links the Oghuz to the Western Turkic tribe 姑蘇 Gūsū < (MC *kuo-suo) in the 8th-century encyclopaedia Tongdian[33] (or erroneously Shǐsū 始蘇 in the 11th century Zizhi Tongjian[34]). Zuev also noted a parallel between two passages:
one from the 8th-century Taibo Yinjing (太白陰經) "Venus's Secret Classic" by Li Quan (李筌) which mentioned the 三窟 ~ 三屈 "Three Qu" (< MC *k(h)ɨut̚) after the 十箭 Shí Jiàn "Ten Arrows" (OTrk 𐰆𐰣:𐰸 On Oq) and Jĭu Xìng "Nine Surnames" (OTrk 𐱃𐰸𐰆𐰔:𐰆𐰍𐰔 Toquz Oğuz);[35] and
Based on those sources, Zuev proposes that in the 8th century the Oghuzes were located outsides of the Ten Arrows' jurisdiction, west of the Altai mountains, near lake Issyk-Kul, Talas river's basin and seemingly around the Syr Darya basin, and near the Chumul, Karluks, Qays, Quns, Śari, etc. who were mentioned by al-Maṣudi and Sharaf al-Zaman al-Marwazi.[37]
According to Ahmad ibn Fadlan, the Oghuz were nomads, but also had cultivated crops, and the economy was based on a semi-pastoralist lifestyle.[38]
By the time of the Orkhon inscriptions (8th century AD) "Oghuz" was being applied generically to all inhabitants of the Göktürk Khaganate.[40] Within the khaganate, the Oghuz community gradually expanded, incorporating other tribes.[41] A number of subsequent tribal confederations bore the name Oghuz, often affixed to a numeral indicating the number of united tribes. These include references to the simple Oguz, Üch-Oghuz ("three Oghuz"), Altï Oghuz ("six Oghuz"), possibly the Otuz Oghuz ("thirty Oghuz"), Sekiz-Oghuz ("eight Oghuz"), and the Tokuz-Oghuz ("nine Oghuz"),[42] who originally occupied different areas in the vicinity of the Altai Mountains. Golden (2011) states Transoxanian Oghuz Turks who founded the Oghuz Yabgu State were not the same tribal confederation as the Toquz Oghuz from whom emerged the founders of Uyghur Khaganate. Istakhri and Muhammad ibn Muhmad al-Tusi kept the Toquz Oghuz and Oghuz distinct[43] and Ibn al-Faqih mentioned: "the infidel Turk-Oghuz, the Toquz-Oghuz, and the Qarluq"[44] Even so, Golden notes the confusion in Latter Göktürks' and Uyghurs' inscriptions, where Oghuz apparently referred to Toquz Oghuz or another tribal grouping, who were also named Oghuz without a prefixed numeral; this confusion is also reflected in Sharaf al-Zaman al-Marwazi, who listed 12 Oghuz tribes, who were ruled by a "Toquz Khaqan" and some of whom were Toquz-Oghuz, on the border of Transoxiana and Khwarazm. At most, the Oghuz were possibly led by a core group of Toquz Oghuz clans or tribes.[45]
Noting that the mid-8th-century Tariat inscriptions, in Uyghur khagan Bayanchur's honor, mentioned the rebellious Igdir tribe who had revolted against him, Klyashtorny considers this as one piece of "direct evidence in favour of the existence of kindred relations between the Tokuz Oguzs of Mongolia, The Guzs of the Aral region, and modern Turkmens", besides the facts that Kashgari mentioned the Igdir as the 14th of 22 Oghuz tribes;[46] and that Igdirs constitute part of the Turkmen tribe Chowdur.[47] The Shine Usu inscription, also in Bayanchur's honor, mentioned the Nine-Oghuzes as "[his] people" and that he defeated the Eight-Oghuzes and their allies, the Nine Tatars, three times in 749.;[48] according to Klyashtorny[49] and Czeglédy,[50] eight tribes of the Nine-Oghuzes revolted against the leading Uyghur tribe and renamed themselves Eight-Oghuzes.
