List of presidents of Peru

This is a list of those who have served as President of the Republic of Peru (head of state and head of government of Peru) from its establishment to the present. The office was established by the 1822 Constituent Congress, after the resignation of José de San Martín to his position as Protector of Peru and his subsequent departure from the country.

The first president was José de la Riva Agüero and the current officeholder is Dina Boluarte, the first woman to hold the position. In the history of the position, there has been a series of political crises, caudillos, barracks revolt, civil wars, death of the incumbent, coups d'état, parliamentary attempts to remove the presidency,^[1] one self-coup, and vacancies dictated by the congress. The list is based on the work of the historian Jorge Basadre, constitutions, laws, and decrees in each case.

Even though they were not presidents, the list includes the Libertadores San Martín and Simón Bolívar due to their historical relevance in the independence of Peru and its consolidation.

Presidents

Political parties:

Far-right:   Revolutionary Union (Unión Revolucionaria, UR)

Right wing:   Civilista Party (Partido Civil, PC)   Fujimorism (Cambio 90/ Let's Go Neighbor)   Constitutional Party (Partido Constitucional)   Reformist Democratic Party (Partido Democrático Reformista)   Peruvian Democratic Movement (Movimiento Democrático Peruano, MDP)   National Democratic Front (Frente Democrático Nacional)

Centre-right:   Peruvians for Change (Peruanos Por el Kambio, PPK)

Centrist:   Popular Action (Acción Popular, AP)   Possible Peru (Perú Posible, PP)   Purple Party (Partido Morado, PM)

Centre-left:   Democratic Party (Partido Demócrata, PD)   Peruvian Aprista Party (Partido Aprista Peruano, APRA)

Left wing:   Peruvian Nationalist Party (Partido Nacionalista Peruano, PNP)

Far-left:   Free Peru (Perú Libre, PL)

