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Mount Banahaw
Mount Banahaw
Banahao
	Mount Banahaw, seen from Victoria, Laguna
Highest point
Elevation	2,170 m (7,120 ft)
Prominence	1,919 m (6,296 ft)
Listing	Active volcano; Ultra;
Coordinates	14°04′03″N 121°29′33″E / 14.06750°N 121.49250°E
Geography
	Mount Banahaw Mount Banahaw
Country	Philippines
Region	Calabarzon
Province	Laguna; Quezon;
Cities and municipalities	Candelaria; Dolores; Liliw; Lucban; Majayjay; Nagcarlan; Rizal; San Pablo; Sariaya; Tayabas;
Topo map(s)	Mount Banahaw Relief Map, SRTM-1.jpg
Geology
Mountain type	Stratovolcano complex
Volcanic arc/belt	Macolod Corridor
Last eruption	1909

Mount Banahaw (IPA: [bɐˈnahaʊ]; also spelled as Banahao and Banájao) is an active complex volcano on Luzon in the Philippines. The three-peaked volcano is located at the boundary of Laguna and Quezon provinces. It is the highest mountain in both provinces and Calabarzon region, dominating the landscape for miles around.^[4]

The mountain is considered by many a holy mountain, thus a bundok dambana, and is popular among pilgrims along with mountain climbers. It is located in a protected area known as Mounts Banahaw–San Cristobal Protected Landscape covering 10,901 hectares (26,940 acres) of land.^[5]^[6]

Physical characteristics

The andesitic Banahaw volcanic complex is composed of several stratovolcanoes with Mount Banahaw, the largest with a maximum elevation of 2,170 metres (7,119 ft) above mean sea level. The summit is topped by a 1.5 by 3.5 kilometres (0.93 mi × 2.17 mi) and 210 metres (690 ft) deep crater that is breached on the southern rim believed to have been caused by the 1730 eruption. Prior to 1730, a lake occupied the summit crater of Mount Banahaw. The resulting flood destroyed the town of Sariaya, Quezon located below the mountain.^[7]

Other peaks:

Mount San Cristobal (on the western slope)
Mount Banahaw de Lucban (at northeastern slope)
Buho Masalukot Domes (at southwestern slope)
Mount Mayabobo

Maars: Lake Dagatan/Gunao Lake and Lake Ticob
Thermal Areas:

Tiaong-San Pablo hot/warm springs
Bakia warm/cold springs
Sampaloc warm springs
Mainit hot/warm springs
Cagsiay hot/warm springs

Importance to locals

Banahaw is a custom pilgrimage site for locals, believed by many as a holy mountain, a spiritually-charged location. The mountain and its environs are considered sacred by local residents; the water from its sacred springs are deemed "holy water" for allegedly having beneficial qualities, issuing forth from locations called "puestos" or "holy sites". These sites are unique natural features composed not only of springs, but also caves, streams and boulders; with names with biblical allusions, and shrines erected in, on or around them. These locations were allegedly revealed to a man named Agripino Lontoc by the "Santong Boses" or the "Holy Voices", which also gave the names to these places way back during the Spanish colonial era. Another one of these mountains is the adjacent Mount Banahaw de Lucbán.^[7]

Banahaw is also a part of the Makiling-Banahaw Watershed, a reservation of the National Power Corporation (NAPOCOR) providing steam for power generation, as well as water source for domestic and industrial uses.^[8]

Hiking

The mountain is popular not only with pilgrims but also among mountain climbers being the closest over 2,000-metre (6,600 ft) mountain from Manila. Before 2004, hiking activity peaks during Holy Week each year, with climbers numbering to the thousands. At least four trails exist from Dolores, Sariaya, and other towns of Quezon located on its foothills. The most frequently used trails are the Cristalino and Tatlong Tangke, taking an average of 9 and 5 hours, respectively. These two trails originate from Barangay Kinabuhayan in Dolores, and meet near the summit, which is actually the rim of the Banahaw caldera. On the summit are viewpoints, labeled as Durungawan I, II, and III, which are the usual destination for pilgrims and hikers. Other points of interest include the "Kuweba ng Diyos Ama" (Tagalog: Cave of God the Father) and the spring at Brgy. Kinabuhayan, said to have curative powers.^[7]

