Methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta

Methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta

Clinical data
Trade names	Mircera
AHFS/Drugs.com	Monograph
License data	EU EMA: by INN
Pregnancy category	AU: B3
Routes of administration	Intravenous, subcutaneous
ATC code	B03XA03 (WHO)
Legal status
Legal status	AU: S4 (Prescription only)[2] UK: POM (Prescription only)[3] US: WARNING[1]Rx-only[4] EU: Rx-only[5] In general: ℞ (Prescription only)
Identifiers
CAS Number	677324-53-7^Y
DrugBank	DB09107^Y
ChemSpider	none
UNII	LR3UXN0193
KEGG	D09998^N
ChEMBL	ChEMBL3707314^N
^NY (what is this?)  (verify)

Methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta, sold under the brand name Mircera, is a long-acting erythropoietin receptor activator (CERA) used for the treatment of anaemia associated with chronic kidney disease.^[4] It is the first approved, chemically modified erythropoiesis-stimulating agent (ESA).^{[citation needed]}

It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.^[6] It was approved for medical use in the European Union, ^[5] Switzerland,^{[citation needed]} and the United States in 2007.^[4]

Methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta is made from erythropoietin by chemically linking the N-terminal amino group or the ε-amino group of any lysine present in the protein with methoxy polyethylene glycol butanoic acid.^{[citation needed]} The average molecular weight is approximately 60 kDa.^[7] The drug stimulates erythropoiesis by interacting with the erythropoietin receptor on progenitor cells in the bone marrow.^[7] It has a reduced receptor binding activity compared to other ESAs and but retains in vivo activity due to an extended serum half-life.^{[medical citation needed]} It has an in vivo half-life of around 135 hours (5.6 days) as compared to darbepoetin alfa which has a half life of around 21 to 70 hours, the half life of which is three times that of the naturally occurring erthropoietin in the body.^{[medical citation needed]}

Society and culture

Legal status

Patent infringement claims

A U.S. Federal Appeals Court ruled in September 2009, that Mircera infringed a patent held by Amgen Inc. The court refused to lift an injunction entered in the fall of 2008 which barred Roche from selling Mircera in the United States.^[8] The injunction has since expired and Mircera has been available on the U.S. market since 2015.^[9]

Controversies

Use in sports

Mircera can reportedly replace traditional erythropoietin drugs as a blood doping agent in endurance sports. The drug appears to fall under section S2 of the list of substances officially prohibited - in competition and out of competition - in France and by the World Anti-Doping Agency.^[10]

In July 2008, Italian bicycle racer Riccardo Riccò was disqualified from the Tour de France after reports that a urine sample tested positive for Mircera.^[11][12] There had not previously been any public acknowledgment that a test for the new drug was being administered, or had even been developed yet. The Tour de France testing was done under the auspices of the French Cycling Federation and the French Anti-Doping Agency, not the Union Cycliste Internationale.^[13][14]

References

1. "FDA-sourced list of all drugs with black box warnings (Use Download Full Results and View Query links.)". nctr-crs.fda.gov. FDA. Retrieved 22 Oct 2023.
2. https://www.guildlink.com.au/gc/ws/ro/pi.cfm?product=ropmirce10612 ^{[bare URL]}
3. "Mircera solution for injection in pre-filled syringe - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)". (emc). 15 June 2021. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
4. "Mircera- methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta injection, solution". DailyMed. 5 August 2019. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
5. "Mircera EPAR". European Medicines Agency. 17 September 2018. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
6. World Health Organization (2021). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 22nd list (2021). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/345533. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.02.
7. Macdougall IC, Eckardt KU (September 2006). "Novel strategies for stimulating erythropoiesis and potential new treatments for anaemia". Lancet. 368 (9539): 947–53. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69120-4. PMID 16962885. S2CID 43889549.
8. Kendall B (15 September 2009). "Update: US Court Won't Disturb Injunction Against Roche Anemia Drug". Dow Jones Newswires Tuesday.
9. "FMC aims for 110,000 U.S. patients to be on Mircera in first-quarter". Reuters. 24 April 2017. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
10. "Substances et méthodes interdites en permanence (en et hors compétition)" (PDF) (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 November 2008. (Décret no 2008-35 du 10 janvier 2008 portant publication de l’amendement à l’annexe de la convention contre le dopage, adopté par le groupe de suivi lors de sa 26e réunion le 12 novembre 2007 à Madrid.)
11. Pelkey C (17 July 2008). "Riccardo Riccò tests positive; Saunier Duval team withdraws from Tour de France". VeloNews. Archived from the original on 5 August 2009.
12. Wyatt E (18 July 2008). "Tour de France team out after test". The New York Times.
13. "The 2008 Tour de France under the control of the French Cycling Federation". Amaury Sport Organisation. 6 March 2008. Archived from the original on 16 March 2008. Retrieved 17 July 2008.
14. "L'Agence française de lutte contre le dopage" (in French). Retrieved 17 July 2008.