Others:   Independent   Military

UR (2)   PC (9)   C90/VV (1)   PC (4)   PDR (1)   MDP (2)   PPK (1)   AP (4)   PP (1)   PM (1)   PD (2)   APRA (2)   FDN (1)   PNP (1)   PL (1)   Ind. (6)   Military (16)
No.	Portrait	President (Birth–Death)	Term of office		Time in office	Party		Election	Vice President
			Took office	Left office
—		José de San Martín (1778–1850) [2][a]	3 August 1821	20 September 1822	1 year, 48 days		Independent	N/A	None
1		José de la Riva Agüero (1783–1858) [2]	28 February 1823	23 June 1823	115 days		Military	—[b][3]	None
2		José Bernardo de Tagle (1779–1825) [2][c]	16 August 1823	10 February 1824	178 days		Military	—[b][5]	None
								1823[6]	Diego de Aliaga y Santa Cruz[7]
—		Simón Bolívar (1783–1830) [2][d]	10 February 1824	27 January 1827	2 years, 351 days		Independent	—[b][8]	None
3		José de La Mar (1776–1830) [2]	10 June 1827	7 June 1829	1 year, 362 days		Military	1827[9]	Manuel Salazar y Baquíjano
4		Agustín Gamarra (1785–1841) [2]	7 June 1829	19 December 1833	4 years, 195 days		Military	Coup d'état	Antonio Gutiérrez de la Fuente
								1829[10]
5		Luis José de Orbegoso (1795–1847) [11]	21 December 1833	25 February 1835	1 year, 66 days		Military	1833[12]	None
—		Felipe Salaverry (1805–1836) [e][13]	25 February 1835	7 February 1836	347 days		Military	Coup d'état[14]	None
6		Agustín Gamarra (1785–1841) [15]	20 January 1839[16]	18 November 1841 (†)	2 years, 302 days		Military	Open Cabildo[17][18]	Manuel Menéndez (1840–1841) President of the Council of State Justo Figuerola (1840–1841) 1º Vice President of the Council of State Juan Francisco de Vidal (1840–1841) 2º Vice President of the Council of State
								1839[17]
								1840[19]
7		Manuel Menéndez (1793–1847) [f][15]	18 November 1841	16 August 1842	271 days		Independent	—[20]	Justo Figuerola 1º Vice President of the Council of State Juan Francisco de Vidal 2º Vice President of the Council of State
8		Juan Francisco de Vidal (1800–1863) [15]	20 October 1842	15 March 1843	146 days		Military	—[20][21][22]	None
-		Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco (1806–1873) [g][15]	27 March 1843	17 June 1844	1 year, 82 days		Military	Coup d'état	None
10		Manuel Menéndez (1793–1847) [f][15]	7 October 1844	20 April 1845	195 days		Independent	Restored to office[23]	None
11		Ramón Castilla (1797–1867) [24]	20 April 1845	20 April 1851	6 years		Military	1845[25][26]	None
12		José Rufino Echenique (1808–1887) [24]	20 April 1851	5 January 1855	3 years, 260 days		Military	1851[27]	None
13		Ramón Castilla (1797–1867) [24]	5 January 1855	24 October 1862	7 years, 292 days		Military	Coup d'état[28]	(As Prime Minister) José María Raygada Miguel de San Román
								1858[29]	Juan Manuel del Mar
14		Miguel de San Román (1802–1863) [24]	24 October 1862	3 April 1863 (†)	161 days		Military	1862	1º Juan Antonio Pezet 2º Pedro Diez Canseco
15		Juan Antonio Pezet (1809–1879) [24]	5 August 1863	8 November 1865	2 years, 95 days		Military		Pedro Diez Canseco
16		Mariano Ignacio Prado (1825–1901) [h][24]	28 November 1865	7 January 1868	2 years, 40 days		Military	Coup d'état [30][31]	None
								1867[32]
17		Pedro Diez Canseco Corbacho (1815–1893) [33]	7 January 1868	2 August 1868	208 days		Military		None
18		José Balta (1814–1872) [33]	2 August 1868	22 July 1872	3 years, 355 days		Military	1868[34]	1º Mariano Herencia Zevallos 2º Francisco Diez-Canseco
—		Tomás Gutiérrez (1817–1872) [i][33]	22 July 1872	26 July 1872	4 days		Military	Coup d'état	None
19		Mariano Herencia Zevallos (1820–1873) [33]	27 July 1872	2 August 1872	6 days		Civilista Party	—	None
20		Manuel Pardo y Lavalle (1834–1878) [33]	2 August 1872	2 August 1876	4 years, 0 days		Civilista Party	1872[35]	1º Manuel Costas Arce 2.º Francisco Garmendia Puértolas
21		Mariano Ignacio Prado (1825–1901) [33]	2 August 1876	18 December 1879	3 years, 138 days		Civilista Party	1876[36]	1º Luis La Puerta 2º José Francisco Canevaro
22		Luis La Puerta (1811–1896) [33]	18 December 1879	23 December 1879	5 days		Military	—	José Francisco Canevaro
23		Nicolás de Piérola (1839–1913) [j][33]	23 December 1879	28 December 1881	2 years, 5 days		Independent	Open cabildo[37]	None
24		Francisco García Calderón (1834–1905) [38]	12 March 1881	6 November 1881	239 days		Independent	—[k]	1º Lizardo Montero 2º Andrés Avelino Cáceres
25		Lizardo Montero (1832–1905) [38]	28 September 1881	28 October 1883	2 years, 30 days		Civilista Party	—	None
26		Miguel Iglesias (1830–1909) [38]	30 December 1882	3 December 1885	2 years, 338 days		Military	1882[39]	None
								1884[40][41]
27		Andrés Avelino Cáceres (1836–1923) [38][42]	3 June 1886	10 August 1890	4 years, 68 days		Constitutional Party	1886	1º Remigio Morales Bermúdez 2º Aurelio Denegri
28		Remigio Morales Bermúdez (1836–1894) [42]	10 August 1890	1 April 1894 (†)	3 years, 234 days		Constitutional Party	1890	1º Pedro Alejandrino del Solar 2º Justiniano Borgoño
29		Justiniano Borgoño (1836–1921) [43]	1 April 1894	10 August 1894	131 days		Constitutional Party		None
30		Andrés Avelino Cáceres (1836–1923) [43]	10 August 1894	20 March 1895	222 days		Constitutional Party	1894	1º César Canevaro 2º Cesáreo Chacaltana
