Lyubov Orlova's parents, Evgeniya Nikolaevna Sukhotina (1863—1945) and Pyotr Fedorovich Orlov (1867—1938), 19th centuryLyubov Orlova with her parents, early 1930s[3]
Lyubov Orlova was born to a family of Russian hereditary nobles on her maternal side and gentry on her paternal side in Zvenigorod, 60 km from Moscow, then lived with her parents and older sister in Yaroslavl. Her acting and singing talents were evident very early on, but her noble parents considered acting a disgraceful career and directed her towards classical music.[4] There she began to study music. In 1914, after her father left for the front, her mother Evgenia Nikolaevna and her daughters settled in Moscow, where the sisters entered the gymnasium. The Orlovs spent the difficult years of the Civil War in Voskresensk because their mother's sister lived here. The family subsisted on funds from the sale of milk which was given by the aunt's cow. Lyuba and Nonna drove nearly a hundred kilometers to Moscow, and then went home, with heavy cans. Hence comes the legend of the ugly hands which Orlova was so shy about.[5] Her first and last names are meaningful words in Russian: любовь means "love", and Орлова is the feminine form of орлов "eagle's".
When she was seven, Fyodor Shalyapin predicted her future as a famous actress. In 1919–1922, she studied as a piano student at the Moscow Conservatory (Professor K. Kipp [ru] class) but did not graduate because she had to work as a music teacher and a pianist-illustrator of silent films in movie theaters (French: tapeur[6]) to support her parents.[1] In 1925, she has graduated from the Moscow Theatre College, choreography department.[7] Her first husband, a Soviet economist, Andrei Berzin, was arrested in 1930. However, this did not affect her career. Dmitri Shcheglov, a biography author, wrote in Love and Mask ('Lyubov i maska', 1997): "As an eternal irony and foresight of fate, the best performer of the roles of house servants and enthusiasts of Communist labor was a descendant of ten Russian Orthodox saints. Two of them, Olga, the Grand Princess of Kiev, and Vladimir, the Grand Prince of Kiev, are among the Equal-to-apostles... Red Eagle in an azure-golden field, the House of Orlov's coat of arms, is also present on the Bezhetsk clan branch the actress belonged to..."[8] The Orlov family was partly saved from the worst form of repression, camps or deportation, and the Bolshevik "redistribution of property" only because even before the Revolution, her father Peter had lost all three of his estates at cards, and therefore there was practically nothing to take away. However, Orlova's father, an engineer and class enemy, was officially banned as an employee.[9]
In September 1926, she was hired as a choir singer by the Nemirovich-Danchenko Theatre Music Studio finally deciding to become an actress, not a pianist.[10] She received her first solo role in November, the same year. Her quick promotion was fueled by Olga Baclanova's sudden departure from Russia and Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko's eye for this type of female beauty.[11] In 1932, she received her first leading roles in La Périchole and Les cloches de Corneville. Despite her success with the public, vocal and acting training in a theatre with Ksenia Kolubai [ru], Orlova wasn't noticed by the press and was criticized by her colleagues for not having a real singing voice (Faina Ranevskaya, her close friend, used to say "Orlova is a gorgeous actress for sure. But her voice! When she sings it sounds like somebody is urinating in an empty bucket."[12]) However, Orlova had her "trick". Remembering her student years (and she studied at the choreography department of the Moscow Theater College named after A.V. Lunacharsky, now - GITIS), she decided to bring herself back to her previous form and perform Serpoletta's entrance aria on pointe.[13] Alexander Hort, writer, wrote: "The audience was smitten: while dancing, Serpoletta stood up on pointe shoes, so graceful, airy, romantic! And Orlova made a tactically verified move, she took the bull by the horns: the very first vocal number, Serpoletta's verses 'What a pity that an unsettling case pushed me to a different path!' she performed, dancing on her fingers." In the future, no one was able to repeat this trick, it has stayed as a semi-legendary fact of history.[14]
Lyubov Orlova in her 30s
In 1933 she met the novice director Grigory Alexandrov, who was casting actors for his movie Jolly Fellows (1934), and married him. Orlova's performance in this comedy, very popular in the USSR, earned the young star the sympathy of Stalin and the title "Honorable actor of the RSFSR". It had caused the first wave of the so-called "Orlova syndrome", a Soviet psychiatric term describing women who wanted to be like Orlova. They diligently lightened their hair and self-styled themselves as relatives to the idol.[15] According to her relatives, Orlova secretly loathed Joseph Stalin reacted to death with the words: "Finally, this scum is dead".[16] Her critics, including Sergei Eisenstein, had blamed the musician-turned-actress for ruining the serious career of Alexandrov. Despite her efforts, Orlova didn't have a reputation of a serious drama actress, moreover, she was intentionally overplaying her film roles and didn't stop her constant touring as a singer. Her haters credited her success to the marriage of convenience and Stalin protection[17]
