This article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably. Consider splitting content into sub-articles, condensing it, or adding subheadings. Please discuss this issue on the article's talk page.(March 2022)
Portugal's history of viticulture and vinification covers many centuries and has included the use of an extensive number native varieties. In addition, through experimentation and field trials a number of new varieties have emerged and are now playing key roles in producing the country's wide array of wines.
The relative absence of many international varieties such as Cabernet Sauvignon,[1]Chardonnay[2] and Semillon[3] is another characteristic of this country's wine industry, although in recent decades many of these varieties have been brought into wider use as the lists below reveal.
Portugal's wine production in 2019 was 6.5 million hectolitres (Mhl), consistent with its annual average since 2015, and the forecast for 2020 is also 6.5 Mhl.[4] This industry makes an important contribution to the country's annual income by attracting a vigorous local market and by being exported all over the world with France, the United States,[a] the United Kingdom, Brazil and Germany as the main destinations. Evidence gained from recent research may suggest that the industry has not yet reached its maximum level of winegrape output efficiency.[b]
Among other wine exporting nations, Portugal was ranked as the world's 9th largest in 2018-2019.[7][c]
Identifying a variety - the problem with homonyms and synonyms
Wine grape varieties are usually known by what is called the "prime name", and it is under this name they are listed in official and academic documents such as the Vitis International Variety Catalogue (VIVC)[9] and Kym Andersonet al.'s Which Winegrape is Grown Where?: A Global Empirical Picture.[10]
Sometimes in a particular country, a variety may have a prime name which is different from its prime name in the international context. For example, the variety called Tempranillo or Tempranillo Tinto[11] internationally is officially listed in Portugal as Aragonez,[11] and is also known in different regions as Tinta Roriz or Aragonês.[12]
Along with the prime name, the other names, that is homonyms and synonyms, by which each variety is known are also included in the lists below.[d] These homonyms and synonyms indicate how many of the wine grape varieties grown in Portugal are known by more than one name both within the country itself and internationally. For example, the synonyms for Tinta Caiada[15] (also called Tinta Lameira[16] in Portugal, and known elsewhere by its Spanish name, Parraleta), listed by country of origin, are:
Bonvedro, False Carignan (Australia); Espagnin Noir (France); Bastardão, Bonvedro, Bomvedro, Lambrusco de Alentejo, Monvedro, Monvedro do Algarve, Monvedro de Sines, Murteira, Olho Branco, Pau Ferro, Perrel, Preto Foz, Preto João Mendes, Tinta Caiada, Tinta Grossa, Tinta Lameira, Tintorro, Torres de Algarve (Portugal); Bonifaccencu, Bonifacienco, Carenisca, Caricagiola (Sardinia); Bastardo, Cua Tendra, Parraleta, Parrel, Salceño Negro (Spain).[17]
In an international context, some varieties have more than 200 or 300 homonyms or synonyms: over 250 for Chasselas Blanc,[18] about 300 for Pinot Noir,[19] and close to 350 for Moscatel Galego Branco.[20]
Often homonyms or synonyms of a particular variety are a direct translation from one language or dialect to another. Pinot Blanc,[21] for example, originated from France and therefore its prime name is in French, but in Italian it is called Pinot Bianco (bianco = white) and Pinot Bijeli (bijeli = white) in Croatian and languages or dialects related to Serbo-Croatian. Sometimes, when a variety originated from a particular place or has been grown there for a long time, it can be given a local name that reflects that association. Arinto,[22] for example, has among its synonyms Arinto d'Anadia, Arinto de Bucelas, Arinto do Dão and Arinto do Douro as well as Asal Espanhol, Pé de Perdiz Branco and Terrantez de Terceira.[e]
Further confusion has arisen when a particular homonym or synonym has been given to more than one variety. Espadeiro,[24] for example, is the prime name for a variety; but as Wein-Plus warns, "It must not be confused with Camaraou Noir,[25]Manseng Noir[f] (both from France), Padeiro,[29]Trincadeira Preta[30] or Vinhão[31] (all five with the synonym Espadeiro), despite the fact that they seem to share synonyms or have morphological similarities.[32]
Probably the greatest confusion of identity has come about through misidentification,[g] misnaming,[h] or mislabelling.[i] Some growers, for example, have found themselves with vines for which they have no formal identification and have based their decision on observation or even guesswork; so if the vine, grape or seasonal behaviour is similar to that of another variety, it is not surprising that the variety is given an incorrect name. The occurrence of mislabelling was also frequent in the past, especially when the gathering and exchanging of cuttings were carried out informally and without some form of control. New legislation and strict administration have reduced but not eliminated this risk.
Ampelography and the establishment of the National Ampelographic Collection
A major step in mapping and conserving Portugal's unique grape profile was the establishment in 1988 of the Coleção Ampelográfica Nacional (National Ampelographic Collection or CAN),[38][39] a germplasm bank containing as many of the country's unique native varieties as have been found so far along with those varieties that have been introduced from elsewhere. The collection is located at the Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, I.P. (National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research or INIAV) in Dois Portos, and has been described as the "national reference collection" and "in addition to its preservation aspect, also has pedagogical functions and supports national and international research."[40]
Another of its functions was, as Eiras-Dias wrote, "to solve the problems of synonymy and homonymy spread over the different wine regions."[41] The extent of this problem and its many causes have already been discussed above. Other examples given by Eiras-Dias are " Castelão[42] (vs. Periquita, vs. Trincadeiro, vs. João de Santarém, vs. Castelão Francês) or Fernão Pires[43] (vs. Maria Gomes)" with debate about the standardisation of their identity causing hot debate in the early 1980s. In his words, the widespread nature of this problem to confusion which, in turn, "had very negative effects on the knowledge and management of the rich viticultural heritage of the country."[41]
Steps that led to the founding of CAN began in 1981 with the setting up of the Projecto Nacional de Ampelografia e Sinonímia das Variedades de Videira (National Ampelographic and Synonymous Grapevine Varieties Project or PNASVV). This just predated Portugal's accession to the European Economic Community (a precursor of the European Union (EU) into which on its establishment, EEC was absorbed) and was motivated by a need to be able to operate efficiently within the broader European context. Between PNASVV's formation and the establishment of CAN, a number of regional-based ampelographic projects began, and by the time the national collection was operating, the role and value of ampelography in the wine industry had been established. The integration of CAN with the government's legislative and administrative involvement in the wine industry was shown when CAN's listing became the core of the government's 2000 ordinance list[44] and later revisions including the 2017 "Catálogo Nacional de Variedades de Videira" (National Catalogue of Vine Varieties or NCVV).[45] New information from CAN continues to be provided to the government for the updating of its list,[41] to VIVC[46] and to the EU's certification body, the European Commission (EC).
Scientific research and the establishment of identity
In recent years, genetic testing, DNA profiling and genomics have played a major role in establishing the identity and parentage of grape varieties.[47] Especially Jorge Böhm has to be named when it comes to the scientific research of Portuguese grape varieties, since he's well-known for his success in improving most of the native varieties by mutating new clones with his own plant nursery. But the availability of these services has been limited and largely concentrated on those varieties playing key roles in wine production. This means there is still much work to be done, leaving many varieties still clouded in mystery, and if they are varieties which have passed out of use, it seems unlikely their identities will ever be investigated.
