The New-York Directory, published in 1786, was the first extant directory for New York City and the third published in the United States. It listed 846 names. A year earlier, the first two in the country were published in Philadelphia – the first, compiled by Francis White, was initially printed October 27, 1785,[1][2][3] and the second, compiled by John Macpherson (1726–1792), was initially printed November 22, 1785.[4][5][6]
Timeline and highlights
1624:
New Amsterdam, a 17th-century Dutch settlement established at the southern tip of Manhattan, in 1624, became a provincial extension of the Dutch Republic and was designated as the capital of the province in 1625.
1655:
Arguably, the first New York City directory was A Directory for the City of New York in 1665, a list of mostly Dutch householders, men and women, in New Amsterdam, arranged according to the streets they lived on.
1725:
As a milestone in publishing, the first newspaper in the State of New York, the New-York Gazette, was published on November 8, 1725, in Manhattan.
1752:
January 1, 1752 – calendar reform – the Gregorian calendar, intended to more accurately reflect a solar year, replaced the Julian calendar throughout Britain. The first day of a new year changed from March 25 to January 1. In doing so, the calendar dropped 11 days, beginning September 14, 1752, the date that immediately followed September 2. For dates prior to 1752, historians henceforth added 11 days. For example, George Washington's birthday – February 11 on a Julian calendar – became February 22.
The New York Directory (republished 1851 copy)[7] was compiled and published by David Franks (né David Carroll Franks) and printed by Shepard Kollock (1750–1839). The listings are categorized by profession and appear in alphabetical order by first name. By coincidence, on page 63, the listing of Alexander Hamilton immediately follows that of Aaron Burr, who, on July 11, 1804, mortally wounded Hamilton in a duel – famously reenacted in the Broadway musical Hamilton.
Franks was an accountant and conveyancer. In 1788, he petitioned for relief from creditors due to insolvency.[8]
The New York Directory, and Register was published by Hodge, Allen & Campbell[10]
Robert Hodge (1746–1813) (editor) immigrated to America from Edinburgh in 1770 and opened a printing office in New York in 1773.[11]
Thomas Allen (1754–1826)[12] (editor) was a bookseller in New York from 1786 to 1799. In 1789, he offered for sale the first Encyclopædia Britannica in America. Samuel Campbell (1765–1836)[13][14] (editor) was born in Edinburgh, Scotland. He had been, from about 1785 to 1822, a bookseller in New York, his final location being at 124 Pearl Street.[15]
His father, Samuel Campbell (1735–1813) acquired around 120 acres in Springfield, New Jersey (an area that has since become part of Millburn, New Jersey), about 16 miles from New York City, where he built a home and, in 1795, built The Thistle Paper Mill, the site on which, today, sits the Paper Mill Playhouse. Samuel Campbell, the son, married twice, to sisters – first, on December 14, 1886, to Eliza Duyckinck (1765–1798) – second, on July 24, 1799, to Euphame Duyckinck (1771–1847). Both were aunts of writers Evert Augustus Duyckinck (1816–1878) and George Long Duyckinck (1823–1863), who were brothers. Hodge, Allen, and Campbell, together, owned a bookstore, but Allen sold his interest to Hodge and Campbell in 1790. In 1792, Hodge and Campbell went their separate ways in bookselling – Hodge at 11 Water Street and Campbell at 37 Hanover Square. Campbell's brother, Robert (1767–1800) was a notable bookseller in Philadelphia. Robert is cited for having published texts that contributed to the American Enlightenment.[16]
1790:
The first sidewalks were laid on Broadway, between Vesey and Murray Streets.
1791–1795:
The New-York Directory and Register published – William Duncan (–1795) (compiler); John McComb (1763–1853) (cartographer); Cornelius Tiebout (1777–1832) (engraver); T. & J. Swords (printer) (§ New York City (Manhattan) directories)
Thomas Swords (1763–1843) and James Swords (1765–1846), Albany-born brothers, founded and ran the firm in New York City from 1788 to 1832, when Thomas retired.[17] A daughter of Thomas Swords, Elizabeth Davidson Swords (1804–1833), on June 8, 1824, in Manhattan, married John Evers (1797–1884), an artist and one of the founders of the National Academy of Design.