In the next few years she starred in four popular movies which also became instant Soviet classics: Circus (1936), Volga-Volga (1938), Tanya (1940), and Springtime (1947). She was awarded the Stalin Prize in 1941. In 1950, she became the first woman to receive the title of the People's Artist of the USSR exclusively for her cinematic works. After that, she switched to playing in theatre productions of Yuri Zavadsky's company. Her most famous roles included Nora - Nora, Dear Liar - Patrick Campbell, Strange Mrs. Savage - Mrs. Ethel Savage. But her most acclaimed performance was a title role in Lizzie MacKay (Russian title for The Respectful Prostitute). Jean-Paul Sartre was present on a jubilee 400th show in 1962, saying: "I was especially impressed by Lyubov Orlova's talented performance. After the show, I told her I've been delighted by her performance. It was not an empty compliment. Lyubov Orlova is really the best of all LizzieMacKay performers I know."[18]
Since the 1928 till her death, she was constantly touring as a singer with her pianist Leo Mironov (Russian: Лев Миронов, romanized: Lev Mironov). Her early repertoire included classical songs by Glinka, Mussorgsky, Dargomyzhsky and Tchaikovsky.[10] During the war, she toured more than 50,000 kilometers along the front line, with her concerts based on Isaak Dunayevsky songs from her movies.[19] For all of her career, she was banned from making the records of her songs and performing on television, supposedly because of her "backstage war" with Klavdiya Shulzhenko, Leonid Utesov's choice of interest for Jolly Fellows.[20]Ivan Kozlovsky especially regretted the absence of recordings of his own duets with Orlova.[21]
Lyubov Orlova sings with Grigoi Aleksandrov in 1937
In 1926 or, according to her grandniece Nonna Golikova, in 1921, Lyubov Orlova married a Soviet economist Andrei Berzin (1893-1951), the deputy head of the administrative and financial department for the People's Commissariat of Agriculture.[23] Berzin supported not only Orlova, but her parents, and older sister, all of them also moved to his place. Orlova had married to save her relatives from death but she absolutely didn't love her husband and had an abortion or a miscarriage that, highly likely, had left her barren for the rest of her life. Berzin has understood and accepted that asking her to file for divorce and save herself from the inevitable labor camps or deportation, as both the wife of enemy of the people and the daughter of class enemy, just before his next arrest by NKVD. She had agreed. After that, Lyubov and all of her relatives had to move from Berzin's gorgeous apartment in the center of Moscow.
In 1931, Orlova became a partner of a 'German specialist', engineer or businessman, named Franz. Nothing more is known about him. Their romance developed for about a year. After her performances, a foreign admirer picked the actress in a black Mercedes. Franz bought Orlova expensive foreign outfits that arouse the envy of all women, especially in a theatre. Orlova moved to her beloved in the Metropol hotel, where he lived in a luxurious room. When Lyubov Orlova was invited to shoot Jolly Fellows, which took place in Gagra, Franz went with her. At that time, Lyuba was already familiar with Grigory Alexandrov, then separated for many years from his wife, actress Olga Ivanova. Olga and Grigory had a son named Douglas (1925-1978) but at that time she was in relationships with the famous actor Boris Tiomkin. In Gagra, Orlova's affection for Aleksandrov became obvious. She had explained the situation to Franz and he left, first for Moscow and then for his homeland. Faina Ranevskaya remembered in 1982: "Don't you know how handsome Aleksandrov, Lyubochka's director, friend, husband, used to be? He was handsome like Antinous even though I've never seen Antinous personally. Like Philemon and Baucis, they loved each other.".[24]
In January 1934, or, according to a different archive source, in 1937, Orlova married Aleksandrov.[25] However, because of the couple's suspicious lack of children and Aleksandrov's unclear relationships and painful breakup with Sergei Eisenstein, for the many decades, a lot of researchers have perceived Orlova as "a beard" to conceal Aleksandrov's bisexuality in exchange for the richer career opportunities. Later in life, Aleksandrov had answered about his wife's lack of children, according to his relative, the following: "In the beginning, she didn't want, and later she couldn't".[26]