Ibn al-Athir, an Arab historian, claimed that the Oghuz Turks were settled mainly in Transoxiana, between the Caspian and Aral Seas, during the period of the caliphAl-Mahdi (after 775 AD). By 780, the eastern parts of the Syr Darya were ruled by the Karluk Turks and to their west were the Oghuz. Transoxiana, their main homeland in subsequent centuries became known as the "Oghuz Steppe".
During the period of the Abbasid caliph Al-Ma'mun (813–833), the name Oghuz starts to appear in the works of Islamic writers. The Book of Dede Korkut, a historical epic of the Oghuz, contains historical echoes of the 9th and 10th centuries but was likely written several centuries later.[51]
Physical appearance
Al-Masudi described Yangikent's Oghuz Turks as "distinguished from other Turks by their valour, their slanted eyes, and the smallness of their stature". Stone heads of Seljuq elites kept at the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art displayed East Asian features.[52] Over time, Oghuz Turks' physical appearance changed. Rashid al-Din Hamadani stated that "because of the climate their features gradually changed into those of Tajiks. Since they were not Tajiks, the Tajik peoples called them turkmān, i.e. Turk-like (Turk-mānand)"[a]. Ḥāfiẓ Tanīsh Mīr Muḥammad Bukhārī also related that the "Oghuz Turkic face did not remain as it was after their migration into Transoxiana and Iran". Khiva khan, Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur, in his Chagatai-language treatise Genealogy of the Turkmens, wrote that "their (Oghuz Turks) chin started to become narrow, their eyes started to become large, their faces started to become small, and their noses started to become big after five or six generations". Ottoman historian Mustafa Âlî commented in Künhüʾl-aḫbār that Anatolian Turks and Ottoman elites are ethnically mixed: "Most of the inhabitants of Rûm are of confused ethnic origin. Among its notables there are few whose lineage does not go back to a convert to Islam."[55]
Social units
The militarism that the Oghuz empires were very well known for was rooted in their centuries-long nomadic lifestyle. In general, they were a herding society which possessed certain military advantages that sedentary societies did not have, particularly mobility. Alliances by marriage and kinship, and systems of "social distance" based on family relationships were the connective tissues of their society.
In Oghuz traditions, "society was simply the result of the growth of individual families". But such a society also grew by alliances and the expansion of different groups, normally through marriages. The shelter of the Oghuz tribes was a tent-like dwelling, erected on wooden poles and covered with skin, felt, or hand-woven textiles, which is called a yurt.
Their cuisine included yahni (stew), kebabs, Toyga soup (meaning "wedding soup"), Kımız (a traditional drink of the Turks, made from fermented horse milk), Pekmez (a syrup made of boiled grape juice) and helva made with wheat starch or rice flour, tutmac (noodle soup), yufka (flattened bread), katmer (layered pastry), chorek (ring-shaped buns), bread, clotted cream, cheese, yogurt, milk and ayran (diluted yogurt beverage), as well as wine.
Social order was maintained by emphasizing "correctness in conduct as well as ritual and ceremony". Ceremonies brought together the scattered members of the society to celebrate birth, puberty, marriage, and death. Such ceremonies had the effect of minimizing social dangers and also of adjusting persons to each other under controlled emotional conditions.
Patrilineally related men and their families were regarded as a group with rights over a particular territory and were distinguished from neighbours on a territorial basis. Marriages were often arranged among territorial groups so that neighbouring groups could become related, but this was the only organizing principle that extended territorial unity. Each community of the Oghuz Turks was thought of as part of a larger society composed of distant as well as close relatives. This signified "tribal allegiance". Wealth and materialistic objects were not commonly emphasized in Oghuz society and most remained herders, and when settled they would be active in agriculture.