One groundbreaking Portuguese research program carried out in the Douro-Porto regions[48] was set up:
"…to compare the effectiveness of RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) and ISSR (Inter Simple Sequence Repeat) molecular techniques in the detection of synonyms, homonyms and misnames. RAPD and ISSR analysis enabled the detection of 36 different band patterns, reducing in about 36% the original material. Several accessions grown under different names, between and within collections, were confirmed as the same genotype, namely Gouveio/Verdelho, Sousão Douro/Vinhão and Arinto Oeste/ Pedernã. Similarly, some homonyms/misnames were also identified, namely within Azal Tinto and Rabigato accessions. RAPD and ISSR markers revealed to be adequate molecular techniques for grapevine varieties fingerprinting with advantages over other molecular procedures, contributing for a good management of grapevine collections."[49]
The findings from this research illustrated why it has become necessary to sort out the confusion that has been caused and sustained by the use of false and misleading synonyms and homonyms. Regarding, for example, the problem with identifying Sousão (now officially known as Sezão)[50] and Vinhão,[31] the report said:
"Results highlight the genetic proximity between Sousão and Vinhão accessions. Sousão is the prime name of a cultivar grown especially in ‘Vinhos Verdes' Region whose cultivar designation was modified to Sezão in the last review of the ‘Portuguese List of Varieties fit for Wine Production'. Vinhão has been reported as the synonym of the Spanish cultivar Sousón. However, a focus of confusion exists in Douro Region, where, frequently, the name Sousão it given to the cultivar Vinhão. Though, the observed separated RAPD clusters for Sousão and Vinhão groups are correct, nevertheless, the fact that these accessions have a miscellany of names between the two RAPD clusters and that they cluster together in the ISSR marker analysis, suggest that Sousão and Vinhão accessions are genetically close."[51]
Further gains for the identification of varieties have been achieved through the use of microsatellites.[52] Programs have been conducted in several regions. One of the most interesting involved a review in 2010 of 313 accessions planted at that time on CAN's own site. All of these had been authorised for commercial wine production. Of these, the researchers were able to confirm 244 as distinct genotypes, leaving 69 for further classification. Of these, 40 were subdivided into 17 distinct genotype groups each defined by shared synonyms. The largest groups was made up of Ramisco Tinto, Rabo de Ovelha Tinto, Saborinho, Molar, Tinto de Porto Santo and Tinta Negra with each of these registered at that time under two to six synonyms. In some cases, when varieties had different berry colours but shared the same Simple Sequence Repeat DNA marker) profiles (SSR), it was taken that one was a mutation of the other and they were listed together. So, for example, Fernão Pires has green-yellow berries (B) and Fernão Pires Rosado has rose berries (Rs) and Fernão Pires Rosado has rose berries (Rs), but they have the same SSR profiles and Fernão Pires Rosado is listed as a colour mutation of Fernão Pires. As the researchers said in their report:
"Traditionally, cultivar characterization relied on plant morphological description. However, these observations are time consuming and error-prone due to environmental variations that may alter the expression of the measured characteristics. In the last years, developments in DNA analysis for the discrimination of cultivars through the application of the microsatellite (SSR) fingerprinting in viticulture has become the technique of choice for cultivar identification and distinction."[53]
Another research program carried out prior to 2015 involved the use of microsatellites and SSR profiling set out to survey and correctly identify 39 less-known cultivars in the Vinhos Verdes region. As the research report says:
"The accessions analyzed were identified and grouped into 34 different genotypes, nine of them referred as new genotypes. Some new synonyms were detected, namely between Spanish and Portuguese cultivars. Misidentifications and wrong designations were also detected." (p. 53) (The nine new genotype cultivars have been added to the lists below. )[54]
Taking into account this reports closing paragraph, the findings of this research offer outcomes as significant for the Vinhos Verdes region as they could be for the country's entire wine industry:
"Besides the genetic interest in the correct identification and preservation of these autochthonous and minor cultivars in order to prevent their extinction and maintain the biodiversity of Vinhos Verdes DOC Region, they could also be restored and introduced on the production of new and original wines."(p. 57)
Investigating the origin and identity of Portugal's native vines[55] was built on the theory that those cultivars of Vitis vinifera L. ssp.vinifera, which had originated from the eastern part of the Mediterranean and been brought west by Phoenician, Greek and Roman settlers, had crossed with a pre-existing generation of wild vines from the Vitis vinifera L. ssp. sylvestris population which had either originated on the Iberian peninsula or had survived there during the last glacial period which ended approximately 11,700 years ago. Ssp. sylvestris, with common names like videira brava, videira silvestre or parreira brava, still survive in the Alentejo, Beiras and Dão forests and elsewhere on the Iberian peninsula. Various research programs made use of microsatellites along with morphological and SSR analyses and their findings are outlined in various reports, the most detailed being from Cunha et al. who concluded by saying:,
"The relationships revealed between local wild-vines and local grapevine cultivars further stresses the importance of protecting the populations were this important repository of genetic variability exists, not only from a biodiversity point of view but also as a source of traits potentially useful to viticulture and oenology."[56]
As much as Portugal has progressed in correctly identifying and indexing its grape varieties, the need for much more work remains. As Cunha and his colleagues wrote:
"Normally, the winegrower is averse to the unknown in his vineyards. Either you know the true name of a grape variety or, simply, rename it, originating the existence of several names to designate a variety (synonymy) and the same name to identify different varieties (homonymy). This problem, common to all wine-growing countries, requires the adoption of an official nomenclature in which each grape variety is identified by a unique name. Exceptionally, and when justified by expressive traditions, a recognized synonym can be admitted, with an intended use equivalent."[57]
Government legislation and an official list of names
As already indicated, in 2010, having foreseen the need for regulation, the Portuguese Government through its then-titled issued an ordinance governing the list of grape varieties that could be used in the wine industry.[44] Subsequent revisions followed.
In 2017, incorporating new information which had come from CAN and other sources, the government issued a comprehensive document the title "Catálogo Nacional de Variedades de Videira" (National Catalogue of Vine Varieties or NCVV).[45] Each was shown in the catalogue under the prime name by which it is required to be known within the country's commercial wine production and distribution. The right to add new varieties to the list was placed in the hands of the Instituto da Vinha e do Vinho, IP (Institute of Vine and Wine or IVV),[58] a division of the now-called Ministério da Agricultura (Ministry of Agriculture).
Of the 343 varieties on that list, 230 were native to Portugal or the Iberian Peninsula. But as Cunha and his colleagues warned, "There are still dozens of unidentified grape varieties in the collection (unknown), collected in vineyards subject to final grubbing up and/or for restructuring throughout the country, currently being the object of identity and definition of the strategy for its preservation."[59] The use of genome typing for the standardising of the prime names of Portugal's grape variety list was the primary goal of Cunha and his team, and their findings are contained in that report. According to the 2010 report by Veloso et al.,
The highest classification is Denominação de Origem Controlada. Under its operation, strict regulations: (1) designate the region or DOC from which a particular wine originates; (2) govern the grape varieties or castas which, having been officially listed for that region, can be used to make a wine whose label will include that region's DOC stamp; (3) protect the producers within a region from others elsewhere making false claims of origin; and (4) set the standards for each product which must be met by its producer.[j]
Vineyards in the Douro Valley with the wine town of Pinhão in the distance. Being defined in 1756 by Royal Charter as a port wine producing region makes Douro DOC the world's oldest demarcated wine zone. Located upstream from Oporto on the Douro River and its tributaries, evidence shows that wine was produced in the region as early as the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE and that grapes had been grown there in prehistoric times.[k]
Each DOC region has its own regulating body which performs these tasks and to which producers are required to submit for annual assessment samples of all their wines carrying the DOC stamp. Therefore, for example, wines produced under these regulations by Douro DOC will have on the label the words "Douro DOC" or "Douro Denominação de Origem Controlada" and this appellation conveys to the market a guarantee that the wine has been produced according to that region's standards.