After Aleksandrov ex-wife Olga's death during childbirth in June 1941, when she was already married to Boris Tiomkin, Orlova has adopted his son Douglas (forcefully renamed to 'Vasili' during the next purges, arrested in 1952, had his first heart attack in prison, was liberated after Joseph Stalin's death the next year[27]). In 1975, Orlova died and in 1978, Vasili died. In 1979, Vasili's widow Galina Krylova married the mentally sick Grigori Aleksandrov to serve as his maid in exchange for a subsequent property and archive. She loathed Lyubov Orlova for arrogance towards her and her previous husband, and towards her son, Aleksandrov's grandson. Grigori Aleksandrov died in 1983, his documentary about his wife Lyubov Orlova was released in 1984. The wide has buried his corpse on the same line, the opposite side, of Novodevichy Cemetery as Lyubov Orlova's grave. For many decades, Orlova-Aleksandrov's archive had been plundered before being bought from Aleksandrov's descendants by the Russian-Jewish lawyer Aleksandr Dobrovinsky.[28][29]
Lyubov Orlova's mother, Evgenia Nikolaevna Sukhotina, was a niece to Tatyana Tolstoy's husband. Tatiana Sukhotina-Tolstaya was the eldest and most beloved daughter of count Leo Tolstoy, she had lived in her parents' house for 35 years and was very close to her father spiritually. As a child, Lyubov was encouraged to write a letter to a famous relative. She has received The Prisoner of the Caucasus with his autograph "To Lyubochka - L. N. Tolstoy" which was kept by her as a talisman.[32] In Russia, it's debatable whether the Tolstoy-inspired left-wing political views were sincere left-wing or was it a miscalculation and/or alleged hypocrisy of a count, taking into consideration the general negative attitude of the claimed Rurikids descendants (both Tolstoys and Orlovs, and also Aleksander Pushkin and Modest Mussorgsky) towards the House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov policy. The claimed blood connection to an ex-communicated count is also known for giving the artists a special creative inspiration, and not only the obviously virtual hierarchical claims.[33][34][35][36] Orlova's education at Moscow Conservatory piano department, at least three years, has supposedly provided her with the system of spiritual values, The Well-Tempered Clavier as the Old Testament and Beethoven's 32 sonatas as the New Testament, and all of that didn't contradict the official ex-communication of Leo Tolstoy from the Russian Orthodox Church in 1901.[b] From Alexis of Russia's 1648 law "About the correction of morals and the destruction of superstitions" (Об исправлении нравов и уничтожении суеверий) to Peter the Great's reforms, all the folk instruments were burned and banned in Russia, and Alexis was the first non-elected Romanov dynasty ruler, and those musicians who disagree were forcefully deported to Malorossia (modern Ukraine), there was a corporal punishment for them also. It was perceived by the Soviet propaganda as cultural genocide of Russians inspired by the local Orthodox Church that has never allowed the instrumental music on the liturgy, bell ringing being the one and only exception.[40][41] Alexis of Russia's rule also has established a tradition of self-immolation among the Russian Old Believers, a unique phenomenon in contemporary history.[42]
During the Soviet era, the obligatory conservatory pianist values have effectively utilized the fact of Vladimir Lenin's well-documented admiration for Beethoven's Sonata No. 23. According to Maxim Gorky, "one evening, in Moscow, at the apartment of E. P. Peshkova, Lenin, listening Beethoven's sonatas performed by Issay Dobrowen, noted: 'I know nothing better than 'Appassionata'. I am ready to listen to it every day. Amazing, preterhuman music. I'm always proud, naive maybe, childish, thinking these are the miracles people can do,' and, screwing up his eyes, grinning, he added gloomily: 'But I can't listen to it that often. It gets on my nerves, I want to say cute nonsense and caress the heads of people who, living in a filthy hell, can create such beauty. And today you can't caress anyone's head, they'll bite off your hand, and you need to beat over the heads, beat mercilessly. Although, perfectly, we are against all violence towards the people. Hmm, the job is hellishly difficult'."[43] After perestroika, along with the exclusive system of Soviet musical education, the Russian state has financially "abandoned the conservatory to face the merciless fate".[44][45] By 2019, the number of people of Russia who enjoy classical music has dropped to 22%, below the local pop (35%), Soviet pop (32%) and "criminals' songs" that are based on the themes of the urban underclass (30%).[46][47]
Orlova's movies include a decent amount of plot-defining in-jokes about the composers, (Beethoven in Jolly Fellows, Volga-Volga, Johann Sebastian Bach in Starling and Lyre), and a-la virtuoso grand piano performances (Circus, about virtuosity as a word with the previous meaning 'virtue', Springtime). Grigori Aleksandrov credited his second wife Orlova, she was fluent in both French and German, as a co-editor of his scripts. In the autobiography, he wrote: "It was enough for her to try by ear a piece of the script which had previously was lying on my desktop in a state of blissful well-being. All the imperfections of the material that was not completely written out were personally revealed to me. Lyubov Petrovna unusually sensed the slightest falsity".