Pollution

Due to incessant climbing activity the mountain trails have become littered with trash. In March 2004, the Department of Environment and Natural Resources ordered a 5-year suspension of hiking activity in the mountains, covering the Dolores and Sariaya trails. Reopening was delayed was then scheduled to March 2012, but was further extended to February 2015.^[4]^[9]^[10] Some sections of the mountain were reopened to hikers in 2019,^[11] and the mountain observed seasonal openings due to the mountain's religious significance, but most sections of the mountain still remain closed.^[12]

Biodiversity

Frogs endemic to Mount Banahaw include Platymantis banahao, Platymantis indeprensus, Platymantis montanus, Platymantis naomii, and Platymantis pseudodorsalis.

Reptilians

The Banahao forest skink (Parvoscincus banahaoensis) is a species skink endemic to Mount Banahao, Philippines.^[13]

Mammals

Mount Banahaw-San Cristobal Protected Landscape is home to four endemic rodents:

The Banahaw tree mouse (Musseromys gulantang) is a species of rodent endemic to Mount Banahaw in the Philippines.

The Banahaw tweezer-beaked rat (Rhychomys banaho) is a species of rodent endemic to Mount Banahaw in the Philippines.^[14]

The Banahaw forest mouse (Apomys banahao) is a species of rodent endemic to Mount Banahaw in the Philippines.

The Banahaw lowland forest mouse (Apomys magnus) is a species of rodent endemic to Mount Banahaw in the Philippines.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c "Philippines Mountains" – Ultra Prominence Page. Peaklist.org. Listed here as "Mount Banahao". Retrieved April 5, 2012.
^ "Mount Banahao, Philippines". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved April 5, 2012.
^ "Banahaw". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved December 19, 2010.
^ ^a ^b "Mount Banahaw". PinoyMountaineer. January 7, 2009. Archived from the original on April 13, 2009. Retrieved March 20, 2009.
^ "Protected Areas in Region IV-A (CALABARZON)" Archived September 29, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau. Retrieved on September 26, 2011.
^ "NIPAS Initial Components (PDF)" Archived March 20, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau. Retrieved on September 26, 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Mount Banahaw". Malapascua. Retrieved on September 25, 2011.
^ "Makiling-Banahaw Watershed". www.napocor.gov.ph. Retrieved February 27, 2020.^{[permanent dead link‍]}
^ "Mountain News: Mt. Halcon and Mt. Banahaw status updated". Pinoy Mountaineer. Retrieved on September 27, 2011.
^ "Banahaw, San Cristobal mountains closed to trekkers till 2015". Inquirer News. Retrieved on February 26, 2012.
^ Inquirer, Philippine Daily (March 16, 2018). "Respect 'sacred mountain,' DENR reminds Mt. Banahaw trekkers". INQUIRER.net. Retrieved June 1, 2022.
^ Villanueva, Rhodina. "Mt. Banahaw still closed to trekkers — DENR". Philstar.com. Retrieved June 1, 2022.
^ LINKEM, C.W. and BROWN, R.M. (2013) ‘systematic revision of the parvoscincus decipiens (boulenger, 1894) complex of Philippine forest skinks (Squamata: Scincidae: Lygosominae) with descriptions of seven new species’, Zootaxa, 3700(4), p. 501. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3700.4.1.
^ Balete, D. S.; Rickart, E. A.; Rosell-Ambal, R.G.B.; Jansa, S.; Heaney, L. R. (2007). "Descriptions of Two New Species of Rhynchomys Thomas (Rodentia: Muridae: Murinae) from Luzon Island, Philippines". Journal of Mammalogy. 88 (2): 287–301. doi:10.1644/06-MAMM-A-090R.1. JSTOR 4498659.