For various reasons, a DOC may enter into decline and as a result may be merged with another DOC. Examples include the former Borba, Portalegre, Redondo, Reguengos and Vidigueira DOCs which are now subregions of Alentejo DOC.
From 1990, smaller regions or sub-regions within DOCs used to label their wines under a classification called Indicação de Proveniência Regulamentada (Indication of Regulated Provenance or IPR) or VQPRD (Vinho De Qualidade Produzido Em Região Demarcada or Quality Wine Produced in a Demarcated Region) and either IPR or VQPRD.[69] These regions set up their own internal regulating bodies similar to these operating in DOCs, and often their plan was to develop their own identity and quality of output to an extent that would lead, in turn, to their being recognised as a DOC.[70]
The third appellation is Vinho Regional (Regional Wine). As Wines of Portugal points out:
"Rules for making Vinho Regional are much less stringent than those that govern DOC wines. Nevertheless, many prestigious Portuguese wines are classified as Vinho Regional. This is often because the producer has chosen to use grape varieties that are not permitted for the local DOC, or at least not in those particular combinations or proportions. The looser regulations for Vinho Regional give producers greater scope for individuality, although these wines still have to fulfil certain criteria regarding grape variety, minimum alcohol content and so on."[71]
As it happens, the DOC and VR systems can and do operate side by side in relation to specific regions. Therefore, the Alentejo region has Alentejo DOC and Alentejano VR designations, while in the Douro region there are Douro DOC and Duriense VR designations. Therefore, a variety may appear on different levels of listing, that is to say on both the DOC and VR lists because this allows for that variety to be used in different ways. In turn, this would govern the type of stamp the producer can use on the label of a specific wine.
Portugal's base category of wines was once known as vinho de mesa (table wine) but these days is more often called simply vinho or vinho de Portugal. These may be produced using grape juice from anywhere in the country or from elsewhere, there is not the same level of control on standards as applied in DOC and VR wines, and the label usually only carries the producer's name, either the product's name or the grape varieties used in it and the words "Product of Portugal".
European Union wine appellations
European Union's Geographical Indications logos
Geographical Indication or the association of a product with a specific place or region has had a long history at a national level in Europe. In 1992 the EU formalised this process under its own regulations[72] with a certification process to be administered by the EC.[73]
In devising its certification regulations, EU modelled it on Portugal's DOC system, France's Appellation d'origine contrôlée (Controlled Designation of Origin or AOC), Italy's Denominazione di origine controllata (Controlled Designation of Origin or DOC), Spain's Denominación de origen (Denomination of Origin or DO), and those of other EU members.[74] As with Portugal and each other wine-producing member of the EU, internal systems operate in parallel with EU's, and those varieties that appear on internal lists also appear on the equivalent EU lists.
Under EU's regulations, there are three categories of certification[75] which are explained as follows:
"Protected Designation of Origin" (PDO) – "Product names registered as PDO are those that have the strongest links to the place in which they are made.";[75]
"Protected Geographical Indication" (PGI) – "PGI emphasises the relationship between the specific geographic region and the name of the product, where a particular quality, reputation or other characteristic is essentially attributable to its geographical origin", and "Geographical Indication" of spirit drinks and aromatised wines" (GI) – "The GI protects the name of a spirit drink or aromatised wine originating in a country, region or locality where the product's particular quality, reputation or other characteristic is essentially attributable to its geographical origin.";[75]
"Traditional Specialities Guaranteed" (TSG) – "Traditional speciality guaranteed (TSG) highlights the traditional aspects such as the way the product is made or its composition, without being linked to a specific geographical area. The name of a product being registered as a TSG protects it against falsification and misuse."[75]
Each of the categories is represented by a stamp and when appellation has been authorised under EU's regulations, wine producers are entitled to show the appropriate stamp on their labelling. Regarding Portugal's wine industry, reports say that the majority of producers are continuing to use only the country's own internal appellation categories on their labels.
Because Portugal's Instituto da Vinha e do Vinho, IP (Institute of Vine and Wine or IVV),[76] which operates under the supervision of the currently-called Ministério da Agricultura (Ministry of Agriculture), uses only EU's appellation terminology, the tables below are set up in the same way except where alternatives are necessary.
Lists of wine grape varieties
For an explanation of techniques used for the investigation of a variety's genetic structure and the determination of its pedigree, see Myles, et al. "Genetic structure and domestication history of the grape."[77]
Red varieties
Abbreviations
CAN - Coleção Ampelográfica Nacional (National Ampelographic Collection)[38][39]
Color of Berry Skin - N (noir - black), Rg (rouge - red), Rs (rose - pale red or pink), Gr (gris - gray or greyish - blue)
Beira Atlântico PGI,[86] Douro PDO,[109] Minho PGI,[100] Península de Setúbal PGI,[101] Terras do Dão PGI,[87] Transmontano PGI,[118] Vinho Verde PDO,[124] Vinho Verde - Baião PDO[125][p]
Albarello, Alvarelhão, Alvarelhão de Pé Branco, Alvarelhão de Vara Branca, Alvarelho, Alvarellão, Alvarello, Alvarello Gallego, Alvarelo, Alvarelyo, Alvarilhão, Brancelhão, Brancelho, Brancellão, Brancellão Tinto, Brancello, Pilongo (This is also a variety in its own right), Pirrauvo, Pirruivo, Serradelo, Serradillo, Uva Gallega, Uva Negra, Varancelha, Verancelha
