Manjushrikirti or Manjughoshikirti (Skt. Mañjuśrīkīrti; Chinese: 妙吉祥稱; pinyin: Miàojíxiángchēng; Wylie: Jam-dpal Grags-pa, ZYPY: Qambai Chagba) is the 8th King of Shambhala, and a precursor in the lineage of the Panchen Lamas of Tibet. It is also a name which refers to two different figures in Indian Buddhism.
Buddhist scholars
Mañjuśrīkīrti is the name of a student of Candrakīrti (c. 600 – c. 650).[1][2]
Mañjuśrīkīrti is also the name of an Indian Buddhist scholar who wrote a commentary to the Samādhirāja Sūtra (King of Samādhis Sūtra) called the Kīrtimala (Tibetan: grags pa'i phreng ba) which survives in Tibetan translation.[3][4] Four other works in the Tibetan canon are attributed to him, one text on Grammar and three works on tantra. His work shows strong influence of Yogacara Buddhism.[1] Little else is known about this author.[5]
It is doubtful that these two are the same figure, since the author of the Kīrtimala is strongly influenced by Yogacara vijñanavada, a view rejected by Candrakīrti.[2][6]
Mañjuśrīkīrti is said to have been the Eighth King of Shambhala and is considered to be the second incarnation in the precursors of the lineage of the Panchen Lamas of Tibet. As his name indicates, he is considered to have been an incarnation of Manjushri, the Bodhisattva of Wisdom.[7]
Manjushrikirti was born in Shambhala, the son of King Deva-Indra and his queen, Kauśikí. His rule is said to have extended over "hundreds of petty kings and a hundred thousand cities." He is said to have expelled 300,510 followers of heretical doctrine of the Mlechhas or "materialistic barbarians", some of whom worshipped the sun, but after reconsidering,[8] he brought them back and they asked for his teachings. Next he united all the castes, or religious factions, of Shambala into one Vajra or 'Diamond' Caste. Consequentially, he was the first king of Shambhala to be given the title Kalki (Tib. Rigden), meaning "Holder of the Castes" or "Wisdom Holder."[9]
He is said in Tibetan sources to have taken the throne 674 years after the death of Gautama Buddha. The most widely accepted dates for the Buddhas birth and mahaparinirvana follow the Sri Lankan convention : 624 BCE - 544 BCE. Using this convention, the 8th King of Shambhala sat on his throne in c. 130 CE. Other dating conventions could place him on the throne earlier.[10]
The king then put the Kalachakra teachings in a condensed and simplified form called the "Sri Kalachakra" or "Laghutantra".[11]
This work is also called the Condensed Kālachakra Tantra (bsdus rgyud, laghutantra). It is usual now simply called the Kālachakra Tantra, the original longer version one is no longer extant.[12]
Lineage before the 1st Panchen Lama
In the lineage of the Panchen Lamas of Tibet, there are considered to be four Indian and three Tibetan incarnations (seven total incarnations) of Amitabha Buddha before Khedrup Gelek Pelzang, who is recognised as the 1st Panchen Lama. This lineage of seven incarnations before the Panchen Lama starts with Subhuti, and Manjushrikirti is considered the second incarnation.[13][14]
Footnotes
^ abTatz, Mark (1972). Revelation in Madhyamika Buddhism, p. 10. M.A.Thesis, University of Washington.
^ abLuis O. Gomez and Jonathan A. Silk, Studies in the Literature of the Great Vehicle: Three Mahayana Buddhist Texts. Ann Arbor 1989 pg 11
^Regamey, Constantin (1938). Philosophy in the Samādhirājasūtra: Three Chapters From the Samādhirājasūtra, p. 3. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers.
^Tatz, Mark (1972). Revelation in Madhyamika Buddhism, p. 3. M.A.Thesis, University of Washington.
^Gomez, Luis O; Silk, Jonathan A. (1989) Studies in the Literature of the Great Vehicle: Three Mahayana Buddhist Texts, p. 38. Ann Arbor.
^Regamey, Constantin (1938). Philosophy in the Samādhirājasūtra: Three Chapters From the Samādhirājasūtra, pp. 21-22. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers.
^Bernbaum, Edwin (1989). The Way to Shambhala: A Search for the Mythical Kingdom Beyond the Himalayas, pp. 234, 291. Jeremy P. Tarcher, Inc., Los Angeles. ISBN0-87477-518-3.
^Das, Sarat Chandra. Contributions on the Religion and History of Tibet (1970), pp. 81-82. Manjushri Publishing House, New Delhi. First published in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Vol. LI (1882).
^Bernbaum, Edwin (1989). The Way to Shambhala: A Search for the Mythical Kingdom Beyond the Himalayas, p. 234. Jeremy P. Tarcher, Inc., Los Angeles. ISBN0-87477-518-3.
^Das, Sarat Chandra. Contributions on the Religion and History of Tibet (1970), p. 82 and n. 6. Manjushri Publishing House, New Delhi. First published in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Vol. LI (1882). {note|Following Tibetan sources which place the parinirvana in 833 BCE, he would have become king of Shambhala in 159 BCE.}
^Tenzin Gyatso, the Fourteenth Dalai Lama. (1999) Kālachakra Tantra Rite of Initiation: For the Stage of Generation. Translated by Jeffry Hopkins. Enlarged edition, pp. 60, 141. Wisdom Publications, Boston. ISBN0-86171-151-3.
^Stein, R. A. Tibetan Civilization, (1972) p. 84. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California. ISBN0-8047-0806-1 (cloth); ISBN0-80-470901-7.
^Das, Sarat Chandra. Contributions on the Religion and History of Tibet (1970), pp. 81-103. Manjushri Publishing House, New Delhi. First published in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Vol. LI (1882).
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