1796:
John Low (1763–1809)
John Buel (1768–1800)[18][a] (printer), corner of Water Street and Fly Market (in the 17th century, located at the bottom of Maiden Lane)[19]
In 1796, John Low published his directory and in 1797, he established his bookstore in New York, called "Shakespeare's Head" at 332 Water Street, later, at 33 (1804–1808) and at 17 (1813–1819) Chatham Street (now known as Park Row), and after that, at 48 Vesey Street (around 1825). When John Low Sr. died, his wife, Esther Prentiss (maiden; 1762–1816), and sons, John Low Jr. (1790–1829), and Thomas P. Low (1795–1818), continued operating the bookstore. Other imprints from his firm were used, including "E. Low," which reflects the name of his wife, Esther. One of John Low's granddaughters, Elizabeth Hannah Remington (maiden, never married; 1826–1917), was, until about 1897, one of the best known pastel artists in the country.[22]
1796–1817:
David Longworth (1765?–1821)
In 1805, Longworth's directory listed 291 shoemakers in New York City, second only to carpentry in total practitioners. Longworth's 1805 directory also listed a variety of men from other trades, including four each identified as bakers, carpenters, hairdressers, and tailors, three each as blacksmiths, butchers, printers, and sailmakers, and seventeen other crafts such as a wire-maker, stone-ware potter, a tin and copper worker, a venetian blind manufacturer, and a cooper. Only three non-skilled subscribers appeared: a cartman named Josiah Corrington and two laborers, Abraham Day, and Peter Winthrop. In a study of readership of The New-York Magazine, David Paul Nord found in a random sample of the 1790 New York Directory that shoemakers comprised 14.7 percent of the artisan population in New York City.[23][24]
Directories compiled by David Longworth began referencing the United States calendar (aka National calendar), from July 4, 1776. For example, a book published today, 2 June 2024, would be expressed as "The two hundred and forty-seventh Year of American Independence."
1804:
John Langdon and Son, 32 Vesey Street, grocers and directory makers (1804)
32 Vesey Street, office of Langdon's Early and Cheap Directory (1804)
William W. Vermilye (1780–1849) (printer)
New York City directories, commencing with Longworth's 1832 edition, provides lists of newspapers published in New York City. (Mercein's city directory of 1820 also provides a list of newspapers in New York City).
Edwin Williams (1797–1854) compiled two directories: (i) The New-York Annual Register (10 Volumes, from 1830 to 1845), and (ii) New-York As It Is (for about 3 years, beginning 1833).
One of his printers, Benjamin S. Collins (né Benjamin Say Collins; 1784–1857) – of Collins & Hannay – was a son of Isaac Collins, pioneering printer from New York City.
Benjamin S. Collins and Samuel Hannay were partners as booksellers from 1817 to 1831. Thereafter, the business continued by Hannay and George B. Collins (1807–1854), the only surviving son of Charles Collins (1774–1843), Benjamin's brother.[25] Samuel Hannay had also been a corporate secretary for the Mutual Life Insurance Company of New York, chartered on April 12, 1842, by Alfred Pell and Morris Robinson (1784–1849) (president). Hannay died in 1849.
1833–18??:
New York As It Is, first published in 1833, was in 1848 the namesake of a New York musical (re: New York As It Is), written by Benjamin A. Baker (1818–1890) and produced by Frank S. Chanfrau (1824–1884) at the Chatham Theatre on Chatham Street (now Park Row), starring Frank Chanfrau and Mrs. Junius Brutus Booth.[26]
1845: Doggett issued a supplement, needed because of the Great Fire of July 19, updating address changes.