Albillo Negro, Aldepenas, Aragón, Aragones, Aragonez da Ferra, Aragonez de Elvas, Arauxa, Arganda, Arinto Tinto, Baroccas, Bar, Botón de Gallo, Castellana, Cencibel, Chinchillana, Chinchilyano, Escobera, Genarcha Foño, Grenache de Logrono, Jacibiera, Jacivera, Negra de Mesa, Negretto, Olha de Lebre, Piñuela, Santo Stefano Sensibel, Tempranilla, Tempranillo, Tempranillo de la Rioja, Tempranillo de Perralillo Tempranillo de Rioja, Tempranillo de Rioza, Tempranillo Rioja, Tempranillo Tinta, Tempranillo Tinto, Tinta Aragonez, Tinta de Nava, Tinta del País, Tinta del Toro, Tinta do Inacio, Tinta do País, Tinta Fina, Tinta Madrid, Tinta Roriz, Tinta Santiago, Tinto Aragónez, Tinto de Madrid, Tinto del País, Tinto Fino, Tinto Madrid, Tinto País, Tinto Ribiera, Ull de Llebre, Valdepeñas, Verdiell, Vid de Aranda
Aramon Teinturier, Aramont Teinturier, Bouschet, Bouschet de Bernard, Colorino di Lucca, Le Bouschet, Negron de Aldan, Nero di Spagna, Petit Bouchet, Petit Bouschet, Petit Bouse, Pipiona, Pti Bishe, Teinturier Bouschet, Tinta da Zorra, Tintinha, Tintorera, Tinturino
Camarate Tinto, Casculho, Castelão da Bairrada, Castelão de Nosso, Castelão do Nosso, Castelão Nacional, Maroto, Morete, Moreto (Also a synonym for other varieties), Moreto de Soure, Moreto do Douro, Mortágua, Mortagua Preto, Mortagua de Vide Preta, Mureto, Negro Mouro, Preto Mouro, Touriga Nacional, Vide Preta
Donzelhino do Castello, Donzelinho, Donzelinho Castelo, Donzelinho de Portugal, Donzelinho do Castello, Donzelinho do Castelo, Donzellinha, Donzellinho, Donzellinho do Castello, Donzellinho Macho, Donzellino do Castello, Donzelynho, Donzenillo de Castille, Menna di Vacca, Souzao, Tinto do Minho
Areal, Caiño Redondo, Cinza, Espadal, Espadao, Espadeiro da Terra, Espadeiro Tinto, Farinhoto, Gascon, Murco, Murico, Nevoeiro (This is also a variety in its own right), Padeira, Padeiro, Padeiro de Basto, Padeiro Tinto, Tinto dos Pobres
(For Ferral) Uvallon: (For Ahmeur Bou Ahmeur) Ahmar Bou Ahmar, Ahmar de Mascara, Ahner Bou Ahmer, Ahmer Bou'Amer, Ahmer de Mascara, Amar Bou Amar, Angelina, Angelino, Argelina, Boal Babosa, Bordija, Boto de Gall, Bourdji, Bourdjia, Brick, Casta de Ragol, Casta Tinta, Codego, Cognac, Colgar, Colorada, Corazon de Cabrito, Culo de Horza, Culo de Orza, Datilidos, Datirillos, Encarnada de Ragol, Encarnat, Flame-coloured Tokay, Flame Tokay, Flaming Tokay, Flor de Baladre, Fondo de Orza, Grumete Encarnada, Hamer Bou Hamer, Hamri, Hmar de Mascara, Imperial Negra, Imperial Roja, Raisin d'El Bord, Raisin Kabyle, Rhenish, Roget Tarda, Rouge Fils de Rouge, Rouge Père de Rouge, Rouge Tres Rouge, Royal Gordo, San Geronimo, San Jeronimo, Teta de Cabra, Teta de Vaca, Teta de Vaca Blanca, Teta de Vaca Rosa, Tin El Kelb, Tokay, Uva de Colgar, Uva de Ragol, Vlamkleur Tokai
Alicante, Baga, Bojanka, Bojanka Mak, Galliko, Gkiobrek Kara, Gkranoba, Gran Negro, Gran Noar, Gran Nuar, Gran Nuar de la Kalmet, Gran Negro, Grand Bouschet, Grand Chernyi, Grand Noir de la Calmette (as the second main name), Granoir, Granua, Gros Noir, Gros Noir Grand Bouschet, Gros Producteur, Kalmettei Fekete, Kalmettei Nagy Fekete, Morrastel-Bouschet, Pé de Perdiz, Pé de Pombo, Sousão do Oeste, Sumo Tinto, Tinta, Tinta Fina, Tinta Francesa, Tinturao
Alabama, Barbera Paesana, Black El Paso, Black July, Black Spanish, Black Spanish Alabama, Blue French, Blue French Grape, Burgundy, Cigar Box, Clarence, Deveraux, El Paso, French Grape, Jac, Jack, Jack Grape, Jacqueje, Jacques, Jacques, Jacquet, Jaques, Jaquez, July Cherry, Lenoir, Long Laliman, Longworth's Ohio, Mac Candless, Mac Condless, Madeira, Ohio, Segar, Segar Box, Segar Box Longworth, Sherry of the South, Springstein, Sugarbox Longworth, Sumpter, The Black, Thurmond, Tintiglia, Tintiglia I, Troya, Vitis Bourgquinia (Munson), Zakez, Zsake
Many synonyms including Axina de Spagna, Babonenc, Babounenc, Blaue Shopatna, Blaue Sopatna, Blauer Carignan, Blauer Carignant, Boi Dur, Bois du Fer, Bois Dur, Bois Dur, Bois Dure, Bova Murru, Bovale, Bovale di Spagna, Bovale Grande, Bovale Grande di Spagna, Bovale Grosso, Bovale Mannu, Bovale Murru, Bovali Mannu, Bove Duro, Bove Duro di Signa, Bove Duro di Spagna, Cafalan, Cagnolaro, Cagnolaro Tinto, Caligan, Calignan, Carignan, Carignan CRNI, Carignan Francês, Carignan Mouillan, Carignan Noir, Carignan Francis, Carignan Noir, Carignane, Carignane Mouilla, Carignane Noir, Carignane Noire, Carignane Violette, Carignanne, Carignano, Carignano di Carmignano, Carignant, Carignena, Cariñano, Carinena, Carinena Mazuela, Carinena Negra, Cariñena, Carinyena, Carinhana, Catalan, Cencibel, Ciliegiolo, Concejon, Corcejon, Crignane, Crinana, Crni, Crujillón, Crusillo, Girard, Girarde, Gragnano, Grenache du Bois, Grenache du Bois Dur, Karignan, Karinian, Karinjan, Kek Carignan, Legno Duro, Legno Duro di Portoferraio, Manuelo Tinto, Manzuela, Marocain, Mataro, Mollard, Monastrell, Monestel, Moraiola Maggiore, Mostaia, Mounestesou, Nieddera, Nudo Corto, Pinot d'Evora, Pinot Evara (Despite the name, the variety is not related to the Pinot family of grapes), Plan d'Espagne, Plant d'Espagne, Plant de Ledenon, Plant de Lédenon, Pokovec, Pokovez, Quattro Rappe, Roussillonen, Samso, Samo Crusillo, Samsó (not to be confused with a different grape of the same name known as Cinsault in France), Sanso, Sopatna Blau, Tintiglia, Tintilia, Tintillosa, Tintillu, Tinterella, Tinto Mazuela, Tinto Mazuelo, Uva di Spagna, Uva di Spagne, Zinzillosa
Bas Plant, Diurif, Dure, Duret, Dureza, Durif, Durif Noir, Dyurif, Gros Beclan, Gros Noir, Kek Durif, Nerin, Pareux Noir, Petit Duret, Petit Sirah, Petit Syrah, Petite Serine, Petite Sirah, Petite Syrah, Pineau de l'Ermitage, Pineau de Romans, Pinot de l'Ermitage, Pinot de l'Hermitage, Pinot de Romans, Pinot Fourcat, Plant Durif, Plant Fourchu, Portoka, Serine, Serine des Mauves, Sirane de Tain, Sirane Fourchue, Syrah Petit
