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Mexican mud turtle
	In Jalisco
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Testudines
Suborder:	Cryptodira
Family:	Kinosternidae
Genus:	Kinosternon
Species:	K. integrum
Binomial name
	Kinosternon integrum; (Le Conte, 1854)
Synonyms
	List Kinosternum integrum LeConte, 1854 ; Cinosternum integrum Agassiz, 1857 ; Thyrosternum integrum Agassiz, 1857 ; Thyrosternon integrum Gray, 1858 ; Cinosternon integrum Strauch, 1862 ; Kinosternon integrum Müller, 1865 ; Swanka integra Gray, 1870 ; Cinosternon rostellum Bocourt, 1876 ; Cinosternon guanajuatense Dugès, 1888 ; Cinosternum rostellum Boulenger, 1889 ; Cinosternum scorpioides integrum Siebenrock, 1904 ; Kinosternon scorpioides integrum Ahl, 1934 ; Kinosternon intergrum Dixon, 1960 (ex errore) ; Cinosetum integrum Gillet, 1995 ; Kinosternon ingegrum Rogner, 1996 (ex errore) ;

The Mexican mud turtle (Kinosternon integrum),^[1]^[3] is a species of mud turtle in the family Kinosternidae. Endemic to Mexico, they inhabit moist environments, such as shallow ponds, lakes, rivers or intermediate temp. tropical forest areas.^{[citation needed]}

Distribution

In Mexico, it is found in Aguascalientes, Colima, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Michoacán, México, Morelos, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, San Luis Potosí, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tamaulipas and Zacatecas.^{[citation needed]}

Guanajuato
Guanajuato
Querétaro
Guanajuato
Guanajuato
Guanajuato

Reproduction

The Mexican mud turtle's nesting season lasts from early May to September, beginning just prior to the summer rainy season.^[4] A typical clutch size for each female is 2 to 4 eggs, but can range between 1 and 8.^[5]^[6]

Another distinctive feature within the species is the nostrils on male and female turtles. The females have a more rounded nostril and the nostril is more brownish as to yellow like the male.^[7]

The Mexican mud turtle is an organism that "bet hedges" meaning that its organism fitness varies depending on the condition it is in. When in a relaxed, every-day state, its fitness levels are low, however when stressed its fitness level increases. Bet hedging affects this organism's reproductive window as well, allowing it to only reproduce every two to three seasons.^[7]

Diet

Mexican mud turtles are omnivores. Some of the plants consumed include: Filamentous algae, grass seeds, guava seeds, etcetera. Some of the animals consumed include: Ants, wasps, bees, etcetera. It has been found that during the dry seasons, females tend to eat more plant matter than males.^[8]

References

^ ^a ^b van Dijk, P.P.; Hammerson, G.; Vazquez Diaz, J.; Quintero Diaz, G.E.; Santos, G.; Flores-Villela, O. (2016) [errata version of 2007 assessment]. "Kinosternon integrum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2007: e.T63671A97381758. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2007.RLTS.T63671A12705506.en. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
^ Fritz Uwe; Peter Havaš (2007). "Checklist of Chelonians of the World". Vertebrate Zoology. 57 (2): 254. doi:10.3897/vz.57.e30895. ISSN 1864-5755. S2CID 87809001.
^ Liner, Ernest A. and Gustavo Casas-Andreu. 2008. Standard Spanish, English and scientific names of the amphibians and reptiles of Mexico. Society for the Study Amphibians and Reptiles. Herpetological Circular 38: iv, 162 pp. (page 157)ISBN 978-0-916984-75-5
^ Iverson, John B. (1999). "Reproduction in the Mexican Mud Turtle Kinosternon integrum". Journal of Herpetology. 33 (1): 144–148. doi:10.2307/1565557. ISSN 0022-1511. JSTOR 1565557.
^ Casas-Andreu, Gustavo; Aguilar-Miguel, Xochitl S.; Cisneros, Maria de Lourdes Arias; Macip-Ríos, Rodrigo (December 2009). "Population Ecology and Reproduction of the Mexican Mud Turtle (Kinosternon integrum) in Tonatico, Estado de México". Western North American Naturalist. 69 (4): 501–510. doi:10.3398/064.069.0410. ISSN 1527-0904. S2CID 59423562.
^ Sustaita-Rodríguez, Víctor Hugo; Arias-Cisneros, María de Lourdes; Casas-Andreu, Gustavo; Brauer-Robleda, Pablo; Macip-Ríos, Rodrigo (January 2012). "Evidence for the Morphological Constraint Hypothesis and Optimal Offspring Size Theory in the Mexican Mud Turtle (Kinosternon integrum)". Zoological Science. 29 (1): 60–65. doi:10.2108/zsj.29.60. ISSN 0289-0003. PMID 22233498. S2CID 15192149.
^ ^a ^b Macip-Ríos, Rodrigo; Cisneros, Maria de Lourdes Arias; Aguilar-Miguel, Xochitl S.; Casas-Andreu, Gustavo (December 2009). "Population Ecology and Reproduction of the Mexican Mud Turtle (Kinosternon integrum) in Tonatico, Estado de México". Western North American Naturalist. 69 (4): 501–510. doi:10.3398/064.069.0410. ISSN 1527-0904. S2CID 59423562.
^ Macip-Ríos, Rodrigo; Sustaita-Rodríguez, Victor; Barrios-Quiroz, Gabriel; Casas-Andreu, Gustavo (December 2009). "Population Ecology and Reproduction of the Mexican Mud Turtle (Kinosternon integrum) in Tonatico, Estado de México". Chelonian Conservation and Biology. 9 (1): 90–97. doi:10.2744/CCB-0782.1. S2CID 85867435.

Sources

Le Conte, 1854: "Description of four new species of Kinosternum". Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 7: 180–190.
Iverson, John B. (1999). "Reproduction in the Mexican Mud Turtle Kinosternon integrum". Journal of Herpetology. 33 (1): 144–148. doi:10.2307/1565557. JSTOR 1565557.
Macip-Ríos, Rodrigo; Cisneros, Maria de Lourdes Arias; Aguilar-Miguel, Xochitl S.; Casas-Andreu, Gustavo (2009). "Population Ecology and Reproduction of the Mexican Mud Turtle (Kinosternon integrum) in Tonatico, Estado de México". Western North American Naturalist. 69 (4): 501–510. doi:10.3398/064.069.0410. S2CID 59423562.
Aparicio, Ángeles; Mercado, Ivette Enríquez; Ugalde, Alejandro Montiel; Gaona-Murillo, Eder; Butterfield, Taggert; Macip-Ríos, Rodrigo (2018). "Ecological Observations of the Mexican Mud Turtle (Kinosternon integrum) in the Pátzcuaro Basin, Michoacán, México". Chelonian Conservation and Biology. 17 (2): 284. doi:10.2744/CCB-1305.1. S2CID 92499132.
Macip-Ríos, Rodrigo; Sustaita-Rodríguez, Víctor Hugo; Barrios-Quiroz, Gabriel; Casas-Andreu, Gustavo (2010). "Alimentary Habits of the Mexican Mud Turtle (Kinosternon integrum) in Tonatico, Estado de México". Chelonian Conservation and Biology. 9: 90–97. doi:10.2744/CCB-0782.1. S2CID 85867435.
Macip-Ríos, Rodrigo & Zuñiga Vega, Jaime & Brauer Robleda, Pablo & Casas-Andreu, Gustavo (2011). "Demography of two populations of the Mexican mud turtle (Kinosternon integrum) in central Mexico". Herpetological Journal. 21.