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Monogatari (Japanese: 物語, [monoɡaꜜtaɾi]) is a literary form in traditional Japanese literature – an extended prose narrative tale comparable to epic literature. Monogatari is closely tied to aspects of the oral tradition, and almost always relates a fictional or fictionalized story, even when retelling a historical event. Many of the great works of Japanese fiction, such as the Genji Monogatari and the Heike Monogatari, are in the monogatari form.

History

The form was prominent around the 9th to 15th centuries, reaching a peak between the 10th and 13th centuries.^[1] Monogatari was the court literature during the Heian era and also persisted in the form of archaic fiction until the sixteenth century.^[1] According to the Fūyō Wakashū (1271), at least 198 monogatari existed by the 13th century and that only 24 exist today.^[2]

Genres

The genre is subdivided into multiple categories depending on their contents:

Denki-monogatari

Stories dealing with fantastical events.

Taketori Monogatari (The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter)
Utsubo Monogatari (The Tale of the Hollow Tree)
Hyakumonogatari Kaidankai

Uta-monogatari

Stories drawn from poetry.

Heichū Monogatari (Tales of Heichū)
Ise Monogatari (Tales of Ise)
Yamato Monogatari (Tales of Yamato)

Tsukuri-monogatari

Aristocratic court romances.

Genji Monogatari (The Tale of Genji)
Hamamatsu Chūnagon Monogatari
Ochikubo Monogatari (The Tale of Ochikubo)
Sagoromo Monogatari
Torikaebaya Monogatari
Tsutsumi Chūnagon Monogatari
Yoru no Nezame (Wakeful Nights)

Rekishi-monogatari

Historical tales that emerged during the late Heian period, flourishing until the medieval age.^[3] These narratives were commonly written in kanbun (hybrid form of Chinese) or wabun (Japanese).^[3] Two of the most notable of this monogatari included the Eiga Monogatari and Ōkagami, which both narrated the story of Michinaga, the renowned Fujiwara regent.^[3]

Gunki-monogatari

Military chronicles and stories about war.

Gikeiki (The Tale of Yoshitsune)
Heiji Monogatari (The Tale of Heiji)
Heike Monogatari (The Tale of the Heike)
Hōgen Monogatari (The Tale of Hōgen)
Soga Monogatari (The Tale of the Soga Brothers)
Taiheiki (Chronicle of Great Peace)

Setsuwa-monogatari

Anecdotal tales.

Konjaku Monogatarishū (Tales of Times Now Past)
Uji Shūi Monogatari (A Collection of Tales from Uji)

Giko-monogatari

Pseudo-classical imitations of earlier tales.

Influence

When European and other foreign literature later became known to Japan, the word monogatari began to be used in Japanese titles of foreign works of a similar nature. For example, A Tale of Two Cities is known as Nito Monogatari (二都物語), One Thousand and One Nights as Sen'ichiya Monogatari (千一夜物語) and more recently The Lord of the Rings as Yubiwa Monogatari (指輪物語) and To Kill a Mockingbird as Arabama Monogatari (アラバマ物語).

Citations

^ ^a ^b Pettersson, Anders (2006). "Introduction: Concepts of Literature and Transcultural Literary History". In Pettersson, Anders (ed.). Literary History: Towards a Global Perspective. Vol. 1: Notions of Literature Across Times and Cultures. Berlin; New York: Walter de Gruyter. p. 13. ISBN 9783110189322. OCLC 1030572651.
^ A Tale of Eleventh-Century Japan: Hamamatsu Chunagon Monogatari. Translated by Rohlich, Thomas H. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 2014 [1983]. p. 4. ISBN 9781400856688. OCLC 884013397.
^ ^a ^b ^c Perez, Louis G. (2013). Japan at War: An Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 464. ISBN 9781598847413.

General and cited references

Frédéric, Louis (2002) [1996 (in French as Le Japon : Dictionnaire et Civilisation)]. "Monogatari". Japan Encyclopedia. Translated by Roth, Käthe (English ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p. 657. ISBN 9780674007703. OCLC 48943301. Retrieved 2 January 2025.
Kubota, Jun (2007). Iwanami Nihon Koten Bungaku Jiten [Iwanami Dictionary of Japanese Classical Literature] (in Japanese). Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten. ISBN 978-4-00-080310-6. OCLC 122941872.
Nihon Koten Bungaku Daijiten: Kan'yakuban [A Comprehensive Dictionary of Classical Japanese Literature: Concise Edition]. Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten. 1986. ISBN 4-00-080067-1. OCLC 22820487.