Status within the family was based on age, gender, relationships by blood, or marriageability. Males, as well as females, were active in society, yet men were the backbones of leadership and organization. According to the Book of Dede Korkut, which demonstrates the culture of the Oghuz Turks, women were "expert horse riders, archers, and athletes". The elders were respected as repositories of both "secular and spiritual wisdom".
Homeland in Central Asia
In the 700s, the Oghuz Turks made a new home and domain for themselves in the area between the Caspian and Aral seas and the northwest part of Transoxania, along the Syr Darya river. They had moved westward from the Altay mountains passing through the Siberian steppes and settled in this region, and also penetrated into southern Russia and the Volga from their bases in west China. In the 11th century, the Oghuz Turks adopted Arabic script, replacing the Old Turkic alphabet.[56]
In his accredited 11th-century treatise titled Diwan Lughat al-Turk, Karakhanid scholar Mahmud of Kashgar mentioned five Oghuz cities named Sabran, Sitkün, Qarnaq, Suğnaq, and Qaraçuq (the last of which was also known to Kashgari as Farab,[57] now Otrar; situated near the Karachuk mountains to its east). The extension from the Karachuk Mountains towards the Caspian Sea was called the "Oghuz Steppe Lands" from where the Oghuz Turks established trading, religious and cultural contacts with the Abbasid Arab caliphate who ruled to the south. This is around the same time that they first converted to Islam and renounced their Tengriism belief system. The Arab historians mentioned that the Oghuz Turks were ruled by a number of kings and chieftains.
It was in this area that they later founded the Seljuk Empire, and it was from this area that they spread west into western Asia and eastern Europe during Turkic migrations from the 9th until the 12th century. The founders of the Ottoman Empire were also Oghuz Turks.
Poetry and literature
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Oghuz Turkish literature includes the famous Book of Dede Korkut which was UNESCO's 2000 literary work of the year, as well as the Oghuzname, Battalname, Danishmendname, Köroğlu epics which are part of the literary history of Azerbaijanis, Turks of Turkey and Turkmens. The modern and classical literature of Azerbaijan, Turkey and Turkmenistan are also considered Oghuz literature since it was produced by their descendants.
The Book of Dede Korkut is a valuable collection of epics and stories, bearing witness to the language, the way of life, religions, traditions, and social norms of the Oghuz Turks in Azerbaijan, Turkey, Iran (West Azerbaijan, Golestan) and parts of Central Asia including Turkmenistan.
Yörüks are an Oghuz ethnic group, some of whom are still semi-nomadic, primarily inhabiting the mountains of Anatolia and partly Balkan peninsula.[58][59] Their name derives from the verb from Chagatai language, yörü- "yörümek" (to walk), but Western Turkic yürü- (yürümek in infinitive), which means "to walk", with the word Yörük or Yürük designating "those who walk, walkers".[60][61][62]
The Yörük to this day appear as a distinct segment of the population of Macedonia and Thrace where they settled as early as the 14th century.[63] While today the Yörük are increasingly settled, many of them still maintain their nomadic lifestyle, breeding goats and sheep in the Taurus Mountains and further eastern parts of mediterranean regions (in southern Anatolia), in the Pindus (Epirus, Greece), the Šar Mountains (North Macedonia), the Pirin and Rhodope Mountains (Bulgaria) and Dobrudja.[citation needed] An earlier offshoot of the Yörüks, the Kailars or Kayılar Turks were amongst the first Turkish colonists in Europe,[63] (Kailar or Kayılar being the Turkish name for the Greek town of Ptolemaida which took its current name in 1928)[64] formerly inhabiting parts of the Greek regions of Thessaly and Macedonia. Settled Yörüks could be found until 1923, especially near and in the town of Kozani.
