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Manhwa (Korean: 만화; Hanja: 漫畫; Korean pronunciation:[manβʷa]) is the general Korean term for comics and print cartoons. Outside Korea, the term usually refers to Korean comics.[1]Manhwa is directly influenced by Japanese Manga comics. Modern Manhwa has extended its reach to many other countries. These comics have branched outside of Korea by access to Webtoons and have created an impact that has resulted in some movie, drama and television show adaptations.
Characteristics
The author or artist of a manhwa is called a manhwaga (만화가; 漫畫家). They take on the task of creating a comic that fits a certain format. Manhwa is read in the same direction as English books, horizontally and from left to right, because Korean is normally written and read horizontally. It can also be written and read vertically from right to left, top to bottom.[2] Webtoons tend to be structured differently in the way they are meant for scrolling where manga is meant to be looked at page by page. Manhwa, unlike their manga counterpart, is often in color when posted on the internet, but in black & white when in a printed format.[3]
Manhwa art differs from manga and manhua as well with its distinct features. The bodies of characters are often realistically proportioned, while the faces remain unrealistic. Manhwas also often have very detailed clothing on their characters as well as intricate backgrounds. Webtoons use vertical scrolling to their advantage to demonstrate movement or the passage of time. Manhwa webtoons are also recognized for having simplified dialogue compared to print.[4]
Etymology and influence
Linguistically, manhwa, manga (漫画) and manhua (漫画) all mean 'comics' in Korean, Japanese and Chinese respectively. Manga comes from the Japanese word 漫画,[5] (katakana: マンガ; hiragana: まんが) which is composed of two kanji 漫 (man) meaning 'whimsical or impromptu' and 画 (ga) meaning 'pictures'.[6][7] The same term is the root of the Korean word for comics, 'manhwa', and the Chinese word 'manhua'.[8] The Korean manhwa, the Japanese manga and the Chinese phrase manhua are cognates (transl. "impromptu sketches")[9] and their histories and influences intertwine with each other.
Originally the term manhua in Chinese vocabulary was an 18th-century term used in Chinese literati painting. The term manga (漫画) was used in Japan to mean "comics" in the late 19th century, when it became popular. Since then, manhua (漫画) and manhwa (만화; 漫畫) have also come to mean 'comics' in Chinese and Korean respectively.[citation needed]
The current usage of the terms manhwa and manhua in English is largely explained by the international success of Japanese manga. Although in a traditional sense, the terms manga/manhua/manhwa had a similar meaning of comical drawing broadly, in English the terms manhwa and manhua generally designate the manga-inspired comic strips. Manga influenced manhwa from the medium's beginnings during the Japanese occupation of Korea and continued to exert a powerful influence as the manga industry became a major force within Japanese culture and began to export comics abroad. Manhwaga were not culturally isolated, and the influx of manga into the Korean comics market had a strong effect on the art and content of many artists' manhwa.[10]
History
A collection of manhwa covers from the 1960s in Korea Manhwa Museum, Bucheon
Korea was a part of the Japanese Empire from 1910 to 1945, and during this time the elements of Japanese language and culture were incorporated into Korean society.[11] The term manhwa came into popular use in Korea during the 1920s,[12] when it was applied to cartoons. By the mid 1920s, most newspapers were shut down,[13] and political and social cartoons were abandoned, replaced by humorous illustrations and cartoons geared towards children.
Political cartoon slowly reemerged following the establishment of the Republic of Korea (commonly known as South Korea) in 1948.[14] During the early years of Japanese occupation, newspaper comics featured a great deal of social criticism. Popular artist Kim Yong-hwan started Korea's first comic magazine, Manhwa Haengjin, in 1948,[15] but it was quickly shut down because the authorities disapproved of the cover.
During the Korean war, Manhwa was used with the aim of boosting the morale of the public. The popularity of comics rose during the 1950s and 1960s,[12] creating diversity of styles and subject matter which led to the construction of new genres such as sunjeong (or soonjung),[15] stories containing romance that are aimed at young women (equivalent to the Japanese genre shoujo). Also around this time another more humorous genre, myeongnyang or happy comics had become popular in order to counteract gritty ones. Manhwabang (lit. comics room), comics cafés and stores that allowed readers to pay a set rate to sit and read comics were also introduced to the public, creating a positive atmosphere around the comics.[16] In response to the increasing publication of comics, as well as social and political changes within South Korea, the government began to enforce censorship laws and, by the mid-1960s, created a comics distribution monopoly that further censored manhwa.[17]
In the 1990s, the ban on Japanese media was lifted, which helped to influence the present-day art and styles of contemporary Manhwa. Around this time was when Manhwa had come up in North Korea as well. Then in the early 2000s, the majority of Manhwa was transferred to online sources due to economic collapse that South Korea had experienced at the end of the millennium. because of its transfer to online sources, its popularity overseas has risen. This led to the South Korean search portal to launch LINE Webtoon, a platform for distributing online Manhwa.
Webtoons
The term "Webtoon" (웹툰) is a portmanteau of the Korean words 웹 meaning web and 카툰 meaning cartoon. The term was first coined on 8 August 2000, by Chollian, one of South Korea's oldest and now discontinued internet service engines.[18]Webtoons are the digital form of manhwa that first came into popularity in the early 2000s due to their free access and availability on the internet.[19] It was also beneficial to creators because it helped them get around strict South Korean censorship laws.[20] Webtoons encourage amateur writers to publish their own stories for others to read.[18] Since their creation, webtoons have gained popularity around the globe and have even been adopted outside of Korea as another form of comic publication.[21] This is credited to their unique format and pay model.