[48] On a contrary, the Russian upper-class has historically preferred Italian opera and French ballet, as brands, a lot more than anything else and these facts were concluded, by Aleksandrov and Orlova in The Composer Glinka and Mussorgsky, in a still popular statement about Russian political elites, House of Romanov especially, being historically Russophobic.[49][50][51] In 2018, The Economist has also pointed out the significant role of Russian Orthodox Church and "the ghost of the Romanovs" in Putin's Russia.[52]Feodor Nikitich Romanov (1553-1633, Patriarch Filaret of Moscow, de facto ruler of Russia during the reign of his son, Mikhail) descended from the Rurik dynasty through a female line, his mother, Evdokiya Gorbataya-Shuyskaya was a Rurikid princess from the Shuysky branch, daughter of Alexander Gorbatyi-Shuisky. The last tsar Nicholas II was described as "limited, stupid" and "degenerate" even by the usually polite first Russian Nobel Prize winner, physiologist Ivan Pavlov.[53]
In 1936, following her role of a young mother in Circus, Orlova was given an order to participate, among the best-known women in the country, in the discussion, and, practically, in the approval of the law banning the abortion. According to M. Kushnirov, the executive editor of the radio who prepared a text for her to read, in general, welcoming, of course, the wise project of the Stalin government "On mother and child, on family and abortion", the actress "has allowed herself to make some amendments and additions to it".[54]
On alimony, Orlova added: "It is irrational to punish a father-defaulter with prison, he must be forced to work." On abortion: "There should be no doom in the abortion clause. In Soviet society, there are many independent women, many professions in which a woman successfully competes with a man... Pregnancy will tear a woman out of her job, maybe at the very moment when she completes a grandiose project or prepares for a heroic flight, or finishes work over a big role for which she has spent several years of her life, and, perhaps, at this crucial moment of her life, her social and political biography, she is forced to give up everything and lose a year of time. In such cases, let the woman give birth a little later. Let abortion be allowed in these cases. Let the woman know the law is not fatal. It seems to me, lately, all women want to give birth, everyone wants to have a child. I myself want a child, and I will certainly have one. And it is natural. Life is getting more and more joyful and more fun. The future is even more wonderful. Why not give birth?"[54]
In 1939, Orlova also perceived the annexation of Polish territories of Ukraine and Belarus through the eyes of a musician. She wrote in Komsomolskaya Pravda the following: "Once these lands were the lands of the Belarusian and Ukrainian people. The same rains watered them, the same sun shone on them, and the same winds swept over their valleys and hills. But two decades ago, a border passed through these lands. For one part of the Belarusian and Ukrainian people, the land was shrouded in grave gloom, for another it blossomed with extraordinary colors which only the land of happy people can shine with."[55]
Orlova continued: "In one part of the land, in the West, people have even forgotten how to sing, they were forbidden to sing. The oppressors saw the sounds of a Ukrainian or Belarusian song as a danger for themselves. These songs could remind the disadvantaged of another world that began so disturbingly close, there behind this fishing line, there behind this village... Now the song broke free. Millions of lips have recently been looking for words of a curse to express their hatred towards the Polish landlords. Now, these millions of lips are looking for the words of happiness that are unusual for them in order to glorify a new life, the Red Army, the Soviet government, the wise Stalin." Orlova not only responded in writing to the annexation of the "old" new lands to the USSR. The Soviet press reported in October 1939: "In Western Ukraine and Western Belarus there are concert brigades of the USSR State Academic Bolshoi Theater and the All-Union Concert and Touring Association, including I. Kozlovsky, M. Reizen, R. Zelyonaya, S. Obraztsov, L. Orlova, V. Yakhontov [ru].[55]
In 1952, according to the witnesses, there was a failed attempt to assassinate Orlova for her political views. Her grandniece Nonna Golikova wrote: "In 1952, Lyubov Petrovna gave a concert in some border town in Western Ukraine, where, as we know, active anti-Russian sentiments and political movements have always existed. Orlova in the final of the concert went to bows. Someone from the audience gave her an extraordinary bouquet of roses. 'I immediately drew attention to it,' Lyubochka told us later. - 'Now I understand that it was for mourning. White roses, and in the middle are completely unusual - black ones. I've never seen such people.' She took the bouquet. The paper it was wrapped in was torn from the side facing it. Lyubochka pricked her finger, the thorns were soaked in poison. Rapid blood poisoning began, Orlova's life was in danger."[32]