Albino de Sousa, Albino de Souza (This is also a synonym for Touriga Franca), Mourisco (Mourisco is also a variety under this same name), Mourisco de Braga, Tinta de Barca (Tinta de Barca is also a variety under this same name)
Apiana Moschata, Brauner Muskateller, Brown Frontignac, Brown Muscat, Busuioacă, Busuioacă de Bohotin, Busuioacă di Bohotin, Busuioaca Roza, Busuioaca Vanata, Busuioaca Vanata di Bohotin, Cehrayi Muskat, Cervena Dincha, Cervena Dinka, Grauer Muskateller, Grauroter Muskateller, Grizeline, Grizly Frontinac, Grizzly Frontignan, Gros Muscat Violet, Kümmeltraube, Madère, Montepulciano, Moscadello Rosso, Moscado Rosso, Moscatel de Grano Menudo Rojo, Moscatel Galego Roxo, Moscatel Gordomorado, Moscatel Menudo, Moscatel Menudo Morado, Moscatel Rojo, Moscatel Roxo, Moscatella Rubra, Moscato Rosata, Moscato Rosso, Moscato Rosso de Madera, Moscato Violetto, Moscha Aromatica, Moscodel Menudo Morado, Muscat à Petits Grains Rouges, Muscat Brun, Muscat Corail, Muscat d'Alsace Rouge, Muscat de Corail, Muscat Frontignan Rouge, Muscat Frontignon, Muscat Frontinyanskiy, Muscat Gris, Muscat Piemont, Muscat Pink, Muscat Red, Muscat Rouge, Muscat Rouge de Frontignan, Muscat Violet, Muscat Violet Commun, Muscat Violet Cyperus, Muscat Rouge à Petits Grains Muscat Rouge de Frontignac, Muscat Rouge de Frontignan, Muscat Rouge de Madeira, Muscat Rozovy, Muscat Violet, Muscat Violet Commun, Muscat Violet Cyperus, Muscat Violet de Madère, Muscateller Rubbra, Muscateller Rot, Muscateller Violet, Muskat Frontinyanskii, Muskat Frontinyanskiy, Muskat Kalyaba, Muskat Krasnyi, Muskat Krasnyj, Muskat Rozovyi, Muskat Rozovyj, Muskat Violetovii, Muskateller Grau, Muskateller Rot, Muskateller Roter, Muskateller Schwarzblau, Muskateller Violett, Piros Muskotaly, Qirmizi Muskat, Red Constantia, Red Frontignac, Red Frontignan, Red Muscadel, Red Muscat, Red Muskadel, Roter Muskateller, Rothe Schmeckende, Rothe Schmeckete, Rother Frontignac, Rother Muscateller, Rother Spanischer Muskateller, Rother Weihrauch, Rother Weirauch, Rothmuscateller, Schmeckende, Schmeckende Roth, Schmeckete, Tafeltraube Fleischmann, Tamaiioasa de Bohotin, Tamaioasa di Bohotin, Tamaioasa Violeta, Uva Turca Rubra, Violetter Muskateller, Weihrauch Roth, Wohlschmeckende Bisamrebe
Negra Minor (See Negra Mole[298] and Tinta Negra[297])
Beccu de l'Aduï, Betu, Étraire, Étraire de la Dot, Étraire de la Dû, Étraire de la Due, Étraire de la Dui, Étraire de la Duï, Étraire de la Duy, Étraire de l'Adny, Gros Persan, Gros Étraire, Grosse Étraire, Santarém, Santareno
Antournerein, Antournerein Noir, Antourenein, Antourenein Noir, Antournerin, Anzher Muskatnyi, Arnitas, Balsamina, Biaune, Biaune Noir, Bione, Blaue Schiraz, Blaue Serine, Blaue Sirah, Blauer Syrah, Bragiola, Candive, Candive Noir, Caudive, Ciras, Costigliola, Costiola, Damas Noir du Puy de Dôme, Damaszener Blau, Di Santi, EntourneIrein, Entournerein, Entournerin, Ermitage, Fresa Grossa, Hermitage, Hignin, Hignin Noir, Marsanne Noir, Marsanne Noire, Neiret di Saluzzo, Neiretta Cunese, Neiretta del Cuneese-Fassanese, Neiretta del Monregalese, Neiretta del Rosso, Neiretta dell'Albese, Neiretta di Saluzzo, Neiretto del Cuneese, Neiretto di Bene, Neiretto di Carru, Neiretto di Costigliole, Neiretto di Farigliano, Neiretto di Saluzzo, Nereta Piccola di Monre-Galese, Neretta Cuneese, Neretta del Cuneese-Fassanese, Neretta del Monregalese, Neretta di Costigliole, Neretta di Saluzzo, Neretta Piccola, Neretta Piccola di Dogliani, Neretto del Beinale, Neretto di Dogliani, Neretto di Saluzzo, Petite Chiras, Petite Sirah, Petite Sirrah, Petite Syrah, Petite Syras, Plan de la Biaune, Plant de Biaune, Plant de la Bianne, Plant de la Biaune, Schiras, Schiraz, Scyras, Seraene, Sereine, Serene, Serenne, Serine, Serine Noir, Serine Noire, Serinne, Sevene, Shiras, Shiraz, Shyrac, Sira, Sirac, Sirah, Sirah de l'Ermitage, Sirah dell'Ermitaggio, Siriaca, Sirrah, Syra, Syrac, Syrac de l'Ermitage, Syracuse, Syrah Crni, Zagarese, Zizak
Baboso Negro, Boto de Gal, Boto de Gall, Boton de Gallo, Boton de Gallo Negro, Boton de Gato, Botton de Gallo Negro, Folha de Figueira Preta, Molar Preto, Mollar, Moyar, Negra Mole, Negra Mollar, Preto Salmura, Puesto Mayor, Rabo de Ovelha Tinto, Rabo de Ovelha Tinto em Pinhel, Rabo de Ovelha Tinto Pinhel, Ramisco Tinto, Saborinho, Tinta, Tinta da Madeira, Tinta de Madeira, Tinta de Porto Santo, Tinta Madeira, Tinta Mole, Tinta Negra Mole, Tinta Porto Santo, Tinta Sabreirinha, Verdejo Negro, Verdejo Tinto
Arintho, Arintho du Dao, Arinto Cachudo, Arinto Cercial, Arinto d'Anadia, Arinto de Bucelas, Arinto do Dão (Also another name for Malvasia Fina), Arinto do Douro, Arinto Galego, Asal Espanhol (Also a synonym for Batoca), Asal Galego, Assario Branco, Boal Cachudo, Espanhol, Cerceal, Chapeludo, Malvasia Fina (Although Malvasia Fina is a variety in its own right, Arinto is often mistakenly identified as it), Pe de Perdiz Branco, Pedernã, Pedernão, Pedrena, Terrantez de Terceira, Torrontes, Val de Arinto
Alvadurão Portalegre, Alvaraça, Alvaraça Branco, Alvarça, Alvaroça, Alvaroço, Asal Espanhol (Also a synonym for Arinto, Blanca Mar, Blanca Mantilla, Espadeiro Branco (No connection to the red variety Espadeiro or subvariety Espadeiro Branco), Sa Douro, Sedouro
Arinto de Alcobaça, Barada da Mosca, Barrados das Moscas, Bical de Bairrada, Borrado das Moscas, Fernão Pires do Galego, Fernão Pires Galego, Pedro, Pintado da Moscas, Pintado dos Pardais, Torrontes (Also a synonym for Arinto)
Boal Branco do Algarve, Boal Cachudo, Boal Calhariz, Boal de Alicante, Boal de Calhariz, Boal de Madere, Boal na Madera, Boais, Bual, Malvasia Fina, Semilão
Carnal, Chelva, Chelva de Cebreros, Chelva de Guareña, Dependura, Diagolo, Diagalves, Diego Alves, Diogalves, Diog'Alves, Eva, Fernan Fer, Forastera Blanca, Formosa, Formosa Dourada, Formosa Portalegre, Gabriela, Guareña, Mantúa, Mantúo, Mantúo de Pilas, Montúa, Montúo, Montúo de Villanueva, Monyúo Gordo, Murecana, Pendura, Pendura Amarela, Raisin de Port Royal, Raisin du Roi, Uva de Puerto Real, Uva de Rey, Uva del Rey, Uva Rey, Villanueva
Carnal, Dependura, Diego Alves, Diogalves, Eva, Fernan Fer, Formosa (Formosa is also a variety under its own name and not to be confused with Diagalves), Formosa Dourada, Formosa Portalegre, Pendura, Pendura Amarela, Villanueva