In 2014 WEBTOON's global website and mobile app were launched, revolutionizing the comic world's way of reading for entertainment. Also, around this time JunKoo Kim, the person that started LINE Webtoon, had reported that Webtoon was used in 60 countries, had 55 million monthly users, and 100 billion annual views.[citation needed]
Manhwa outside of Korea
Manhwa has reached all over the world now. With websites such as TopToon, a webtoon company from Korea that also has a global service in TopToonPlus, people are able to access a wide variety of comics from their phones.[22] There are also places like WEBTOON that not only allow people to read original comics, but make them as well, opening up this aspect of Korean culture for everyone to take part in.
But despite that, the relative obscurity of Korean culture in the Western world has caused the word manhwa to remain somewhat unknown in the English-speaking countries.[citation needed] English translations of manhwa have achieved success by targeting the manga and anime community, to the extent that manhwa were marketed as manga by the American publisher Tokyopop.[23]
According to journalist Paul Gravett, in 1987 Eastern Comics published the first original manhwas in the United States.[25]
Due to the explosion of manga's popularity in the Americas, many of the licensed titles acquired for the American market seek to emulate the popular elements of other successful series.[26] Recently, long-running webtoons serialized via Internet portal sites (e.g. by Daum Media),[27] like Lezhin Comics and personal homepages have become both the creative and popular destination among the younger generation in Korea.[citation needed]
With manga proving to be both popular and commercially successful in Europe and the United States, a number of publishers imported and translated manhwa titles in the hope of reaching the same audience. The readability and left-to-right orientation of manhwa contributed to its growing popularity, as did the realism of the characters and the combination of Eastern and Western styles and mythologies.
Animations based on Korean comics are still relatively rare (though there were several major hits in the late 1980s and early 90s with titles such as Dooly the Little Dinosaur and Fly! Superboard). However, live-action drama series and movie adaptations of manhwa have occurred more frequently in recent years. Full House in 2004 and Goong ("Palace" or "Princess Hours") in 2006 are prominent examples. Below is a list of manhwa titles adapted into television series, web series, films, etc. Not to be confused to another adapted works of adapted from Webtoons.
^Sugiyama, Rika. Comic Artists—Asia: Manga, Manhwa, Manhua. New York: Harper, 2004. Introduces the work of comics artists in Japan, Korea, and Hong Kong through artist profiles and interviews that provide insight into their processes.
^ abcd'미생' 전에 '멍텅구리 헛물켜기' 있었다 [Before 'Misaeng', there was 'Meongteong-guli heotmulkyeogi']. No Cut News (in Korean). 14 November 2014. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
^정보+재미 '허영만 브랜드'의 힘 [Information + fun The power of 'Huh Young-man brand']. The Dong-A Ilbo (in Korean). 7 November 2007. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
^추억의 애니 '전자인간 337', DVD로 제작됐다 [The nostalgic anime 'Electronic Human 337' was made into a DVD]. Star News (in Korean). 2 August 2005. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
^만화를 원작으로 한 최고 드라마는? [What is the best drama based on a manhwa?]. My Daily (in Korean). 19 November 2005. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
^어린이용 우수 비디오 [Excellent video for children]. Yonhap News Agency (in Korean). 2 May 1990. Retrieved 31 December 2022 – via Naver.
^"SBS 새 만화「둘리의 배낭여행」" [SBS New Comic 「Dooly's Backpacking Trip」]. Yonhap News Agency (in Korean). 14 September 1999. Retrieved 31 December 2022 – via Naver.
^만화영화 '둘리', 99년 1월 獨 14개 극장서 상영 [Animated film 'Dooly', screened at 14 theaters in Germany in January 1999]. Yonhap News Agency (in Korean). 14 September 1999. Retrieved 31 December 2022 – via Naver.
^투니버스 "둘리의 모든것 알려드려요" [Tooniverse "I'll tell you everything about Dooly"]. Yonhap News Agency (in Korean). 14 September 1999. Retrieved 31 December 2022 – via Naver.
^'허영만 vs 이현세' 영화-드라마 원작만화의 지존 ['Huh Young-man vs. Lee Hyun-se' Movie-Drama Original Comics Supreme]. OhmyNews (in Korean). 28 March 2007. Retrieved 31 December 2022 – via Naver.
^영심이 [Young-Shim]. Cine21 (in Korean). Retrieved 8 July 2023.
^추억의 애니·만화, 드라마·영화로 재탄생 [Reborn as animation/manhwa, drama/movie of memories] (in Korean). Sports Dong-a. 7 September 2022. Retrieved 8 July 2023.
^'해머보이 망치' 뉴욕 간다 ['Hammer Boy' goes to New York]. Digital Times (in Korean). 10 March 2004. Retrieved 31 December 2022 – via Naver.
^'궁',' 순정만화가 원작 맞네' 10대여자에 절대 인기 ['Goong', 'The original romance manhwa' is absolutely popular among teenage girls]. My Daily (in Korean). 27 January 2006. Retrieved 31 December 2022 – via Naver.
^박신양, 3년만에 드라마 '쩐의 전쟁'으로 컴백 [Park Shin-yang, comeback with the drama 'War of Money' after 3 years]. My Daily (in Korean). 16 November 2006. Retrieved 31 December 2022 – via Naver.
^케이블판 '쩐의 전쟁' 만들어진다 [A cable TV version of 'War of Money' will be made]. My Daily (in Korean). 12 February 2008. Retrieved 31 December 2022 – via Naver.
^'쩐의전쟁' 日리메이크 내년1월 방송..초난강 주연 [The Japanese remake of 'War of Money' will be broadcast in January next year... starring Cho Nangang]. Star News (in Korean). 1 December 2014. Retrieved 31 December 2022 – via Naver.