31		Nicolás de Piérola (1839–1913) [43]	8 September 1895	8 September 1899	4 years		Democratic Party	1895	1º Guillermo Billinghurst 2º Augusto Seminario y Váscones
32		Eduardo López de Romaña (1847–1912) [43]	8 September 1899	8 September 1903	4 years		Civilista Party	1899	1º Isaac Alzamora 2.º Federico Bresani
33		Manuel Candamo (1841–1904) [43]	8 September 1903	7 May 1904 (†)	242 days		Civilista Party	1903	1.º Lino Alarco (†) 2.º Serapio Calderón
34		Serapio Calderón (1843–1922) [43]	7 May 1904	24 September 1904	140 days		Civilista Party		None
35		José Pardo y Barreda (1864–1947) [44]	24 September 1904	24 September 1908	4 years		Civilista Party	1904	1.º José Salvador Cavero Ovalle 2º Vacant
36		Augusto Leguía (1863–1932) [44]	24 September 1908	24 September 1912	4 years		Civilista Party	1908	1º Eugenio Larrabure y Unanue 2º Belisario Sosa
37		Guillermo Billinghurst (1851–1915) [44]	24 September 1912	4 February 1914	1 year, 133 days		Democratic Party	1912	1º Roberto Leguía 2º Miguel Echenique
38		Óscar Benavides (1876–1945) [l][44]	4 February 1914	18 August 1915	1 year, 195 days		Military	Coup d'état [45]	None
39		José Pardo y Barreda (1864–1947) [44]	18 August 1915	4 July 1919	3 years, 320 days		Civilista Party	1915	1º Ricardo Bentín Sánchez 2.º Melitón Carvajal
40		Augusto Leguía (1863–1932) [44]	4 July 1919	25 August 1930	11 years, 52 days		Reformist Democratic Party	Coup d'état	1º César Canevaro (1919–1920) 2.º Agustín de la Torre González (1919–1920)
								1919
								1924
								1929
41		Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro (1889–1933) [46]	27 August 1930	30 April 1933 (†)	2 years, 246 days		Revolutionary Union	1931	None
42		Óscar Benavides (1876–1945) [47]	30 April 1933	8 December 1939	6 years, 222 days		Military	—[m]	1º Ernesto Montagne Markholz 2º Antonio Rodríguez Ramírez
43		Manuel Prado Ugarteche (1889–1967) [48][49]	8 December 1939	28 July 1945	5 years, 232 days		Peruvian Democratic Movement	1939	1º Rafael Larco Herrera 2º Carlos D. Gibson
44		José Luis Bustamante y Rivero (1894–1989) [50]	28 July 1945	29 October 1948	3 years, 93 days		National Democratic Front	1945	1º José Gálvez Barrenechea 2º Eduardo Ganoza y Ganoza
45		Manuel Odría (1896–1974) [n][51][52]	1 November 1948	28 July 1956	7 years, 270 days		Military	Coup d'état	1º Héctor Boza 2º Federico Bolognesi Bolognesi
								1950
46		Manuel Prado Ugarteche (1889–1967) [53]	28 July 1956	18 July 1962	5 years, 355 days		Peruvian Democratic Movement	1956	1º Luis Gallo Porras 2.º Carlos Moreyra y Paz Soldán
47		Ricardo Pérez Godoy (1905–1982) [o][54]	18 July 1962	3 March 1963	228 days		Military	Coup d'état	None
48		Nicolás Lindley López (1908–1995) [o][55]	3 March 1963	28 July 1963	147 days		Military	Succession (De facto)	None
49		Fernando Belaúnde Terry (1912–2002) [56]	28 July 1963	3 October 1968	5 years, 67 days		Popular Action	1963	1º Edgardo Seoane 2º Mario Polar Ugarteche
50		Juan Velasco Alvarado (1910–1977) [p][57][58]	3 October 1968	30 August 1975	6 years, 331 days		Military	Coup d'état	None
51		Francisco Morales Bermúdez (1921–2022) [p][59]	30 August 1975	28 July 1980	4 years, 333 days		Military	Coup d'état	None
52		Fernando Belaúnde Terry (1912–2002) [60][61]	28 July 1980	28 July 1985	5 years		Popular Action	1980	1º Fernando Schwalb 2º Javier Alva Orlandini
53		Alan García (1949–2019) [62]	28 July 1985	28 July 1990	5 years		Peruvian Aprista Party	1985	1º Luis Alberto Sánchez 2.º Luis Alva Castro
54		Alberto Fujimori (1938–2024) [q][r]	28 July 1990	21 November 2000 (Resigned, deposed by Congress)	10 years, 116 days		Change 90 (1990–1998) Let's Go Neighbour (1998–2000)	1990	First Vice President Máximo San Román (1990–1992) Ricardo Márquez Flores (1995–2000) Francisco Tudela (2000) Second Vice President Carlos García y García (1990–1992) César Paredes Canto (1995–2000) Ricardo Márquez Flores (2000)
								Self-coup
								1993
								1995
								2000
55		Valentín Paniagua (1936–2006)	22 November 2000	28 July 2001	248 days		Popular Action	—[s]	None
56		Alejandro Toledo (born 1946)	28 July 2001	28 July 2006	5 years		Possible Peru	2001	1º Raúl Diez Canseco 2.º David Waisman
57		Alan García (1949–2019)	28 July 2006	28 July 2011	5 years		Peruvian Aprista Party	2006	1º Luis Giampietri 2º Lourdes Mendoza del Solar
58		Ollanta Humala (born 1962)	28 July 2011	28 July 2016	5 years		Peruvian Nationalist Party	2011	1º Marisol Espinoza 2º Omar Chehade
59		Pedro Pablo Kuczynski (born 1938)	28 July 2016	23 March 2018	1 year, 238 days		Peruvians for Change	2016	1º Martín Vizcarra 2º Mercedes Aráoz
60		Martín Vizcarra (born 1963)	23 March 2018	9 November 2020	2 years, 231 days		Independent		2º Mercedes Aráoz
61		Manuel Merino (born 1961)	10 November 2020	15 November 2020	5 days		Popular Action	—[s]	None
62		Francisco Sagasti (born 1944)	17 November 2020	28 July 2021	253 days		Purple Party	—[s]	None
63		Pedro Castillo (born 1969)	28 July 2021	7 December 2022	1 year, 132 days		Free Peru	2021	1º Dina Boluarte
64		Dina Boluarte (born 1962)	7 December 2022	Incumbent	2 years, 17 days		Independent		None