Lyubov Orlova character teaching an Azerbaijani soldier about music's ability to communicate without words, in A Family, 1943 Baku Cinema Studio film banned by Stalin from theatrical release
According to the official credits, all the music is by Isaak Dunayevsky[60] Lyubov Orlova had been sistematically trained as a pianist from 1907 to 1922 (with 3 courses at the Moscow Conservatory), and, from 1920 to 1926, she worked professionally as a musician. In 1961, Orlova strongly implied her collaborative efforts in songwriting weren't credited,[19] highly likely, because of the strict rules about the non-members of the Union of Soviet Composers.[61][62] There is a story about a conversation between Dunaevsky (nicknamed Dunya) and Dmitry Shostakovich:
Dunaevsky to Shostakovich: "You and me, Mitya, are the most popular composers". "Yes, Dunya," Shostakovich answers. "The only difference is that everyone knows my name but no one knows a single note of mine. Just like everyone knows your tunes but nobody knows who they belong to..."[63]
Legacy
"Russian Idol of the 20th Century" VCIOM Polls[64]
In a 1999 VCIOM poll, Orlova was voted as the greatest "Russian Idol of the 20th Century" by 10%, the highest-rated woman, and 10th place overall with Yuri Gagarin atop with 30%. Ten years later, in 2010, she finished 3rd with 7% of votes, behind figure-skater Irina Rodnina (9%) and ballerina Maya Plisetskaya (8%) only, on a 15th place overall with Yuri Gagarin atop with 35%.[64]
In 2016, a monument of Orlova in Zvenigorod was established near the Lyubov Orlova Cultural Centre (est. 2007).[68]
In 2019, she was featured as a Google Doodle on what would have been her 117th birthday.[69]
Influential roles
According to the official art history version, the unfading controversial[70] film Circus[71] had inspired Vera Mukhina to create the sculpture Worker and Kolkhoz Woman (1937), especially the male part played by Orlova's partner Sergei Stolyarov, 10 years younger than Orlova.[72]
Lyubov Orlova character screams "Follow Me" (За мной!) in Volga-Volga (1938). Despite rumors, it has no direct connection to The Motherland Calls monument apart from the propaganda poster "Fascism is the most vicious enemy of women. All rise to fight fascism!",[73] as according to the official Soviet art history version.[74] Just like Orlova, as "a symbol of totalitarism", the 1967 statue was also criticised as "an empty and inhuman display of Stalinist kitsch".[75][76]
Orlova's two title roles, a famous female scientist and an actress, in Springtime (1947). In 1990s, it was revisited by the German critic Uve Schpilman as "a forerunner of postmodernism". Other critics argue the movie is an undoubted harbinger of F. Fellini's 8 1/2, films by Antonioni and Wenders.[77] The first film to use Mukhina's most famous statue as an official Mosfilm logo.[78]
Contradictory facts
Lyubov Orlova's crippled hands in Volga-Volga with a classical 6th chord sheet
Lyubov Orlova didn't provide any information about her personal life during her rare interviews, and there were no yellow journalism in the USSR or tabloids that could have revealed a piece of dangerous information about her non-proletarian background and first marriage to Andrei Berzin, Gulag prisoner.[79] According to her unpublished autobiography, she was accepted, at the age of seven, at the Yaroslavl Music College and her education at the Moscow Conservatory had started before 1919. Orlova wrote: "Before 1919, I studied piano at the Moscow Conservatory, Profs. A. P. Ostrovskaya and K. A. Kipp. And, probably, my parents were slightly disappointed when it turned out the art form I've mastered didn't give me a great success, or recognition, or fame, but... just a modest opportunity to accompany the films that were shown in cinema with my piano playing".[10] The official Moscow Conservatory cites 1919 as a year of start for her studies with Kipp and explains Orlova's drop: "...due to the difficult financial situation, her conservatory studies weren't completed".[1] Other biographies, including her grandniece's book, also don't mention Orlova's rare Ménière's disease as a reason for the career focus change.[80]
In March 2016, the Channel One TV-series Orlova and Alexandrov was released. In this biopic, Lyubov Orlova has graduated from Moscow Conservatory, Prof. Alexander Goldenweiser.[81] The series also implies, through an explicit display of that kind of torture on a female character, Orlova's music hands, her right hand especially, were seriously damaged during Cheka, or OGPU (the previous titles for NKVD) tortures for interrogation.[82] However, the official profile of Prof. Kipp lists Lybov Orlova (as a famous actress) among the best of his students, just like Prof. Ostrovskaya's (junior courses).[83][84] Another biography, the 1987 Lyubov Orlova in Art and Life book, listed her as a conservatory graduate with Prof. Felix Blumenfeld as her senior piano class teacher, in addition to Kipp.[85] Blumenfeld began his Moscow Conservatory career in 1922.[86]