One of his printers, Seth Williston Benedict (1803–1869), was an influential member of the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, for whom he published The Emancipator (1835: New York)[27] and other publications.
1850–1855:
In 1849, after years of haphazard planning and a series of deadly cholera outbreaks in other countries, New York City started systematically building sewers. Between 1850 and 1855, New York laid 70 miles of sewers. See: 1846–1860 cholera pandemic (global) 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak (London) High Bridge (New York City)
1850–1851:
Charles Rudolph Rode (1825–1865), of Doggett & Rode
Henry Wilson, compiler of the earlier Trow directories, was a bookseller and publisher of The Book Trade.[28] His business address in 1852 was at 49 Ann Street. The 1879 Trow directory stated that Henry Wilson had no connection to the directory.[29]
1859:
John Christopher Gobright (né Gobrecht) of Baltimore began publishing The New-York Sketch Book; and Merchants' Guide. He and John W. Torsch (1834–1898), also of Baltimore, earlier, in 1857, began publishing The Baltimore Illustrated Times and Local Gazette.
White, Orr and Company, the principals being James H. White, John F. White, Michael White (brothers), and William B. Orr, allegedly purchased the Phillips directories business. But the three brothers and Orr were indicted by a New York County grand jury and arrested on December 30, 1921, on charges of grand larceny (or second degree larceny) for collecting advertising fees for directories never published, other than the two published.[30] The alleged amount that they swindled reached four million dollars.[31]
Similar attempts to fraudulently collect were common, even with Wilson's Directory.[33]
1861:
For east-west cross streets on the grid system, Manhattan adopted the decimal system. Each block between two major avenues were assigned address numbers in increments of 100. The addresses on blocks between Fifth and Sixth Avenues, for example, took numbers 1 through 99 – between Sixth and Seventh Avenues, 100 through 199; and so on. Note that this did not unify address numbers for the avenues.[34]
Woolf Phillips (died 1916) began publishing the Phillips' Business Directory of New York City. In 1874, he began publishing Phillips' Élite Directory in the style of the Royal Court Guide of London.
Woolf Phillips was a brother of Morris Phillips (1834–1904), who had been associated with the poet, Nathaniel Parker Willis (1806–1867), as associate editor of the New York Home Journal from September 1854, until Willis' death, then became chief editor and sole proprietor. Morris Phillips, in America, became known as "the father of society news."[35]
One of the printers for Phillips, Frank Denham Harmon (1850–1907), had been married to Mary Eloise Burr (1856–1899), whose great-grandmother, Hannah Burr (née Edwards; 1723–1803) was a sister of Jonathan Edwards (1703–1758), the third president (in 1758) of Princeton. Princeton's second president (from 1748 to 1757), Aaron Burr Sr. (1716–1757), was a son-in-law, by way of marriage to Esther Edwards (maiden; 1732–1758), of Jonathan Edwards. Aaron Burr Sr., was also the father of Aaron Burr Jr. (1756–1836).
1871–1886:
The Trow City Directory Company, John F. Trow, Vice President
John Libby was, in 1890, one of the four buyers of the block between 28th and 29th Streets and 14th and 15th Avenues in the Beechhurst neighborhood of Queens. This block was originally settled by employees of the Trow City Directory Company and was called for many years the "Trow Settlement." The house which was originally the Libby home, on the corner of 14th Avenue and 28thy Street, was later owned by Mrs. Charlotte Phayre.[36][37][38]
The first New York City telephone directory was issued October 23, 1878, by Bell Telephone Company of New York. It was printed on cardboard and could fit in a vest pocket. It listed 252 names, of which, only 17 were residential – ten in Manhattan and five in Brooklyn.[39][40]
1883:
The Brooklyn Bridge, connecting Manhattan and Brooklyn, opened.
1888:
During the Gilded Age, the Social Register was copyrighted by the Social Register Association. The first volume appeared for New York City in 1888. There were less than two thousand families listed.
1889:
The Tower Building, arguably New York City's first skyscraper, was completed.