Mahmud al-Kashgari listed 22 Oghuz tribes in Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk. Kashgari further wrote that "In origin they are 24 tribes, but the two Khalajiyya tribes are distinguished from them [the twenty-two] in certain respects[b] and so are not counted among them. This is the origin".[65][66]
Later, Charuklug from Kashgari's list would be omitted. Rashid-al-Din and Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur added three more: Kïzïk, Karkïn, and Yaparlï, to the list in Jami' al-tawarikh (Compendium of Chronicles) and Shajare-i Türk (Genealogy of the Turks), respectively.[67] According to Selçukname, Oghuz Khagan had 6 children (Sun – Gün, Moon – Ay, Star – Yıldız, Sky – Gök, Mountain – Dağ, Sea – Diŋiz), and all six would become Khans themselves, each leading four tribes.[68]
^This folk-etymology had been attested in Al-Biruni and Mahmud al-Kashgari, the latter a native Middle Turkic speaker.[53] However, this mixed Turkic-Persian etymology is now considered incorrect; instead, Türkmen is now etymologized as from ethnonym Türk plus strengthening suffix -men, meaning "'most Turkish of the Turks' or 'pure-blooded Turks.'".[54]
^Ar.: infaradatā ˤanhā bi-baˤḍ- al-aśyāˀ; alternative translation "separated from them with some of the belongings"
References
^Court and Cosmos: The Great Age of the Seljuqs - MetPublications - The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 76–77, 314 note 3. The ruler is usually identified as Sultan Tughril III of Iraq (r. 1176–94), who was killed near Rayy and buried there (Mujmal al-tava¯rı¯kh 2001, p. 465). Pope (Pope and Ackerman, eds. 1938–39, vol. 2, p. 1306) and Wiet (1932b, pp. 71–72) wrote Tughril II but intended Tughril III.
^ abcBarthold (1962)""The book of my grandfather Korkut" ("Kitab-i dedem Korkut") is an outstanding monument of the medieval Oghuz heroic epic. Three modern Turkic-speaking peoples – Turkmens, Azerbaijanis and Turks – are ethnically and linguistically related to the medieval Oghuzes. For all these peoples, the epic legends deposited in the "Book of Korkut" represent an artistic reflection of their historical past."
^Omeljan Pritsak, "Uzes", in Alexander P. Kazhdan, ed., The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (Oxford University Press, 1991).
^ abLewis, G. The Book of Dede Korkut. Penguin Books, 1974, p. 10.
^Grousset, R. The Empire of the Steppes. Rutgers University Press, 1991, p. 148.
^ abNicolle, David; Angus Mcbride (1990). Attila and the Nomad Hordes. Osprey Publishing. pp. 46–47. ISBN0-85045-996-6. The Oghuz had a very distinctive culture. Their hunting and banqueting rituals were as elaborate as those of the Gökturks from whom they... ...like some Pechenegs and Torks, settled along Russia's steppe frontier after being forced out... Here an almost feudal 'Black Hat' principality grew up with its own military aristocracy being accepted by the Russian elite on equal terms...
^Grousset, R. The Empire of the Steppes. Rutgers University Press, 1991, p. 186.
^Elizabeth A. Zachariadou, "Turkomans", in Alexander P. Kazhdan, ed., The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (Oxford University Press, 1991).
^Golden, Peter B. An Introduction to the History of Turkic Peoples (1992). p. 21-22
^D. T. Potts, (2014), Nomadism in Iran: From Antiquity to the Modern Era, p. 177
^Uchiyama et al. 2020: "Most linguists and historians agree that Proto-Turkic, the common ancestor of all ancient and contemporary Turkic languages, must have been spoken somewhere in Central-East Asia (e.g. Róna-Tas, Reference Róna-Tas1991, p. 35; Golden, Reference Golden1992, pp. 124–127; Menges, Reference Menges1995, pp. 16–19)."
^Golden, Peter B. (2011). Studies on the Peoples and Cultures of the Eurasian Steppes. Editura Academiei Române. pp. 37–38. ISBN978-973-27-2152-0.
