List of rulers in Wales
Medieval Welsh realms and their rulers
This is a list of rulers in Wales (Welsh : Cymru ; and neighbouring regions ) during the Middle Ages , between c. 400s–1500s . The rulers were monarchs who ruled their respective realms , as well as those who briefly ruled the Principality of Wales . These former territories are now within the boundaries of modern-day Wales and the neighbouring Welsh Marches in England (both in the United Kingdom ).
Before the Conquest of Wales , completed in 1283, Wales consisted of several independent realms, the most important being Gwynedd , Powys , Deheubarth (originally Ceredigion , Seisyllwg and Dyfed ) and Morgannwg (Glywysing and Gwent ). Boundary changes and the custom of dividing patrimonies between heirs meant that few princes ever came close to ruling the whole of Wales.
The names of those known to have ruled over one or more areas are listed below. Boundaries changed frequently. The only person known to have ruled all of Wales as a modern territory was Gruffydd ap Llywelyn (c. 1010–1063), a Prince of Gwynedd who became King of Wales from 1055 to 1063. However, some Welsh Princes sporadically claimed the medieval title of "Prince of Wales " between the 13th to 15th centuries. The title remains in use but is usually given to heir apparents of English and British monarchs .
Map of medieval Wales
History of the medieval kingdoms in Wales
Owain Glyndwr's gold Welsh dragon flag Wales during the medieval age was a land of kingdoms and dynasties. Petty kingdoms , such as Ceredigion and Gwent, were established some time after Britain ceased to be part of the Roman empire in the late 5th century. By the time of the Norman invasion of Wales in the 11th century, most of these realms were combined or incorporated into greater territories, thus making up the four major Kingdoms of Wales. Those Kingdoms were Gwynedd, Powys, Deheubarth, and Morgannwg. Unlike the others, Deheubarth was formed later by the merging of Ceredigion, Dyfed, and Ystrad Tywi . Some minor (petty) kingdoms stayed independent from the big four kingdoms, only to be taken over by the Anglo-Normans in the 13th century, such as Rhwng Gwy a Hafren , and Meirionnydd , and others. Of the major kingdoms, Powys' 13th century division of Wenwynwyn and Fadog were one of the final surviving Welsh dynasties until after the Edwardian conquest of Wales . Later, Owain Glyndŵr became the final Welsh ruler from royalty in Wales, he emerged in Powys Fadog during the early 15th century as a Prince of Wales.[ 2]
Kings of Brycheiniog
Kings and Princes of Ceredigion
Kings and Princes of Dyfed
Kingdom of Gwynedd
Kings of Gwynedd
Princes of Dogfeiling
Dogfael ap Cunedda Wledig (c. 410)
Elno ap Dogfael (c. 440)
Glas ap Elno (c. 470)
Elgud ap Glas ap Elno (c. 500)
Elaeth ab Elgud (c. 530)
Meurig ap Elaeth (c. 570)[ 19]
Princes of Dunoding
Dunod ap Cunedda Wledig (c. 400)
Eifion ap Dunod ap Cunedda (c. 430)[ 55]
Dingad ap Eifion (c. 470)
Meurig ap Dingad (c. 500)[ 19]
Eifion ap Meurig (c. 530)[ 55]
Issac ap Eifion ap Meurig (c. 570)
Pobien Hen ap Isaac (c. 600)[ 58]
Pobddelw ap Pobien Hen (c. 630)[ 58]
Eifion ap Pobddelw (c. 670)[ 55]
Brochwel ap Eifion (c. 700)
Eigion ap Brochwel ab Eifion (c. 730)[ 55]
Ieuanawl ab Eigion (c. 770)[ 60]
Caradog ap Ieuanawl (c. 800)
Blieddud ap Caradog (c. 830)
Cuhelyn ap Bleiddud (c. 870)
Princes of Rhos
Owain Ddantgwyn ap Einion Yrth (Rhos ; c. 440)Cynlas Goch ab Owain Gwyn (c. 470, Rhos )[ 64] St Einion (Llŷn ) ap Owain (c. 470)[ 64] Maig ab Owain ap Cynlas (c. 500)
Cadal Crysban (c. 560, Crys-Halog)
Idgwyn ap Cadwal Crysbyn (c. 590)
Einion ab Idgwyn (c. 620)[ 33]
Rhufon ap Einion ap Idgwyn (c. 650)[ 68]
Hywel ap Rhufon (c. 680)[ 47]
Meirion ap Hywel ap Rhufon (c. 710)
Hywel ap Caradog (c. 825, Hywel Farf-Fehinog)
Princes of Rhufoniog
Rhufon ap Cunedda Wledig (c. 400)[ 68]
Breichiol (c. 830)
Môr ap Breichiol (c. 870)
Aeddan ap Môr (c. 900)
Morudd ab Aeddan (c. 930)[ 74] Môr ap Morudd (c. 970)
Kingdom of Morgannwg
Kings of Ergyng
Kingdom of Ergyng , in Wales and on the border of what is now Herefordshire , England.[ 76]
Kings of Ewyas
Regional Kingdom of Ewyas (Ewias) in Wales and Herefordshire, England.