A source of Orlova's pre-conservatory music education isn't clear. Yaroslavl Music College was founded in 1904 on a foundation of the existing Yaroslavl Russian Musical Society classes.[87] Education at the conservatory during the Civil War was provided as usual, even in unheated classrooms.[88] Since July 1918, the education at Moscow Conservatory has become state-sponsored, free of charge for domestic students. The full training period was 9 years, junior department from I to V course, and senior department from VI to IX course, and the minimum age of enrollment was 10 years.[89] From 1910 till his death in 1925, Prof. Kipp taught at the senior department.[90]
According to Orlova-Aleksandrov's archive holder, layer Aleksander Dobrovinsky, Orlova was voluntarily childless. Dobrovinsky said: "I've found her correspondence with a professor, gynecologist No. 1 in the USSR. There are mainly things of a physiological nature, but they indicate that Lyubov Orlova, one of the first women in the USSR, had inserted a spiral or something like that for contraception.[91]
Lyubov Orlova's year of birth was debatable. Her only friend Faina Ranevskaya stated: "Nobody will say how old she is. She is generally brilliant: when they issued passports in the early thirties, no documents were required. You could name any date of birth and any name too ... So Lyubochka did not lose her head and immediately knocked off a dozen years! It was me, the idiot, who hesitated: is it worth it? Then I calculated that I have spent two years at resorts, so the resorts, as they say, do not count, and a new date of birth has appeared in my passport: instead of 1895, 1897. So little that I still cannot forgive myself for such frivolity!"[92] According to Lyubov Orlova's grandniece Nonna Golikova, her grandmother Nonna Orlova (1897-1960[93]), was "two or three years older" than her famous sister.[94] Lyubov Orlova's mother, Evgenia Sukhotina, has changed her passport year of birth from 1863 to 1878, 'nullifying' fifteen years.[95]
As a part-time job during her studies at Moscow Theater College
—
Education: Choreography
Start in 1922, choreographic department of the Moscow Theater College named after A.V. Lunacharsky.
1922–1925, Francesca Beata Studio (since 1924, merged into the choreographic department of the Moscow Theater College named after A.V. Lunacharsky she has graduated in 1925)
^Leo Tolstoy's critical perception of Ludwig van Beethoven's later periods music has deeply shocked Pyotr Tchaikovsky, even though Tchaikovsky himself quietly confessed to Sergei Taneyev the following: "I am afraid of Beethoven, as you can be afraid of a big and scary dog". While sending Tchaikovsky a collection of folk songs, Tolstoy had asked him to arrange them "in the Mozarto-Haidn style, and not the Beethoven-Schumann-Berlioz-artificial, seeking the unexpected, style."[37][38][39]
^'школа' as 'school' (school) she also calls 'училище' in the same paragraph, she also credits it for 'secret from parents, ballet studies'
^Kiriena Konstantinovna Alelekova Gymnasium, loc. Moscow, Bolshaya Nikitskaya st., 46. Orlova wasn't good at science and didn't receive the excellence certificate
^During the Civil War, Orlova has injured her hands carrying heavy milk cans to Moscow for sale, in any weather conditionts, for several years.[18] The fact makes her Moscow Conservatory (piano department) enrollment impossible.
^"Lyubov Orlova. Star #1". v-wulf.ru, Vitaly Wulf Official Site (in Russian). "L'Officiel". Russian edition. #33 December–January 2001-2002. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
"Бомба для музыкальных школ" [Bomb for the Musical Schools]. ClassicalMusicNews.ru. 17 June 2019. Retrieved 5 September 2019.
"Orchestra Rehearsal". rg.ru (in Russian). Rossiyskaya Gazeta. 10 April 2019. Retrieved 12 September 2020. Arthur Domansky - accompanist of the highest category. For an hour of work at the conservatory, he receives 86 rubles
^Serebryany, Igor (29 May 2019). "Why building churches in Russia is of higher priority than building schools". fairplanet.org. FairPlanet. Retrieved 21 June 2020. But when the Russians see that their local authorities contribute public funds to church construction instead of investing money into ailing housing and utilities, that annoys people
^"Why is Tchaikovsky so loved in America?". kultspargalka.ru (in Russian). 29 November 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2020. Sergei Rachmaninoff: "And, what is most surprising of all, the Yankees, perhaps, feel and understand Tchaikovsky better than us, Russians. Really, every note of Tchaikovsky says something to them. And, what is most surprising of all, the Yankees, perhaps better than us Russians, feel and understand Tchaikovsky. Positively, every note of Tchaikovsky says something to them ".
^"Lyubov Orlova". centrteatraikino.ru (in Russian). Theater and Cinema Center on Povarskaya. Archived from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
Nature reserve in Salem Sound, Massachusetts Great Misery Island, as seen from Beverly Farms, Massachusetts The Misery Islands (Great Misery Island 42°32′55″N 70°47′53″W / 42.54861°N 70.79806°W / 42.54861; -70.79806 and Little Misery Island 42°32′40″N 70°47′53″W / 42.54444°N 70.79806°W / 42.54444; -70.79806) are an 87-acre (350,000 m2) nature reserve established in 1935 in Salem Sound close to the Salem Harbor in Sal...