The first underground line of the subway opened on October 27, 1904, almost 36 years after the opening of the first elevated line in New York City, which became the IRT Ninth Avenue Line.
Winthrop Press re-printed the 1786 directory. John Henry Eggers (1861–1944) founder and president of Winthrop. Eggers was the father of World War I hero Alan Louis Eggers.[41]
1905:
Samuel DeWitt Styles (1841–1910) and Alexander Cash (1839–1910), printers of the Union League Club publications, were brothers-in-law. Cash, in 1866, married Sam Styles's sister, Sarah Catharine Styles (1843–1906). Cash also was a maternal uncle of architect George Oakley Totten Jr., who, in 1921, married Swedish-born sculptor Vicken von Post.
The 1911–1912 edition of the Directory of Directors in the City of New York(§ Directories of directors) shows railway executive William C. Brown (né William Carlos Brown; 1853–1924) in 95 companies (railway subsidiaries) and J.P. Morgan in 65.[42]
David C. Franks (original printer) H. J. Sachs & Company (re-publisher) (Harry J. Sachs) Winthrop Press (re-printer) (John H. Eggers; died 1844; President)[43]
Union Sketch-Book (The): A reliable guide, exhibiting the history and business resources of the leading mercantile and manufacturing firms of New York To which is added, A Hand Book, for the use of visiting merchants
Pudney & Russell (publisher) (Andrew L. Pudney; 1808–1884) (Joseph Russell)
Gobright & Pratt (compilers) (John Christopher Gobright)
Union Sketch-Book (The): A reliable guide, exhibiting the history and business resources of the leading mercantile and manufacturing firms of New York To which is added, A Directory
List of Persons, Copartnerships, and Corporations, Who Were Taxed on Seventeen Thousand Five Hundred Dollars, and Upwards, in the City of New York, in the Year 1850 (1851)
With a brief account of the cities, towns, villages and places of resort within thirty miles; designed as a Guide for Citizens and Strangers, to all places to all places of attraction in the city and its vicinity; with maps and illustrations
New York as It Was and as It Is: Giving an Account of the City From Its Settlement to the Present Time; Forming a Complete Guide to the Great Metropolis of the Nation, Including the City of Brooklyn and the Surrounding Cities and Villages; Together With a Classified Business Directory; With Map and Illustrations
A complete guide, descriptive sketches of objects and places of interest and condensed tables of churches, institutions, banks, hotels, city railroads, ferries, stage lines, amusements, etc. also travelers' directory for railroads, steamboats, ocean steamers; and a complete new street directory
Taintor Brothers & Co. (Taintor's Route and City Guides)
A complete guide, descriptive sketches of objects and places of interest and condensed tables of churches, institutions, banks, hotels, city railroads, ferries, stage lines, amusements, etc. also travelers' directory for railroads, steamboats, ocean steamers; and a complete new street directory
Taintor Brothers, Merrill & Co. (Taintor's Route and City Guides)
A complete guide, descriptive sketches of objects and places of interest and condensed tables of churches, institutions, banks, hotels, city railroads, ferries, stage lines, amusements, etc. also travelers' directory for railroads, steamboats, ocean steamers; and a complete new street directory
Taintor Brothers, Merrill & Co. (Taintor's Route and City Guides)
Charity Organization Society of the City of New York (publisher) Stettiner, Lambert & Co. (printer) Louis Stettiner (1859–1932) Simon Lambert (1844–1898) Isidor Fürst (1848–1915)
History of the New York Stock Exchange, The New York Stock Exchange Directory, The Produce, Consolidated Stock and Petroleum, and Cotton Exchanges of the New York and London Clearing House Systems
Sanitary and Topographical Map of the City and Island of New York –
Showing original water courses and made land – the Viélé map is a revision of a 1609 map of Manhattan's topography when it was relatively unaltered by man
Prepared for the Council of Hygiene and Public Health of the Citizens' Association[51] under the direction of Egbert L. Viele, Topographical Engineer Ferdinand Mayer & Co. (lithographer)
Albemarle Hotel Map of Manhattan, City of New York, The With index of streets and strangers' directory to business houses, public buildings, principal churches, places of amusement, etc. etc.