Kings of Glywysing
Prince of Glywysing
Kings of Gwent
Kings and Lords in the cantref of Gwynllwg , in Glamorgan (Gwent).[ 94] [ 95]
Kings of Morgannwg
The Kingdom of Morgannwg was formed by the merging of the two Kingdoms of Morgannwg and Gwent. At times, the kingdoms were separate and independent.
Kingdom of Powys
Kings of Powys
Legendary descendants of Vortigern
Pengwern
The former petty Kingdom of Pengwern , today located in the Midlands , possibly around the Wrekin , England.[ 116]
Welsh regional kingdoms
All of Wales
Overlord of Wales (King of Wales ) as a modern territory by 1055.[ 119]
North Wales
Kings and Princes of the Kingdoms of Gwynedd and Powys.[ 119] [ 120]
South Wales
Kings and Princes of Buellt and Gwrtheyrnion
Pasgen ap Gwrtheryn, son of Vortigern (c. 400, Pascent)
Pawl ap Mepurit (c. 510)
Eldog ap Pawl (c. 550)[ 127]
Eldad ab Eldog ap Paul (c. 590)[ 127]
Morudd ab Eldad (c. 630)[ 74]
Pasgen Buellt ap Gwyddaint (c. 700)
Tewdwr ap Pasgen (c. 730)
Gloud ap Pasgn Buellt (c. 730)
Ffernfael ap Tewdwr (c. 760, Theodore)[ 90]
King of an enlarged Gwynedd (also Rhos and Rhufoniog), including Ceredigion (Deheubarth ), Meirionnydd and Dyffryn Clwyd , making his realm North West and West Wales .[ 131]
Kingdoms in the West and North West of Wales.[ 132]
North and Mid to South West Wales.[ 120] [ 132]
King of all of Wales, except for Morgannwg and Gwent (south and southeast of Wales).[ 139]
South East of Wales.[ 142]
South and South East of Wales.[ 142]
The three Royal Houses of Wales' regions were first divided by Rhodri the Great in the 9th century. Of his children, two of King's sons began royal dynasties . Anarawd reigned in Gwynedd (Aberffraw ), and Cadell founded Deheubarth (Dinefwr ), then another son Merfyn reigned in Powys (Mathrafal emerged as a cadet branch of Dinefwr in the 11th century).[ 136] [ 149]
Aberffraw
Aberffraw Kings of Gwynedd
Aberffraw King of Ceredigion
Aberffraw Prince of Anglesey
Aberffraw Princes of Gwynedd
Dinefwr
The Kingdom of Deheubarth was formed by the union of the Kingdoms of Ceredigion (also known as Seisyllwg) and Dyfed by Hywel Dda in 910.[ 140]
Dinefwr Kings of Deheubarth
Dinefwr Princes of Deheubarth
Mathrafal
Mathrafal Princes of Powys
Mathrafal Prince of Powys Fadog
Mathrafal Princes of Powys Wenwynwyn
The Lords of Welsh areas once belonging to monarchies . They were ruled by the direct descendants and heirs of Kings in Wales from around the time of the Norman invasion of Wales (1000s), some of which lasted until after the conquest of Wales by Edward I (c. 1300s), and in a few instances, Welsh baronies lasted later into the Principality of Wales.[ 178] [ 180] [ 181]
Lords of Afan
Listed Lords of Nedd-Avan (Avene, Welsh : Afan ), dynasty of Glamorgan , Morgannwg (not the Norman Lordship of Glamorgan ).[ 182] [ 95]
Lords of Arwystli and Cedewain