Beira Atlântico PGI,[86] Douro PDO,[109] Madeira PDO,[163] Madeirense PDO,[164] Minho PGI,[100] Porto PDO,[146] Península de Setúbal PGI,[101] Terras do Dão PGI,[87] Transmontano PGI[118]
Alfrocheiro Branco, Cabugueiro, Cagarnixo, Cagarrizo, Carao de Moca, Carão de Moça, Cagarnizo, Cagarrizo, Cumbrão, Folgacção, Folgasona, Folgazão, Folgosão, Folgusão, Fulgasão, Gagarnixo, Laga, Malvasia da Trincheira, Silveiriña, Terrantez, Terrantez da Madeira, Terrantez de Madre, Uva do Laga, Uva do Lage
Altesse de Saint-Chef, Blanc des Ecoutoux, Buisserate, Cherche, Confechien, Coufechien, Cugnete, Cugnette, Cugniette, Jacquère Blanche, Jacquèrre, Jacquière, Jaquère, Martin Côt, Martin Côt Blanc, Molette de Montmélian, Patois Rosette, Plant de Myans, Plant des Abîmes, Plant des Abymes, Plant des Abymes de Myans, Raisin des Abîmes, Redin, Robinet, Rossettin, Roussette, Roussette de Montmélian
Over 130 synonyms including Albán, Albar, Albillo de Lucena, Assario, Bianco, Blanc d'Anjou, Chasselas de Jesus, Diagalves, Fransdruif, Golden Chasselas, Guignard de Saintours 1, Jerez, Jerezana, Jerez de la Frontera, Jerez Dorado, Jerez Fina, Jerez Fino, Listan, Listán Blanco, Listán Commun, Listán de Jerez, Listão, Listrão, Madera, Manzanilla de Sanlúcar, Merseguera, Mourisco, Ojo de Liebre, Olho de Lebre, Orcaculo, Palomina Blanca, Palomina Blanche, Palomino, Palomino Basto, Palomino de Chipiona, Palomino de Jerez, Palomino del Pinchito, Palomino Fino, Palomino Fino des Xeres, Palomino Listán, Palomino Macho, Palomino Pelusón, Palominos, Palote, Paulo, Perrum, Point Noir, Temprana, Tempranilla, Tempranillo de Granada, White French, White French Fransdruif, Xeres, Xerez, Zarcillarda
Douro PDO,[109] Península de Setúbal PGI,[101] Transmontano PGI[118]
Anereau, Annereau, Blanc Ramé, Blanc Ramet, Blayais, Bonne Blanche, Bordeaus Blanc, Chalosse, Chalosse de Bordeaux, Co de France, François Blanc, Gros Meslier, Grosse Blanche, Hartig 373, Meslier, Meslier Blanc, Meslier d'Orleans, Meslier de Seine et Oise, Meslier du Gâtinais, Meslier du Gers, Meslier Gros, Meslier Jaune, Meslier Vert, Moscade, No 373, Pelegarie, Pelgarie, Pot de Vin, Purgarie
Ag Muskat, Alpianae de los Romanos, Anatholicon Moschaton, Apiana, Bala Dinka, Barzsing, Barzsing Bjala Tamjanka, Beala Tameanka, Bela Dinka, Beli Muscat, Beli Muskat, Belii Muscatnii, Beyaz Misket, Biblina, Bily Muscatel, Bily Muskatel, Bjala Tamjanka, Black Muscat, Blanche Douce, Bornova Misketi, Brown Muscat, Busuioaca, Busuioaca de Moldava, Busuioaca de Moldavia, Busuioaca di Moldavia, Busuiok, Chungi, Scikos Muskotaly, Csikos Muskotaly, Csikos Zoeld Szagos, Cungy, Dinka Bela, Early Silver Frontignan, Fehér Muskotaly, Franczier Veros Muscatel, Franczier Voros Muscatel, Frankincense, Frontignac, Frontignan, Gelber Muscateller, Gelber Muskateller, Gelber Weirauch, Generosa, Gray Muscat, Grüner Musk, Grüner Muskateller, Hazai Muskotály, Honi Muskotály, Irmes, Istarski Muškat, Joenica, Joszagu, Katzendreckler, Kedves Muskotaly, Khungi, Kilianstraube, Kungi, Kunqi, Kustidini, Ladanniy, Ladanny, Ladannyi, Ladany, Lidannyi, Lidannyj, Malvasia Bianca, Malvasia di Viggiano, Momjanski, Moscadello, Moscadello Giallo, Moscat Bianco, Moscata Bianca, Moscatel, Moscatel Amizclerco, Moscatel Blanco, Moscatel Branco, Moscatel Branco de Grand Menudo, Moscatel Castellano, Moscatel Commun, Moscatel Comun, Moscatel de Bago Miúdo, Moscatel de Bago Miúdo Blanco, Moscatel de Bago Miúdo Branco, Moscatel de Canelli, Moscatel de Frontignan, Moscatel de Grano, Moscatel de Grano Menudo, Moscatel de Grano Menudo Blanco, Moscatel de Grano Pequeno, Moscatel de Douro, Moscatel de Jéus, Moscatel de la Tierra, Moscatel de Toro, Moscatel del Pais, Moscatel do Douro, Moscatel Dorado, Moscatel Encarnado, Moscatel Fino, Moscatel Galego, Moscatel Grano Menudo, Moscatel Menudo, Moscatel Menudo Bianco, Moscatel Menudo Blanco, Moscatel Menudo Branco, Moscatel Morisco, Moscatel Morisco Fino de Málaga, Moscatel Nunes, Moscatel Romano, Moscatelillo, Moscatella Bianca, Moscatella Generosa, Moscatella Isidori, Moscatello, Moscatello Antico, Moscatello Bianco, Moscatello di Saracena, Moscatello di Taggia, Moscatellone, Moscato, Moscato Bianco, Moscato Bianco Comune, Moscato Bianco dell'Elba, Moscato Blanco, Moscato Canelli, Moscato d'Arqua, Moscato d'Asti, Moscato dei Colli, Moscato dei Colli Euganei, Moscato di Candia, Moscato di Canelli, Moscato di Chambave, Moscato di Frontignan, Moscato di Momiano, Moscato di Montalcino, Moscato di Noto, Moscato di S. Maria, Moscato di Sardegna, Moscato di Siracusa, Moscato di Sorso-Sennori, Moscato di Tempio, Moscato di Tempio Pausania, Moscato di Trani, Moscato Forlivese, Moscato Reale, Moscato Samos, Moscatofilo, Moschato, Μοσχάτο Άσπρο (Moschato Aspro), Μοσχάτο Κερκύρας (Moschato Kerkyras), Moschato Lefko, Moschato Mazas, Moschato of Samos, Moschato of Spinas, Moschato Riou, Moschato Samou, Moschato Spinas, Moschato Trani, Moschonidi, Moschostaphylo Aspro, Moschoudi, Moschoudi Proïmo, Moscodellone, Moscovitza, Moshato Spinas, Moskat Bianco, Moskat I Bardhe, Muscadel, Muscadel Morisco, Muscat, Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains, Muscat à Petit Graine, Muscat à Petit Grains, Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains Blanc, Muscat Belli, Muscat Belyi, Muscat Blanc, Muscat Blanc Commun, Muscat Blanc de Frontignan, Muscat Blanc de Valois, Muscat Canelli, Muscat Commun, Muscat d'Alsace, Muscat d'Alsace Blanc, Muscat d'Astrakhan, Muscat de Alsace, Muscat de Chambave, Muscat de Colmar, Muscat de Die, Muscat de Frontignan, Muscat de los Angeles, Muscat de los Franceses, Muscat de Lunce, Muscat de Lunel, Muscat de Narbonne, Muscat de Narbonne, Muscat de Rivesaltes, Muscat de Samos, Muscat de Spina, Muscat di Frontignan, Muscat du Puy de Rome, Muscat du Valais, Muscat Frontignan, Muscat Frontiniansky, Muscat Frontinianskyii, Muscast Hatif du Puy de Rome, Muscat Lunel, Muscat Patras, Muscat Psilos, Muscat Quadrat, Muscat Sámos, Muscast Spitak, Muscata Bianca, Muscatel Branco, Muscatel do