Beach Pneumatic Transit Company's Broadway Underground Railway, New York City, The –
with complete maps of the City of New York and adjacent territory, showing the main lines and connections of the Broadway underground railway, profiles of the routes, etc.
Harlem (City of New York) – Its Origin and Early Annals, Prefaced by Home Scenes in the Fatherlands; Or, Notices of Its Founders Before Emigration. Also, Sketches of Numerous Families and the Recovered History of the Land-Titles
New Harlem Past and Present – The Story of an Amazing Civic Wrong, Now at Last to Be Righted – With a Review of Principles of Law Involved in the Recovery of the Harlem Lands
New Harlem Publishing Company (Henry Pennington Toler; 1864–1910) (William Pennington Toler; 1860–1905) (publisher)
Carl Horton Pierce (1870–1947) Legal review by William Pennington Toler (1860–1905) and Harmon De Pau Nutting (1846–1907)
Harlem (City of New York) – Its Origin and Early Annals, Prefaced by Home Scenes in the Fatherlands; Or, Notices of Its Founders Before Emigration. Also, Sketches of Numerous Families and the Recovered History of the Land-Titles
New Harlem Publishing Company (publisher) Journal Press (printer)
Riker, James Jr. (1822–1889) Revised by Henry Pennington Toler Edited by Sterling Potter
A Compilation of the Existing Ferry Leases and Railroad Grants Made by the Corporation of the City of New York – Together With the Grants From the Legislature From the State to Use the Streets of the City for Railroad Purposes – Also the Various Ordinances, Resolutions, &c., Passed by the Common Council, Relating to or Affecting the Same
Containing an almanac, civil divisions, and census of the state; with political, statistical and other information, relating to the State of New-York and the United States; also, a full list of county officers, attorneys, &c.
Containing an almanac for 1845–6, with political, statistical and other information, relating to the State of New-York and the United States; also, a complete list of county officers, attorneys, &c. The National Register contains a full list of U. States government officers, &c.
John Disturnell (1801–1877) (publisher) C. Van Benthuysen and Co. (printer) (Charles Van Benthuysen; 1817–1881)
Being a supplement to the register for 1845–46: containing a list of the officers of the State of New-York, alphabetical list of attorneys, constitution of the State, new judiciary, &c., &c.
John Disturnell (1801–1877) (publisher) C. Van Benthuysen (printer) (Charles Van Benthuysen; 1817–1881)
The New York Mercantile Union Business Directory, Containing a New Map of New York City and State, and a Business Directory, Showing the Name, Location and Business of Mercantile Firms, Manufacturing Establishments, Professional Men, Artists, Corporations, Banking, Moneyed and Literary Institutions, Courts, Public Officers, and All the Various Miscellaneous Departments, Which Contribute to the Business, Wealth and Prosperity of the State to Which Is Appended, a Short Advertising Register Many of the Principal Mercantile Houses and Manufacturing Establishments of New York and Other Cities. Carefully Collected and Arranged for 1850–51. To Be Revised and Continued
Red Book, The – An Illustrated Legislative Manual of the State, Containing the Portraits and Biographies of Its Governors and Members of the Legislature