Timeline

Addendum

Those who are mentioned in the following list were sworn in as presidents of Peru, because of a political crisis, however, they never came to govern:^[65]

President (Birth–Death)			Term of office		Title	Form of entry	Vice President
			Start	End
		Máximo San Román (born 1946)	21 April 1992	6 January 1993[65]	Constitutional President of the Republic of Peru[66]	Constitutional succession (1º Vice President)	Carlos García y García
		Mercedes Aráoz (born 1961)	30 September 2019	1 October 2019[67][68]	Acting President[69]	Constitutional succession (2º Vice President)	None

See also

• President of Peru
• Vice President of Peru
• Prime Minister of Peru
• Constitution of Peru
• Politics of Peru
• Viceroyalty of Peru
  • List of viceroys of Peru

List of Peruvian coups d'état

Notes

1. As Protector of Peru
2. Appointed
3. José Bernardo de Tagle was appointed president by Antonio José de Sucre on 17 July 1823. This was then made official on August.^[4]
4. As Supreme Political and Military Authority of the Peruvian Republic
5. As Supreme Head of the Republic
6. As President of the Council of State of Peru
7. As Supreme Director of Peru
8. As Provisional Supreme Chief from 1865 to 1867, as Provisional President in 1867, and as constitutional President of Peru from 1867 to 1868
9. As Supreme Leader of the Peruvian Republic
10. As Supreme Head of the Peruvian Republic until 8 July 1881
11. Congress of Chorrillos
12. As President of the Governing Board of Peru from 4 February 1914 to 15 May 1914, and as Provisional President of the Peruvian Republic from 15 May 1914 to 18 August 1915
13. Appointed by Congress
14. As President of the Military Junta of the Government of Peru until 1 June 1950
15. As President of the Military Junta of the Government of Peru
16. As President of the Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru
17. De jure figurehead, de facto leadership by Vladimiro Montesinos^[63][64]
18. As President of the Government of Emergency and National Reconstruction of Peru between 22 April 1992 and 9 January 1993
19. Succeeded to the presidency as President of Congress