Douro, Muscateller, Muscateller Weiß, Muscatellus, Muscato Bianco, Muscattler, Musk Grüner, Musk Weißer, Muskacela, Muskadel White, Muskat, Muskat Beli, Muskat Belii, Muskat Belij, Muskat Belyi, Muskat Belyj, Muskat Bijeli, Muskat Frontinjan, Muskat Frontinyanskii, Muskat Frontnyanskyii, Muskat Iyunel, Muskat Ljunel, Muskat Lyunel, Muskat Monjanski, Muskat Morujanski, Muskat Peti Gran, Muskat Rannii, Muskat Rumeni, Muskat Traube Weiße, Muškát Istarski, Muškát Momjanski, Muškát Žltý, Muškát Žlutý, Muškát Muskuti, Muškát Žuti, Muskatály, Muskatel, Muskateller, Muskateller Gelb, Muskateller Gelber, Muskateller Grün, Muskateller Grüner, Muskateller Weißer, Muskateller Weißgelber, Muskatentraube Weißer, Muskota, Muskotály, Muskuti, Mysket, Myskett, Piros Muskotály, Ranfler, Red Muscat, Rozsdas Muskotály, Rumeni Mušikát, Rumeni Muškát, Saint-Jacques-Blanc, Sárga Muskatàly, Sárga Muskotály, Sari Muscateller, Schmeckende, Schmeckende Weyrer, Schmeeckender, Schmekender, Seidentraube, Szagos Weirer, Tamâioasa, Tamâioasa Alba, Tamâioasa Alba de Drăgășani, Tamâioasa Alba Romaneasca, Tamâioasa de Drăgășani, Tamâioasa de Moldava, Tamâioasa di Moldavia, Tamâioasa Romaneasca, Tamâioaza, Tamayaza, Tamianka, Tamiiata, Tamâiioasa, Tamâiioasa Alba de Bohotin, Tamâiioasa Alba Romineasca, Tamiioasa de Bohotin, Tamiioasa de Drăgășani, Tamiioasa de Moldava, Tamiioasa de Muntenia, Tamiioasa Romineasca, Tamiiosa Alba, Tamiiosa de Drăgășani, Tamiiosa de Moldava, Tamjanika Bela, Tamjanika Bijela, Tamjanka, Tamnjanika Bela, Tamyanika, Tamyanka, Temjanika, Uva Apiana, Uva de Chiero, Uva Moscatello, Wanzenweinbeer, Weier, Weier Muskatály, Weihrauch, Weihrauch Gelg, Weihrauch Weiß, Weihrauchtraube, Weiße Muskattraube, Weißer Grüner, Weißer Muskateller, Weißgelber, Weißgelber Muskateller, Weyrauch Weißer, Weyrer, White Frontignac, White Frontignan, White Muscadel, White Muscat, Weirer, Yellow Muscat, Zoruna, Žuti Muskat, Žtimuscat
More than 300 synonyms from around the world including Acherfield's Early Muscat, Albillo di Toro, Alexandriai Muskotály, Aleksandrijski Muscat, Angliko, Apostoliatiko, Argelino, Augibi Blanc, Cibeben Muscateller, Cibib, Cibib Muscatan Bijeli, Daroczy Musko, Gerosolimitana Bianca, Gordia, Gordo, Gordo Zibibo, Gorosolimitana Bianca, Hanepoot, Isidori, Iskendiriye Misketi, Jubi Blanc, Lexia, Malaga, Meski, Moscatel Bianco, Moscatel Blanco, Moscatel d'Alessandria, Moscatel de Alejandría, Moscatel de Chipiona, Moscatel de Grano Gordo, Moscatel de Jesus, Moscatel de Malaga, Moscatel de Málaga, Moscatel de Setúbal, Moscatel Flamenca, Moscatel Gordo, Moscatel Gordo Blanco, Moscatel Gordo Morado, Moscatel Graúdo, Moscatel Graúdo Branco, Moscatel Romano, Moscatellone, Moscato di Pantelleria, Moscato Francese, Moscato Gordo, Moschato Alexandrias, Moschato Limnou, Muscat à Gros Grains, Muscat Boxwood, Muscat d'Alexandrie Blanc, Muscat de Berkain, Muscat de Fandouk, Muscat de Jerusalem, Muscat de Raf-Raf, Muscat de Rome, Muscat d'Espagne, Muscat El Adda, Muscat Gordo Blanco, Muscat Grec, Muscat of Alexandria, Muscat Romain, Paradisia, Roode Hanepoot, Salamanca, Seralamanna, Tamîioasa de Alexandria, Uva di Pantelleria, Weißer Spanier, Weißer Zibeben-Muscateller, White Muscat of Alexandria, White Hanepoot, Zibeben Muskateller, Zibibo, Zibibo Blanco
Eparce, Eparse, Eparse Blanche, Eparse Menué, Esparse, Geant de la Palestine, Geant de Palestine, Gelobten Landestraube, Heilinglandtraube, Jerusalem, Jupp's Rosenkranztraube, Kanaani, Maraviglia, Negelescol, Neguelescol, Neheleschol, Olivette à Petits Grains, Olivette Jaune à Petit Grain, Olivette Jaune à Petits Grains, Palestina, Palestina Bianca, Palestine, Promicão, Promissão, Promissão Branca, Raisin Blanc de Jerusalem, Raisin de Jericho, Raisin de la Palestine, Raisin de la Terre Promise, Raisin de Palestine, Raisin de Poche Blanc, Struguri de Jerusalem, Syrian, Terra Promessa, Terra Promessa Bianca, Terre Promise, Uva de Promissão, Uva della Terra Promessa, Uva di Gerusalemme, Uva di Palestina
Fernan Piriz, Laemmerschwanz, Medic, Medock, Rabigato, Rabigato dos Vinhos Verdes, Rabo de Gato, Rabo de Ovelha Branco, Rabo de Ovelha de Colares, Rabo de Ovella, Rabo del Ovelho Branco
Arintho, Arinto, Arinto dos Acores, Cachorrinho, Cerceal, Cerceal de Jaes, Esaninho, Escanoso, Esgana, Esgana Cão, Esgana Dão, Esgana de Castelo de Paiva, Esganacão Bianco, Esganinho, Esganiso, Esganosa, Esganoso, Esganoso de Bicelas, Esganoso de Castelo de Paiva, Esganoso de Penafiel, Eskanoza, Espadeiro Louriero, Etrangle Chien, Madera, San Mamede, Sarcial, Serceal, Sercial de Madeira, Sercial de Madere, Sersial, Uca Cão, Verdelho Branco
Açores - Biscoitos PDO,[413] Açores - Graciosa PDO,[414] Açores - Pico PDO,[415] Beira Atlântico PGI,[86] Douro PDO,[109] Minho PGI,[100] Península de Setúbal PGI,[101] Terras do Dão PGI,[87]
Cascal, Folgasão, Morrão, Murrão, Pé de Perdiz, Pé de Perdrix, Pied de Perdix, Terrantes, Terrantes du Dão, Terrantez da Madeira, Terrantez du Dão, Torrontes Português
Arinto da Terceira, Verdelho, Verdelho Branco, Verdelho Branco da Madeira, Verdelho Branco dos Açores, Verdelho da Madeira, Verdelho de Madeire, Verdelho de Madere, Verdelho de Pico, Verdelho di Madera, Verdelho dos Açores, Verdelho Pico, Verdellio, Verdello, Verdello de Galicia, Verdello no Peluda Finca Natero, Weißer Verdelho
Boal Bonifacio, Cagado dos Pardais, Malvasia Corada, Malvasia Fina (not to be confused with the Malvasia Fina variety), Malvasia Fina de Douro, Malvasia Fina do Douro, Malvasia ou Malvazia, Malvazia Corada
"The USA is the world's largest wine market, with the largest population of regular wine drinkers and the largest amount of imported wine (by value). The still wine market is around 360 million cases per annum and is forecast to grow to approximately 368 million cases by 2023."[5]
^Conducted in the Douro region, the report includes the following summary of findings:
"The results show that some farmers' vineyards have a low efficiency level and that there are essential determinants of the production system, which can influence its efficiency. This suggests considerable opportunities for improvement of wine grape productivity through better use of available resources considering the state of technology."[6]