^Uchiyama et al. 2020: "The ultimate Proto-Turkic homeland may have been located in a more compact area, most likely in Eastern Mongolia"
^Lee & Kuang 2017: "The best candidate for the Turkic Urheimat would then be northern and western Mongolia and Tuva, where all these haplogroups could have intermingled, rather than eastern and southern Mongolia..."
^Uchiyama et al. 2020:"To sum up, the palaeolinguistic reconstruction points to a mixed subsistence strategy and complex economy of the Proto-Turkic-speaking community. It is likely that the subsistence of the Early Proto-Turkic speakers was based on a combination of hunting–gathering and agriculture, with a later shift to nomadic pastoralism as an economy basis, partly owing to the interaction of the Late Proto-Turkic groups with the Iranian-speaking herders of the Eastern Steppe."
^Findley 2005, p. 18: "Moreover, Turks do not all physically look alike. They never did. The Turks of Turkey are famous for their range of physical types. Given the Turks’ ancient Inner Asian origins, it is easy to imagine that they once presented a uniform Mongoloid appearance. Such traits seem to be more characteristic in the eastern Turkic world; however, uniformity of type can never have prevailed there either. Archeological evidence indicates that Indo-Europeans, or certainly Europoid physical types, inhabited the oases of the Tarim basin and even parts of Mongolia in ancient times. In the Tarim basin, persistence of these former inhabitants’ genes among the modern Uyghurs is both observable and scientifically demonstrable.32 Early Chinese sources describe the Kirghiz as blue-eyed and blond or red-haired. The genesis of Turkic ethnic groups from earliest times occurred in confederations of diverse peoples. As if to prove the point, the earliest surviving texts in Turkic languages are studded with terms from other languages."
^Golden, Peter B. (25 July 2018). "The Ethnogonic Tales of the Türks". The Medieval History Journal. 21 (2): 291–327. doi:10.1177/0971945818775373. ISSN0971-9458. S2CID166026934."Some DNA tests point to the Iranian connections of the Ashina and Ashide,133 highlighting further that the Turks as a whole ‘were made up of heterogeneous and somatically dissimilar populations’.134 Geographically, the accounts cover the regions of Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Xinjiang, the Yenisei zone and the Altay, regions with Turkic, Indo-European (Iranian [Saka] and Tokharian), Yeniseic, Uralic and other populations. Wusun elements, like most steppe polities of an ethno-linguistic mix, may have also played a substratal role."
^Lee & Kuang 2017: "Both Chinese histories and modern dna studies indicate that the early and medieval Turkic peoples were made up of heterogeneous populations"
^Nicolle, David; McBride, Angus (2007). Attila and the nomad hordes. Osprey military Elite series. London: Osprey. ISBN978-0-85045-996-8.
^Bichurin, N. Ya., "Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times", vol. 1, Sankt Petersburg, 1851, pp. 56–57
^Taskin V. S., transl., "Materials on history of Sünnu", 1968, vol. 1, p. 129
^Zuev, Yu. "Horse Tamgas from Vassal Princedoms" (Translation of Chinese composition "Tanghuiyao" of 8–10th centuries), Kazakh SSR Academy of Sciences, Alma-Ata, 1960, p. 126, 133–134 (in Russian)
^Maħmūd al-Kašğari. "Dīwān Luğāt al-Turk". Edited & translated by Robert Dankoff in collaboration with James Kelly. In Sources of Oriental Languages and Literature. (1982). Part I p. 101-102
^cited in Kamalov, A. (2003) "The Moghon Shine Usu Insription as the Earliest Uighur Historical Annals", Central Asiatic Journal. 47 (1). p. 83 of p. 77-90
^Alstadt, Audrey. The Azerbaijani Turks, p. 11. Hoover Press, 1992. ISBN0-8179-9182-4
^Maħmūd al-Kašğari. "Dīwān Luğāt al-Turk". Edited & translated by Robert Dankoff in collaboration with James Kelly. In Sources of Oriental Languages and Literature. (1982). Part II. p. 363
^Clark, Larry (1996). Turkmen Reference Grammar. Harrassowitz. p. 4. ISBN9783447040198.,Annanepesov, M. (1999). "The Turkmens". In Dani, Ahmad Hasan (ed.). History of civilizations of Central Asia. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 127. ISBN9789231038761.,Golden, Peter (1992). An introduction to the history of the Turkic peoples. Harrassowitz. pp. 212–213.