Red Book, The – An Illustrated Legislative Manual of the State, Containing the Portraits and Biographies of Its Governors, State Officers and Members of the Legislature, With Portraits of Congressmen, Judges and Mayors
A.T. De La Mare Printing and Publishing Co. Ltd. (printer) (Alpheus Theodore De La Mare; 1853–1950) Biographical Directory Company (incorporated) (publisher) (James De Lyon Howth, President)
New York and its Institutions, 1609–1871 – The Brights Side of New York – A Library of Information, Pertaining to the Great Metropolis, Past and Present, With Historic Sketches of Its Churches, Schools, Public Buildings, Parks and Cemeteries, of Its Police, Fire, Health and Quarantine Departments, of Its Prisons, Hospitals, Homes, Asylums, Dispensaries and Morgue and All Municipal and Private Charitable Institutions
E.B. Treat (publisher) (Erastus Buck Treat; 1838–1928) Press of Cushing, Bardua & Co. Stereotyped at the Women's Printing House
New York and its Institutions, 1609–1872 – The Brights Side of New York – A Library of Information, Pertaining to the Great Metropolis, Past and Present, With Historic Sketches of Its Churches, Schools, Public Buildings, Parks and Cemeteries, of Its Police, Fire, Health and Quarantine Departments, of Its Prisons, Hospitals, Homes, Asylums, Dispensaries and Morgue and All Municipal and Private Charitable Institutions
E.B. Treat (publisher) Press of Joseph J. Little Stereotyped at the Women's Printing House
New York and its Institutions, 1609–1873 – The Brights Side of New York – A Library of Information, Pertaining to the Great Metropolis, Past and Present, With Historic Sketches of Its Churches, Schools, Public Buildings, Parks and Cemeteries, of Its Police, Fire, Health and Quarantine Departments, of Its Prisons, Hospitals, Homes, Asylums, Dispensaries and Morgue and All Municipal and Private Charitable Institutions
A File of Musicians, Music Publishers and Musical Instrument-Makers Listed in New York Directories from 1786 Through 1835, Together with the Most Important New York Music Publishers from 1836 Through 1875
New York Directory and Register for the Year 1789–1796
New Trade Directory for New York anno 1800
John Langdon and Son's New York City Directory 1804–1805
Jones's New York Mercantile and General Directory 1805
Alphabetical Table of the Situation and Extent of the Different Streets ... 1807–1808
Elliot & Crissy's New York Directory 1811
Elliot's Improved New York Double Directory 1812
New York As It Is 1833–1835, 1837, 1839–1849
Classified Mercantile Directory 1837
New York Business Directory 1840/41, 1841/42, 1844/45 (1842/43 t.p. missing)
Street Directory of the City of New York 1843
New York City Co-Partnership Directory 1844
New York City Directory 1844–1845
1845 (t.p. missing)
United States Statistical Directory or Merchants' and Travellers' Guide With a Wholesale Business Directory of New York 1847
Merchant's Business director[y] and Stranger's Guide 1847–1848
1847/48 (t.p. missing)
New York Mercantile Register 1848–1849
Map of the City and County of New York 1849–1850
New York, NY List of Persons 1850
A Map of the City and County of New York 1850
New York City Directory 1851–1852
School Directory of the City of New York 1856
New York City Mercantile and Manufacturers' Business Directory for the Year Ending May 1, 1857. New York: West, Lee & Bartlett, 335 Broadway (publisher). Mason Brothers (printer). 1857. LCCN24-16071; OCLC7928448 (all editions).