The regional territories as a dynasty combining the territories Arwystli and Cedewain . The area was later incorporated into Powys Wenwynwyn.[ 187] [ 188]
Lords of Carleon
The rulers of Gwynllwg (Wentloog ) and upper Gwent became the Lords of Carleon .[ 189] [ 190]
Lords of Ceredigion
Lordship of Ceredigion , from the House of Dinefwr , Deheubarth .[ 191] [ 192]
Lords of Mechain
Mechain, Powys.[ 176] [ 193]
Lord of Menai
Lord of the Menai commote on Anglesey .[ 194]
Lords of Merioneth
The vassal Lordship of Merioneth (Meirionnydd ) from Gwynedd, also Lords of Eifionydd and Ardudwy . Descendents of King Owain Gwynedd .[ 195]
Lords of Nannau
Descendants of Madog ap Cadwgan ap Bleddyn , Prince of Powys. Lordship c. 1118 until the final Lord in the 1500s, before the use of the surname Nanney for the family.[ 197] [ 181] [ 198]
Lords of Oswestry
Lords of Oswestry (Shropshire , England), from Powys, prior to Baronetcy of Cymmer-yn-Edeirnion (English feudal barony ).[ 199] [ 200]
Lords of Powys Fadog
Northern Powys, House of Mathrafal .[ 149] [ 176] [ 175]
Lords of Powys Wenwynwyn
Southern Powys, House of Mathrafal. The lordship also had lands in Arwystli, Cyfeiliog , Mawddwy , Caereinion .[ 149] [ 176] [ 205]
Rhwng Gwy a Hafren
The region of Rhwng Gwy a Hafren (Radnorshire ) between the Rivers Wye and Severn , ruled by Lords . Associated with Brycheiniog and Buellt . Ruled the cantrefs of Maelienydd and Elfael .[ 208] [ 26]
Lords of Senghenydd
The Lordship of Senghenydd , then a vassal of Lordship of Glamorgan .[ 210]
Lords of Tegeingl
Lordship of Coleshill , Prestatyn , Rhuddlan , also considered Princes.[ 212]
The late medieval territory of the Principality of Wales and the members of Welsh Royalty who ruled that area or attempted to regain their dynastic inheritances during the Principality. They were titled (official) or claimants (unofficial/pretender ) as the Prince of Wales .[ 214] [ 216] Carmarthenshire . There was the exception of Llywelyn I who ruled most of the territory of the Principality and also Montgomeryshire , but not as a Prince of Wales; by 1230 he styled himself as the Prince of Aberffraw and Lord of Snowdon (Prince of Gwynedd).[ 217] [ 218]
Llywelyn Fawr ap Iorwerth (c. 1195–1240, English: Llywelyn I, the Great ), Prince of Gwynedd , Prince of North Wales ;[ 217] Dafydd ap Llywelyn (c. 1240–1246, Dafydd II, English: David ), Prince of Gwynedd (claimant Prince of Wales);[ 221] Llywelyn ap Gruffudd (c. 1246–1282, English: Llywelyn II, the Last ), Prince of Wales (Gwynedd , Aberffraw );[ 222] Dafydd ap Gruffydd (c. 1282–1283, Dafydd III), Prince of Gwynedd (claimant Prince of Wales).[ 223]
See also
Notes
^ (Irish Bróccan ) Claimed as founder of the ruling dynasty;[ 5]
References
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Bibliography
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