^Lee & Kuang (2017) "A Comparative Analysis of Chinese Historical Sources and Y-DNA Studies with Regard to the Early and Medieval Turkic Peoples", Inner Asia 19. p. 208 of 197–239
^C. E. Bosworth, The Ghaznavids:994–1040, (Edinburgh University Press, 1963), 216.
^Maħmūd al-Kašğari. Dīwān Luğāt al-Turk. Edited & translated by Robert Dankoff in collaboration with James Kelly. Series: Sources of Oriental Languages and Literature. (1982). "Part I", p. 270, 329, 333, 352, 353, 362
^Maħmūd al-Kašğari. Dīwān Luğāt al-Turk. Edited & translated by Robert Dankoff in collaboration with James Kelly. Series: Sources of Oriental Languages and Literature. (1982). "Part I". p. 101-102, 362–363
^Minorsky, V. "Commentary on Hudud al-'Alam's "§24. Khorasian Marches" pp. 347–348
^Golden, Peter B. (2015). "The Turkic World in Mahmûd al-Kâshgharî" in Bonn Contributions to Asian Archaeology. 7. p. 513-516
^"Some Ottoman genealogies claim, perhaps fancifully, descent from Kayı.", Carter Vaughn Findley, The Turks in World History, pp. 50, 2005, Oxford University Press
Golden, Peter B. (2020). "Oghuz". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Online. ISSN1873-9830.
1 Central Asian (i.e. Turkmeni, Afghani and Iranian) Turkmens, distinct from Levantine (i.e. Iraqi and Syrian) Turkmen/Turkoman minorities, who mostly adhere to an Ottoman-Turkish heritage and identity.
2 In traditional areas of Turkish settlement (i.e. former Ottoman territories).
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Italian painter (1791–1882) Francesco HayezSelf-Portrait at the age of 88 in 1879Born(1791-02-10)10 February 1791Venice, Republic of VeniceDied12 February 1882(1882-02-12) (aged 91)Milan, Kingdom of ItalyNationalityItalianKnown forPaintingMovementRomanticism Francesco Hayez (Italian: [franˈtʃesko ˈaːjets]; 10 February 1791 – 12 February 1882) was an Italian painter. He is considered one of the leading artists of Romanticism in mid-19th-century Milan, and is renowned for…
I Found YouSingle by Benny Blanco and Calvin Harrisfrom the album Friends Keep Secrets ReleasedNovember 2, 2018 (2018-11-02)RecordedOctober 2018Genre Dance-pop house nu-disco Length3:11LabelFriends Keep SecretsInterscopeSongwriter(s)Benny BlancoAdam WilesProducer(s)Benny BlancoCalvin HarrisBenny Blanco singles chronology Eastside (2018) I Found You (2018) Better to Lie (2018) Calvin Harris singles chronology Promises(2018) I Found You(2018) Checklist[1][2](…
Virtual globe 3-D modeling application MarbleScreenshot of Marble showing EuropeDeveloper(s)KDEInitial releaseNovember 2006; 17 years ago (2006-11)Stable release23.08.2[1] / 12 October 2023; 55 days ago (12 October 2023)Preview release1.5.0 (February 6, 2013; 10 years ago (2013-02-06)) [±] Repositoryinvent.kde.org/education/marble Written inC++ (Qt)Operating systemUnix-like, Windows, AndroidAvailable inMultiple lang…
Kenya Institute of Social Work and Community DevelopmentMottoEmpowering the Community for Sustainable DevelopmentTypePrivateEstablished1997DirectorBenjamin M. MutieAcademic staff40[1]Students1300[2]LocationNairobi, Nairobi City County, Kenya1°17′13″S 36°50′15″E / 1.287013°S 36.837603°E / -1.287013; 36.837603CampusUrban, 25 acres (0.1 km2)[3]ColorsBlue and white[a] AffiliationsKNEC, ABMA UK,KASNEB, ICM, ICDLMascotBook[…