Boyd's Pictorial Directory of Broadway 1859
Deutscher Wegweiser durch New York und Umgegend, Tamsen & Dethleffs (eds.), 1884
Murphy's Business Directory for 1888
Holt's New-York Register, for 1804 Charles Holt (1772–1852) (printer & publisher); OCLC926764796[f][g]
Holt's New-York Register, for 1806
New-York Commercial List Containing the Names and Occupations of Principal Merchants, T.P. Richards (compiler), William W. Rose (printer) (1853); OCLC39693790
Twitt's Directory of Prominent Business Men in New-York, Twitt & Co. (James Twitt) (publisher) (1858); OCLC42139312
Foster's Account of the Conflagration of the Principal Part of the First Ward of the City of New-York, Benjamin F. Foster, C. Foster (1835); OCLC58760647, 878533663[h]
Who's Who in Harlem, Magazine & Periodical Printing & Pub. Co., Inc. (1950); OCLC10143688
Who's Who in Harlem: the 1949–1950 biographical register of a group of distinguished persons of New York's Harlem,Alexandria, Virginia: Chadwyck-Healey (1987); OCLC23852901
Stucker's Classified Business and Professional Directory, by Henri T. Stucker, New York: Henri T. Publishing Co., (1945–); OCLC907663199
Notes and references
^John Buel (1768–1800) was the founder and publisher of the Evening Mercury (New York). He founded it January 1, 1793, as a 4-page quarto and issued it weekdays, immediately after four o'clock. The last extant issue is January 3, 1793 (Vol. 1, No. 3). John Buel & Co. also launched the Columbian Gazetteer, which ran from 1793 to 1794 (final issue: November 13, 1794, Vol. 2, No. 130). The Columbian Gazetteer, was purchased by Levi Wayland, who, with Matthew Livingston Davis(de) (1773–1850), founded and edited The New-York Evening Post (first issue: November 26, 1794). (see Clarence S. Brigham, "Proceedings, 1917, in the Reference section)
^John Bull was, from 1795 to 1797, editor of the New York Weekly Magazine. He also printed:
Camilla, a picture of youth (Vol. 1) (December 6, 1797) By Madame D'Arblay (late Miss Burney)
^L.L. Poates Publishing Co. & L.L. Poates Engraving Co., founded by Leonard L. Poates, merged to form Poates Corp. (Manhattan) January 27, 1925. Poates died October 8, 1938, in Long Beach, California – on his 53th wedding anniversary with Ida L. Kallenbach (maiden; 1862–1952).
^Amos F. Eno (1836–1915), son of New York City real estate tycoon Amos Richards Eno (1810–1898), never married and left his entire estate to Columbia University.
^Containing, an almanac for the year, etc.; Constitutions of the United States and New-York. Lists of the officers of the Federal government, executive, legislative, judicial, diplomatic, consular, etc. and the Army and Navy. Lists of the administration of the state of New-York in general, the civil officers and attorneys in the different counties, the military, clergy, lodges, post-offices and routes, towns, counties, etc. and corporations, in the state, companies and societies in Hudson, etc.
^One of Holt's daughters, Elizabeth Dobbs Holt (1803–1880), married Phineas Cook Dummer (1797–1875), who, among other things, was the 6th Mayor of Jersey City.
^Macpherson's Directory for the City and Suburbs of Philadelphia, John Macpherson (compiler), Printed by Francis Bailey (first printed October 1st, 1785)
^Carleton's Loyalist index: a select index to the names of Loyalists and their associates contained in the British headquarters papers, New York City, 1774-1783 (the Carleton Papers); also, Book of Negroes,Ottawa: Sir Guy Carleton Branch, United Empire Loyalists' Association of Canada (1996; 1998)
^"Thomas Allen" (The Estate of Thomas Allen, Deceased) (probate date: November 6, 1826), New York County, Wills and Probate Records, 1826-1831, Vol. 61, pps. 26–31 (images 50–52, 2 pages per image) (original data: New York County, District and Probate Courts (accessible viaAncestry.com)
^"Republican Literature: A Study of Magazine Reading and Readers in Late Eighteenth Century New York," by David Paul Nord, PhD (Professor Emeritus; Indiana University Bloomington), American Quarterly, Vol. 40, No. 1, 1988; p. 50 (42–64)
^ ab"Fake Directory Scheme Run to Earth," by Hurnard Jay Kenner (1887–1973), Associated Advertising (published by the Associated Advertising Club of the World), Vol. 8, No. 2, February 1922, pps. 7–8
^The Source: A Guidebook of American Genealogy, Loretto Dennis Szucs (born 1941) & Sandra Luebking (née Sandra Hargreaves; 1943–2011) (eds.), Ancestry Incorporated (1997; 2006)
1997 ed. – Chapter 11: "Research in Directories," by Gordon Lewis Remington; OCLC833041259, 35270040