References

1. Cfr. Pérez-Liñán, Aníbal (2007). Presidential impeachment and the new political instability in Latin America. Cambridge University Press.
2. Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 298. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
3. "Nombramiento de José de la Riva Agüero como Presidente de la República, 28 febrero de 1823" (PDF).
4. "DECRETO DISPONIENDO QUE DON JOSÉ BERNARDO DE TAGLE CONTINUE COMO JEFE SUPREMO POLÍTICO Y MILITAR DEL PERÚ" (PDF). Congress of Peru. 7 August 1823.
5. "Nombramiento del Gran Mariscal José Bernardo de Tagle como Presidente de la República del Perú, 16 agosto de 1823" (PDF).
6. "Se nombra Presidente Constitucional de la República al Gran Mariscal José Bernardo Tagle y Portocarrero, 18 noviembre de 1823" (PDF).
7. Castañeda Jiménez. "Manuel José de Salazar y Baquijano" (PDF). Congress of the Republic of Peru. Retrieved 14 December 2020. El Congreso aprobó tal designación el 18 de noviembre de 1823 y estableció que su mandato fuese de cuatro años. Nombró igualmente, el mismo día a Diego de Aliaga y Santa Cruz, hijo segundo del Conde de San Juan de Lurigancho, como vicepresidente de la República.
8. "Decreto disponiendo que el Libertador Simón Bolívar asuma la suprema autoridad política y militar de la república, quedando en suspenso la del presidente y en receso el Congreso" (PDF). 17 February 1824.
9. "Decreto mandando cumplir la ley que lo nombra Presidente de la República y vicepresidente a Manuel Salazar y Baquíjano, 10 de junio de 1827" (PDF).
10. "LEY PROCLAMADO PRESIDENTE DE LA REPÚBLICA AL GRAN MARISCAL AGUSTÍN GAMARRA, 19 DE DICIEMBRE DE 1829". www.congreso.gob.pe.
11. Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 68. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
12. "Ley nombrándo Presidente Provisional de la República al Gran Mariscal Luis José de Orbegoso, 20 de diciembre de 1833" (PDF).
13. Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú. Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 140. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
14. "Decreto asumiendo el mando de la República, Gral. Felipe Santiago Salaverry del Solar, 25 de febrero de 1835" (PDF).
15. Basadre, Jorge (2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 130. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
16. * Proclaimed (Open cabildo): 24 August 1838
    • De facto effective after victory in the Battle of Yungay: 20 January 1839
17. "Ley nombrándolo Presidente Provisorio al General Agustín Gamarra, 15 de agosto de 1839" (PDF).
18. "Acuerdo del Cabildo abierto encargando al Mariscal Agustín Gamarra el Poder Ejecutivo el 24 de agosto de 1838".
19. "Ley proclamándolo Presidente Constitucional de la República al Gran Mariscal Agustín Gamarra, 11 de julio de 1840" (PDF).
20. Congress of the Republic of Peru (10 November 1839). "Constitución del Perú (1839)". Art. 82º.- Cuando vacare la Presidencia de la República por muerte, pacto atentatorio, renuncia o perpétua imposibilidad física o moral, se encargará provisionalmente del Poder Ejecutivo el Presidente del Consejo de Estado, quien en estos casos convocará a los Colegios Electorales dentro de los primeros diez días de su Gobierno para la elección del Presidente.
21. Congress of the Republic of Peru (10 November 1839). "Constitución del Perú (1839)". Art. 101º.- Para reemplazar al Presidente del Consejo en cualquiera ocurrencia, hará sus veces el Vicepresidente que también nombrará el Congreso, y asimismo un tercero para los casos
22. "PROCLAMA AL PERÚ DEL VICEPRESIDENTE DEL CONSEJO DE ESTADO, ENCARGADO DEL PODER EJECUTIVO DE LA REPÚBLICA, GENERAL FRANCISCO VIDAL, EL 29 DE OCTUBRE DE 1842". www.congreso.gob.pe.
23. "DECRETO DISOLVIENDO LA JUNTA SUPREMA DE GOBIERNO PROVISORIO Y RESIGNANDO LA AUTORIDAD EN EL PRESIDENTE DEL CONSEJO DE ESTADO, 10 DE DICIEMBRE DE 1844". www.congreso.gob.pe.
24. Basadre, Jorge (2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 222. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
25. "LEY PROCLAMANDO PRESIDENTE CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA REPÚBLICA AL GENERAL RAMÓN CASTILLA, 19 DE ABRIL DE 1845". www.congreso.gob.pe.
26. "Juramento del Presidente de la República" (PDF).
27. "Ley 2 abril 1851 proclamando Presidente de la República al general Echenique" (PDF).
28. "PROCLAMA DEL LIBERTADOR RAMÓN CASTILLA, A LOS PUEBLOS DEL PERÚ, EL 6 DE ENERO DE 1855". www.congreso.gob.pe.
29. "Proclamando Presidente de la República al Gran Mariscal Ramon Castilla" (PDF).
30. "DECRETO ASUMIENDO EL MANDO, BAJO LA DENOMINACIÓN DE JEFE SUPREMO PROVISORIO DE LA REPÚBLICA, EL CORONEL MARIANO IGNACIO PRADO, 28 DE NOVIEMBRE DE 1865". www.congreso.gob.pe.
31. "Decreto asumiendo el mando, bajo la denominación de Jefe Supremo Provisorio de la República, 28 de" (PDF).
32. "Ley que lo proclama Presidente de la República el 29 de agosto de 1867" (PDF).
33. Basadre, Jorge (2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 102. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