Даріуш ЯблонськийЗагальна інформаціяНаціональність полякГромадянство Республіка Польща[1]Місце проживання ХолмНародження 28 квітня 1973(1973-04-28) (50 років)Холм, Люблінське воєводство, Польська Народна РеспублікаЗріст 158 смВага 59 кгСпортКраїна ПольщаВид спорту б�...
У Вікіпедії є статті про інші значення цього терміна: Москалівка. село Москалівка Країна Україна Область Хмельницька область Район Хмельницький район Громада Летичівська селищна громада Основні дані Населення 43 Площа 0,292 км² Густота населення 147,26 осіб/км² Пошто
Beachhandball bei den South-American Beach Games 2009 Information Austragungsort MontevideoUruguay Uruguay Wettkampfstätte Pocitos Nationen 6 (4 , 6 ) Datum 2. bis 6. Dezember 2009 Entscheidungen 2 Der Beachhandball-Wettbewerb bei den South-American Beach Games 2009 (spanisch Juegos Suramericanos de Playa 2009; portugiesisch Jogos Sul-Americanos de Praia 2009) waren die erste Austragung der erstmals ausgetragenen South-American Beach Games.[1] Der Beachhandba...
Miniature railway in the Killesberg Park in Stuttgart, Germany This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Killesberg Railway – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Killesberg Railway diesel locomotive and train Killesberg Railway steam locomotive...
Maria Peszek Maria Peszek (2017) Imię i nazwisko Maria Teresa[1] Peszek Pseudonim Mania, Maria Awaria Data i miejsce urodzenia 9 września 1973 Wrocław Gatunki rock alternatywny, indie pop, shock rock Zawód piosenkarka, autorka tekstów, aktorka Wydawnictwo Kayax, Mystic Production, Warner Music Poland Powiązania Wojciech Waglewski, Emade, Andrzej Smolik Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Cytaty w Wikicytatach Strona internetowa J. Peszek, M. Peszek, M. Nogaś[2] Maria Teresa Peszek...
Dutch Golden Age painter Pieter Janssens ElingaPerspective box, Museum Bredius.BornPieter Janssens Elinga1623BrugesDied1682 (aged 58–59)AmsterdamNationalityDutchKnown forPaintingMovementBaroque Interior with painter, reading lady and maid recurring, 1668, Städelsches Kunstinstitut Pieter Janssens Elinga (1623–1682) was a Dutch Golden Age painter, mainly of domestic interior scenes with a strong emphasis on the rectangular geometrical elements of windows, floor tiling painti...
NZR P classWekaType and originBuilderDavidsonBuild date1876Total produced2SpecificationsConfiguration: • Whyte0-6-0STGauge3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm)Driver dia.28 in (0.711 m)Loco weight12 long tons (12.2 tonnes; 13.4 short tons)Fuel typeCoalFirebox: • Firegrate area3.5 sq ft (0.33 m2)Boiler pressure120 lbf/in2 (827 kPa)Heating surface161 sq ft (15.0 m2)CylindersTwo, outsideCylinder size8 in ×...
Cet article est une ébauche concernant la cuisine. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. Sauce d'arachide Place dans le service Résistance Température de service Chaud ou froid Accompagnement Telibɔ̌ wɔ̌,foufou,riz modifier Fufu accompagné d'une sauce arachide au poulet. La sauce d'arachide est une sauce originaire d'Afrique, surtout utilisée en Afrique de l'ouest et en Afrique Centrale[1...
Directly-controlled municipality of the People's Republic of China This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Politics of Shanghai – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Politics of ShanghaiNational Emblem of the People's Republic...
Shopping mall in New South Wales, AustraliaWestfield TuggerahLocationTuggerah, New South Wales, AustraliaCoordinates33°18′30″S 151°24′48″E / 33.30824°S 151.41332°E / -33.30824; 151.41332Address50 Wyong Rd, Tuggerah NSW 2259Opening date19 October 1995; 28 years ago (19 October 1995)ManagementScentre GroupOwnerScentre GroupNo. of stores and services244No. of anchor tenants7Total retail floor area84,238 m2 (906,730 sq ft)No. of floo...
American TV series or program She SpiesThe main cast (left to right): Miller, Henstridge and WilliamsCreated byVince Manze & Joe Livecchi and Steven Long Mitchell & Craig W Van SickleStarringNatasha HenstridgeKristen MillerNatashia WilliamsCarlos JacottJamie IglehartCameron DaddoTheme music composerJerry BrunskillComposerJerry BrunskillCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons2No. of episodes40 (list of episodes)ProductionExecutive producers Joe Livecch...
Former railway station in England Herculaneum DockGeneral informationLocationLiverpoolEnglandOther informationStatusDisusedHistoryOriginal companyLiverpool Overhead RailwayKey dates6 March 1893Terminus station opened21 December 1896Replaced by through station30 December 1956Station closed Herculaneum Dock railway station was the original southern terminus for the Liverpool Overhead Railway. Actually adjacent to Harrington Dock it was named after Herculaneum Dock, a somewhat larger dock beyond...
