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Grand Duke of Luxembourg
Grand Duke of Luxembourg
Groussherzog vu Lëtzebuerg; Grand-duc de Luxembourg
	Arms of the Grand Duke of Luxembourg
	Standard of the Grand Duke of Luxembourg
	Incumbent; Henri; since 7 October 2000
Style	His Royal Highness
Type	Head of state
Residence	Berg Castle, Colmar-Berg
Seat	Grand Ducal Palace, Luxembourg City
Constituting instrument	Constitution of Luxembourg
First holder	William I, King of the Netherlands, Grand Duke of Luxembourg
Succession	Guillaume, Hereditary Grand Duke of Luxembourg
Website	monarchie.lu/en

The Grand Duke of Luxembourg^[a] is the head of state of Luxembourg. Luxembourg has been a grand duchy since 15 March 1815, when it was created from territory of the former Duchy of Luxembourg. It was in personal union with the United Kingdom of the Netherlands until 1890 under the House of Orange-Nassau. Luxembourg is the world's only sovereign Grand Duchy and since 1815, there have been nine monarchs, including the incumbent, Henri.

Constitutional role

The constitution of Luxembourg defines the grand duke's position:

The grand duke is the head of state, symbol of its unity, and guarantor of national independence. He exercises executive power in accordance with the constitution and the laws of the country.^[1]

After a constitutional change (to article 34) in December 2008 resulting from Henri's refusal to assent to a law legalizing euthanasia, laws now no longer require the grand duke's formal assent (implying "approval")^[2] but his task of promulgating the law as chief executive remains.

Compensation

The grand duke does not receive a salary, but the grand ducal family receives annually 300,000 gold francs (€281,000) for grand ducal functions.^[3] In 2017, the Luxembourg budget included €10.1 million for the grand duke's household costs.^[4]

Succession

Succession to the throne was governed by Salic law, as dictated by the Nassau Family Pact, first adopted on 30 June 1783.^[1] The right to reign over Luxembourg was until June 2011 passed by agnatic-cognatic primogeniture within the House of Nassau, as stipulated under the 1815 Final Act of the Congress of Vienna and as confirmed by the 1867 Treaty of London.^[1] The Nassau Family Pact itself can be amended by the usual legislative process, having been so on 10 July 1907 to exclude the Count of Merenberg branch of the House, which was descended from a morganatic marriage.^[5]

An heir apparent may be granted the style 'hereditary grand duke'. The current heir apparent is Hereditary Grand Duke Guillaume. In June 2011, agnatic primogeniture was replaced with absolute primogeniture, allowing any legitimate female descendants within the House of Nassau to be included in the line of succession.^[6]

Full titles

The traditional titulatures of the Grand Duke are By the Grace of God, Grand Duke of Luxembourg, Duke of Nassau, Count Palatine of the Rhine, Count of Sayn, Königstein, Katzenelnbogen and Diez, Burgrave of Hammerstein, Lord of Mahlberg, Wiesbaden, Idstein, Merenberg, Limburg and Eppstein.

It should, however, be noted that many of the titles are held without regard to the strict rules of Salic inheritance and that most, save for Grand Duke of Luxembourg and Duke of Nassau, are simply not used.

List of Grand Dukes

House of Orange-Nassau

Name	Date of birth	Date of death	Reign	Relationship with predecessor
William I Willem Frederik (Prince William VI of Orange)	24 August 1772	12 December 1843	15 March 1815 – 7 October 1840	Francis' third cousin and Anne, Duchess of Luxembourg's direct descendant
William II Willem Frederik George Lodewijk	6 December 1792	17 March 1849	7 October 1840 – 17 March 1849	Son of William I
William III Willem Alexander Paul Frederik Lodewijk	17 February 1817	23 November 1890	17 March 1849 – 23 November 1890	Son of William II

House of Nassau-Weilburg

Under the 1783 Nassau Family Pact, those territories of the Nassau family in the Holy Roman Empire at the time of the pact (Luxembourg and Nassau) were bound by semi-Salic law, which allowed inheritance by females or through the female line only upon extinction of male members of the dynasty. When William III died leaving only his daughter Wilhelmina as an heir, the crown of the Netherlands, not being bound by the family pact, passed to Wilhelmina. However, the crown of Luxembourg passed to a male of another branch of the House of Nassau: Adolphe, the dispossessed Duke of Nassau and head of the branch of Nassau-Weilburg.

In 1905, Grand Duke Adolphe's younger half-brother, Prince Nikolaus Wilhelm of Nassau, died, having left a son Georg Nikolaus, Count von Merenberg who was, however, the product of a morganatic marriage, and therefore not legally a member of the House of Nassau. In 1907, Adolphe's only son, William IV, Grand Duke of Luxembourg, obtained passage of a law confirming the right of his eldest daughter, Marie-Adélaïde, to succeed to the throne in virtue of the absence of any remaining dynastic males of the House of Nassau, as originally stipulated in the Nassau Family Pact. She became the grand duchy's first reigning female monarch upon her father's death in 1912, and upon her own abdication in 1919, was succeeded by her younger sister Charlotte, who married Felix of Bourbon-Parma, a prince of the former Duchy of Parma. Charlotte's descendants have since reigned as the continued dynasty of Nassau, and also constitute a cadet branch of the House of Bourbon-Parma.

Name and reign	Birth	Family and Marriages	Death	Succession right
Adolphe 23 November 1890 – 17 November 1905	24 July 1817 Wiesbaden (Prussia)	(1) Grand Duchess Elizabeth 31 January 1844 [1 child (stillborn)] (2) Grand Duchess Adelheid-Marie 23 April 1851 [5 children]	17 November 1905 (88 years) Colmar-Berg	Third cousin of William III
William IV 17 November 1905 – 25 February 1912	22 April 1852 Wiesbaden (Prussia)	Grand Duchess Marie Anne [6 children]	25 February 1912 (59 years) Colmar-Berg	Son of Adolphe
Marie-Adélaïde 25 February 1912 – 14 January 1919 (abdicated)	14 June 1894 Colmar-Berg	Unmarried [childless]	24 January 1924 (29 years) Lenggries (Germany)	Daughter of William IV
Charlotte 14 January 1919 – 12 November 1964 (abdicated)	23 January 1896 Colmar-Berg	Prince Felix 6 November 1919 [6 children]	9 July 1985 (89 years) Fischbach	Daughter of William IV / Sister of Marie-Adélaïde
Jean 12 November 1964 – 7 October 2000 (abdicated)	5 January 1921 Colmar-Berg	Grand Duchess Joséphine Charlotte 9 April 1953 [5 children]	23 April 2019 (98 years) Luxembourg City	Son of Charlotte
Henri 7 October 2000 – present	16 April 1955 Betzdorf	Grand Duchess Maria Teresa 4/14 February 1981 [5 children]	Living (69 years)	Son of Jean