34. "Ley 1 de agosto Proclamando Presidente Constitucional de la República al ciudadano Don Jose Balta" (PDF).
35. "LEY QUE PROCLAMA PRESIDENTE CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA REPÚBLICA A MANUEL PARDO Y LAVALLE, 1 DE AGOSTO DE 1872". www.congreso.gob.pe.
36. "Ley 1 de agosto de 1876 eligiendo y proclamando Presidente Constitucional a Mariano Ignacio Prado" (PDF).
37. "CABILDO ABIERTO ENCARGA LA SUPREMA MAGISTRATURA DE LA NACIÓN A NICOLÁS DE PIÉROLA LIMA, 23 DE DICIEMBRE DE 1879". www.congreso.gob.pe.
38. Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 208. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
39. "LEY ELIGIENDO PRESIDENTE REGENERADOR DE LA REPÚBLICA AL GENERAL D. MIGUEL IGLESIAS, CAJAMARCA, 30 DE DICIEMBRE DE 1882". www.congreso.gob.pe.
40. "DECRETO EMITIENDO UN VOTO DE APLAUSO AL GENERAL D. MIGUEL IGLESIAS Y NOMBRÁNDOLO PRESIDENTE PROVISORIO DE LA REPÚBLICA, 1 DE MARZO DE 1884". www.congreso.gob.pe.
41. "RENUNCIA DEL PRESIDENTE PROVISORIO DE LA REPÚBLICA, GENERAL MIGUEL IGLESIAS, 3 DE DICIEMBRE DE 1885". www.congreso.gob.pe.
42. Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 200. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
43. Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 66. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
44. Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 186. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
45. "Proclama del coronel don Oscar Benavides, quien se ha hecho cargo del mando supremo de la República" (PDF).
46. Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 284. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
47. Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 25. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
48. Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 30. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
49. Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 31. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
50. Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 34. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
51. Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 110. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
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63.  • Llosa, Mario Vargas (27 March 1994). "Ideas & Trends: In His Words; Unmasking the Killers in Peru Won't Bring Democracy Back to Life". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 24 March 2023. The coup of April 5, 1992, carried out by high-ranking military felons who used the President of the Republic himself as their figurehead, had as one of its stated objectives a guaranteed free hand for the armed forces in the anti-subversion campaign, the same armed forces for whom the democratic system – a critical Congress, an independent judiciary, a free press – constituted an intolerable obstacle.
    • "Spymaster". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. August 2002. Retrieved 29 March 2023. Lester: Though few questioned it , Montesinos was a novel choice. Peru's army had banished him for selling secrets to America's CIA, but he'd prospered as a defence lawyer – for accused drug traffickers. ... Lester: Did Fujmori control Montesinos or did Montesinos control Fujimori? ... Shifter: As information comes out, it seems increasingly clear that Montesinos was the power in Peru.
    • Keller, Paul (26 October 2000). "Fujimori in OAS talks PERU CRISIS UNCERTAINTY DEEPENS AFTER RETURN OF EX-SPY CHIEF". Financial Times. Mr Montesinos ... and his military faction, ... for the moment, has chosen to keep Mr Fujimori as its civilian figurehead
    • "THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC GOVERNANCE IN THE ANDES" (PDF). Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. 2001. Retrieved 25 March 2023. Alberto Fujimori,... as later events would seem to confirm—merely the figurehead of a regime governed for all practical purposes by the Intelligence Service and the leadership of the armed forces
    • "Questions And Answers: Mario Vargas Llosa". Newsweek. 9 January 2001. Retrieved 25 March 2023. Fujimori became a kind of, well, a figurehead
64. "Who is Controlling Whom?" (PDF). United States Army Intelligence and Threat Analysis Center. 23 October 1990.
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66. "MÁXIMO SAN ROMÁN CÁCERES" (PDF).
67. "Aráoz jura como presidenta encargada de Perú ante una facción del Congreso". www.paginasiete.bo (in Spanish).
68. "Mercedes Aráoz a la BBC: "Tenemos que solucionar esto con las instituciones, de otra forma será como un golpe de Estado"". 2 October 2019. {{cite magazine}}: Cite magazine requires |magazine= (help)
69. "Disolución del Congreso en Perú: quién es Mercedes Aráoz, que renunció tras ser nombrada "presidenta en funciones" por el Parlamento peruano para sustituir a Vizcarra". 2 October 2019. {{cite magazine}}: Cite magazine requires |magazine= (help)