RUC main studio Coimbra University Radio (Portuguese: Rádio Universidade de Coimbra - RUC) is a university radio station of the Coimbra Academic Association (students' union) of the University of Coimbra in Coimbra, Portugal. It broadcasts on 107.9 FM (also broadcasts on-line).[1] The Center of Experimental Radio was founded in the 1940s but it was only on 1 March 1986[2] that the radio obtained the authorization to broadcast on FM.[3][4] The studios and offices …
Prison in North Yorkshire, England HMP Askham GrangeLocationAskham Richard, North YorkshireSecurity classAdult Female/Young OffendersCapacity128Population120 (as of December 2019)OpenedJanuary 1947Managed byHM Prison ServicesGovernorJulia SpenceWebsiteAskham Grange at justice.gov.uk HM Prison Askham Grange is a women's open category prison, located in Askham Richard village in North Yorkshire, England. The prison is run by His Majesty's Prison Service. History H.M. Prison Askham Grange was o…
Battle of AcheralPart of Operativo IndependenciaDate10 October 1975LocationAcheral, Tucumán province, ArgentinaResult Argentine Army victoryBelligerents Argentina People's Revolutionary ArmyCommanders and leaders Acdel Vilas Mario Roberto SantuchoUnits involved Argentine Army Aconquija Task Force[1] Ibatín Task Force[1] Ramón Rosa Jiménez Mountain CompanyStrength 45–93 soldiers[1]3 helicopters[1] 13 guerrillas[2]Casualties and losses 1 killed…
2023 film by David Zonana HeroicTheatrical release posterDirected byDavid ZonanaWritten byDavid ZonanaProduced by Michel Franco David Zonana Eréndira Núñez Larios StarringSantiago Sandoval CarbajalCinematographyCarolina CostaProductioncompanies Teorema Filmadora Common Ground Pictures Film i Väst Distributed byWild BunchRelease date 21 January 2023 (2023-01-21) (Sundance) Running time88 minutesCountries Mexico Sweden Languages Spanish Nahuatl Heroic (Spanish: Heroico) is a…
English fleet sent against Spain in 1589 This article is about the 1589 expeditionary naval task force from England against Spain. For the naval complement of England, see English Navy. English ArmadaPart of the Anglo–Spanish War (1585–1604)Map of the English Armada campaignsDateApril - July 1589LocationA Coruña – Lisbon, Iberian Coast(modern Spain (Galicia), and Portugal)Bay of BiscayResult Spanish victory[2][3] English withdrawal with heavy losses.[4] No Portugue…
2023 video gameThe Mageseeker: A League of Legends StoryDeveloper(s)Digital SunPublisher(s)Riot ForgeSeriesLeague of LegendsEngineUnity[1]Platform(s)Microsoft WindowsNintendo SwitchPlayStation 4PlayStation 5Xbox OneXbox Series X/SReleaseApril 18, 2023Genre(s)Action role-playingMode(s)Single-player The Mageseeker: A League of Legends Story is an action role-playing video game developed by Digital Sun and published by Riot Forge. A spin-off game of the League of Legends franchise, the game…
Ming dynasty 1492 reprint of the Yupian Vol. 27 of the Yupian in Ishiyama-dera, Ōtsu, Japan (facsimile) The Yupian (Chinese: 玉篇; pinyin: Yùpiān; Wade–Giles: Yü-p'ien; Jade Chapters) is a c. 543 Chinese dictionary edited by Gu Yewang (顧野王; Ku Yeh-wang; 519–581) during the Liang dynasty. It arranges 12,158 character entries under 542 radicals, which differ somewhat from the original 540 in the Shuowen Jiezi. Each character entry gives a fanqie pronunciation gloss and …