Railway station in Tenryū, Nagano Prefecture, Japan Ugusu Station鶯巣駅Ugusu Station in February 2004General informationLocationHiraoka, Tenryū-mura, Shimoina-gun, Nagano-ken 399-1201JapanCoordinates35°16′02″N 137°49′55″E / 35.2671°N 137.8319°E / 35.2671; 137.8319Elevation303 meters[citation needed]Operated by JR CentralLine(s) Iida LineDistance91.7 km from ToyohashiPlatforms1 side platformOther informationStatusUnstaffedHistoryOpened30 Decembe...
1979 studio album by Bootsy's Rubber BandThis Boot Is Made for Fonk-NStudio album by Bootsy's Rubber BandReleasedJune 1, 1979Recorded1979GenreFunkLength44:34LabelWarner Bros.ProducerBootsy Collins, George ClintonBootsy's Rubber Band chronology Bootsy? Player of the Year(1978) This Boot Is Made for Fonk-N(1979) Ultra Wave(1980) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusic[1]Smash Hits6/10[2]The Village VoiceC+[3] This Boot Is Made for Fonk-N is the four...
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Voetbal Inside – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Dutch TV series or program Voetbal InsideVoetbal InsideCreated byRTL NederlandPresented byWilfred GeneeCountry of originNetherlan...
Lincoln NavigatorInformasiProdusenLincolnMasa produksi1997–sekarangModel untuk tahun1998–sekarangPerakitanWayne, Michigan, AS (Michigan Assembly Plant) (1997–2009)Louisville, Kentucky, AS (Kentucky Truck Plant) (2009–sekarang)[1]Bodi & rangkaKelasFull-size luxury SUVBentuk kerangka5-pintu SUVTata letakFront engine, rear-wheel drive / four-wheel drive Lincoln Navigator adalah SUV mewah ukuran penuh yang dipasarkan dan dijual oleh Ford Motor Company merek Lincoln s...
Planned paid online course Whang-od AcademyTypeOnline courseDiscontinuedAugust 4, 2021Platform(s)Nas Academy (Web)StatusInactivePricing modelPaid serviceWebsitenasacademy.com/ph/whang-od/ancient-art-of-tattooing Whang-od Academy, also known as Learn The Ancient Art of Tattooing, was a planned paid online course on traditional tattooing featuring Filipino Kalinga tattoo artist Whang-od. It was planned to be hosted at Nas Academy, an online education platform by Arab-Israeli video blogger Nusei...
Indonesian politician Zainal AbidinSutan Kumala PontasGovernor of North SumatraIn office25 January 1957 – 1 April 1960Acting: 12 March 1956 – 25 January 1957PresidentSukarnoPreceded bySutan Mohammad Amin NasutionSucceeded byRaja Junjungan Lubis Personal detailsNationality Indonesia Zainal Abidin, more commonly known by his title, Sutan Kumala Pontas, was a former governor of North Sumatra. He became acting governor after the previous governor, Sutan Mohammad Amin Nasution, resigned. ...
العلاقات البرتغالية الساموية البرتغال ساموا البرتغال ساموا تعديل مصدري - تعديل العلاقات البرتغالية الساموية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين البرتغال وساموا.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدين هذه مقارنة عامة ومرجعية للدولتين: وجه المقا...
![According to the official art history version, the unfading controversial[70] film Circus[71] had inspired Vera Mukhina to create the sculpture Worker and Kolkhoz Woman (1937), especially the male part played by Orlova's partner Sergei Stolyarov, 10 years younger than Orlova.[72]](File:Patterson1936cirk.jpg)
![Lyubov Orlova character screams "Follow Me" (За мной!) in Volga-Volga (1938). Despite rumors, it has no direct connection to The Motherland Calls monument apart from the propaganda poster "Fascism is the most vicious enemy of women. All rise to fight fascism!",[73] as according to the official Soviet art history version.[74] Just like Orlova, as "a symbol of totalitarism", the 1967 statue was also criticised as "an empty and inhuman display of Stalinist kitsch".[75][76]](File:Lyubov_Orlova_screenshot_from_Volga-Volga_(1938).png)
![Orlova's two title roles, a famous female scientist and an actress, in Springtime (1947). In 1990s, it was revisited by the German critic Uve Schpilman as "a forerunner of postmodernism". Other critics argue the movie is an undoubted harbinger of F. Fellini's 8 1/2, films by Antonioni and Wenders.[77] The first film to use Mukhina's most famous statue as an official Mosfilm logo.[78]](File:Springtime_1947.JPG)