Sie reubôh adalah salah satu masakan yang berasal dari Aceh yang tergolong berbeda dari sebagian besar masakan lain. Sie reubôh dibuat dari rebusan daging sapi atau kerbau yang hanya dibumbui dengan bawang merah, bawang putih, cabai rawit, cabai merah dan merica;[1] berbeda dari makanan khas dari Aceh lain yang berbumbu kuat dan mengandung banyak rempah-rempah. Semua bumbu tersebut dihaluskan lalu dimasukkan ke dalam rebusan daging. Sembari daging direbus dilakukan penambahan cuka enau…
Asosiasi Perguruan Tinggi Katolik (APTIK) adalah sebuah lembaga kerja sama antara pengelola perguruan tinggi Katolik yang didirikan oleh empat perguruan tinggi Katolik (Unika Atma Jaya - Jakarta, Unika Parahyangan - Bandung, Universitas Sanata Dharma - Yogyakarta dan Universitas Katolik Widya Mandala Surabaya pada tanggal 24 Februari 1984 sebagai pengganti Yayasan Kerjasama Perguruan Tinggi Katolik (YKPTK) dan Majelis Pendidikan Tinggi Katolik (MPTK). Anggota Yayasan Atma Jaya - Universitas Atma…
Flag appointment in the United States Navy Commander, U.S. Pacific FleetCommander's sealFlag of a U.S. Navy four-star admiralIncumbentAdmiral Samuel J. Paparo Jr.since May 5, 2021United States Pacific FleetAbbreviationCOMPACFLTReports to Secretary of the Navy (administrative) Chief of Naval Operations (administrative) Commander, U.S. Indo-Pacific Command (operational) SeatNaval Station Pearl Harbor, HawaiiAppointerThe Presidentwith Senate advice and consentTerm length2–3 years(approx.)For…
5th season in franchise history 1999 Jacksonville Jaguars seasonHead coachTom CoughlinHome fieldAlltel StadiumResultsRecord14–2Division place1st AFC CentralPlayoff finishWon Divisional Playoffs(vs. Dolphins) 62–7 Lost AFC Championship(vs. Titans) 14–33Pro BowlersT Tony BoselliT Leon SearcyWR Jimmy SmithQB Mark BrunellDE Tony BrackensLB Kevin HardyFS Carnell LakeUniform ← 1998 Jaguars seasons 2000 → The 1999 season was the Jacksonville Jaguars' 5th in the National…
For the naval officer and surgeon, see Arthur Bowes Smyth. For those of a similar name, see Arthur Smith (disambiguation). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Arthur Smyth – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) The Most Reve…
1933 short story collection by P. G. Wodehouse First edition (UK) Mulliner Nights is a collection of short stories by P. G. Wodehouse. First published in the United Kingdom on 17 January 1933 by Herbert Jenkins, and in the United States on 15 February 1933 by Doubleday, Doran.[1] The stories in the collection were originally published in magazines in the UK and the US between 1930 and 1932. The book is the third collection featuring Mr Mulliner, who narrates all nine stories contained in…
Questa voce è orfana, ovvero priva di collegamenti in entrata da altre voci. Inseriscine almeno uno pertinente e utile e rimuovi l'avviso. Brandon Hicks Hicks con gli Athletics nel 2012 Nazionalità Stati Uniti Altezza 188 cm Peso 91 kg Baseball Ruolo Seconda base, Interbase, Terza base Termine carriera 2016 Carriera Squadre di club 2010-2011 Atlanta Braves2012 Oakland Athletics2014 San Francisco Giants Statistiche Batte destro Lancia destro Media battuta ,153 Valide 45 Pun…