^Portugal's total wine exports for 2018-2019 were worth US$919,737,000 as of the date of the report, constituting 2.5% of the total world exports. In the list of the world's largest wine exporters, Portugal was ranked in order behind France, Italy, Spain, Australia, Chile, the United States, New Zealand and Germany.[8]
^The relevance of prime names and synonyms to wine labelling is explored in an article by Australian economist and educationist, Professor Eddie Oczkowski.[13] Oczkowski is Professor of Applied Economics and Quantitative Methods in the Faculty of Business, Justice and Behavioural Sciences, based in the Wagga Wagga Campus of Australia's Charles Sturt University. His field of expertise is applied econometrics with an emphasis on wine pricing, limited dependent variables, modelling markets for agricultural products and structural equation modelling applications to marketing and management. One of his major developments was the Australian Wine Price Calculator, a tool for identifying under- and over- priced wines for consumers.[14]
^In this revealing essay, the author explores the consequences of a variety having more than one name. A number of varieties discussed here are being grown in Portugal.[23]
^Manseng Noir[26] is now officially listed in CAN[27] as Espadeiro Mole.[28]
^In this report, the authors explain why vines growing in different parts of Georgia were being identified as the same variety and the process by which they were finally found to be distinctly different varieties.[36]
^Mislabelling can occur for many reasons including the grower's or winemaker's confusion about the identity of the grapes used in a wine's production. There are also cases where this has been carried out deliberately and has led to criminal charges being laid against the perpetrators. This news report focuses on such an event in France.[37]
^As indicated, the DOC system also protects the origin and quality of other products including cheeses, butters, meats, breads, fruits and vegetables.[67]
^Cunha et al. say, "The oldest archeological remains of grapevine seeds in Portugal date back from the Chalcolithic (circa 3350–2250 BCE)."[68]
^VIVC records there being 19.08 ha planted in Portugal in 1999.[81] According to Robinson et al., by 2010 the total area is 320 ha, and made specific mention of its authorization for use in PGI Açores and that it is being used as a blend in the making of table wine on Pico.[82] WPL cites a source saying the total planting in 2016 was 299 ha.[83]
^Robinson et al. say this variety is found "mainly in the Bairrada and Lisboa regions."[82]
^Robinson et al. reported the total planting in 2010 as 1,492 ha.[82] which, according to WPL's source had increased to 1,860 ha by 2016.[103] It is not surprising, then, to read this opinion:
"This cultivar and their progenies represent about 15% of the total grapevine acreage in Portugal, stressing the importance of 'Alfrocheiro' in the Portuguese wine character."[104]
^Robinson et al . noted Portugal's planting in 2010 as 2,203 ha[82]
^Robinson et al. say, "It has been a victim of changes in consumer preferences and total Portuguese plantings were just 67 ha (166 acres) by 2010, although there has been recent renewed interest for the production of rosé.”[82]
^Robinson et al. reported the 2010 planting as 123 ha,[82] although Anderson et al. had seen reports of only 92 ha.[10]
^This variety was discovered in the former parish of Santa Marinha de Zêzere in the municipality of Baião in the Vinhos Verdes region. (p.55)[54]
^VIVC lists Gouveio as a variety in its own right[154] whereas WPL lists it only as a synonym for Godello.[155]
^VIVC lists Bastardinho as a variety in its own right but provides little else except saying that Bastardo[156] is its synonym. It has no listing under Tinta Bastardinha.[157] IVV does not list Bastardinho as a distinct variety and its only mention of Tinta Bastardinha is as a synonym for Alfrocheiro Preto.[91][158] WPL also says that Tinta Bastardinha is a synonym for Alfrocheiro Preto.[159]
^VIVC lists this as a variety in its own right but provides little other information.[160] No other references have been located.
^WPL says that "when only "Bastardo" is mentioned, it is often not clear which grape variety is actually involved: Alfrocheiro[91] (i.e. Bastardo Negro, Bastardo Tinto, Tinta Bastardinha), Bastardo Branco (also Bastardo Branca), Bastardo Magarachsky (also Bastard de Magaraci), Bastardo Roxo - Mutation of Trousseau Noir, Bastartiko - Clone of Promara Castelão Francês (i.e. Bastardo Castico, Bastardo Espanhol), Graciano (i.e. Bastardo Nero), Monvedro (also Bastardão, Bastardo), Parraleta[15] (i.e. Bastardão, Bastardo), Tinta de Lisboa (i.e. B. do Outeiro, B. Espanhol Cova Beira, B. Espanhol Noir, B. Tinto) or Trousseau Noir (i.e. Bastardo, Bastardillo Chico, Bastardinha, Bastardinho)."[161] An amusing but inconclusive investigation of the true identity of Bastardo varieties can be found in an essay entitled "Who ya gonna call? Those bastards!".[162]
^Under the category "Bastardo", VIVC complicates establishing this grape's identity by listing four with the cultivar name Bastardo Espanhol and two as Bastardo Espanhol Noir. Two of these are paralleled with the prime name Bastardo Espanhol, three with Tinta de Lisboa, and one with Castelão.[167] By contrast, WPL lists Bastardo Espanhol only as a synonym for Castelão Francês and Tinta de Lisboa.[168][169]
^This variety was discovered in the former parish of Gagos (the report lists this as "Gagos de Cima") in the municipality of Celorico de Basto in the Vinhos Verdes region. (p.55)[54]
^According to VIVC, Portugal's planting of Borraçal decreased dramatically from 2035.12 hectares in 1999 to 1275 ha in 2007 and 187 ha in 2010.[176]
^With the breeder listed by VIVC as "A. Cabral",[184] this person could have been José A.S. Cabral, staff member of the Universidade do Porto (University of Porto), or another member of the Douro winemaking Cabral family. This requires validation.
^VIVC[197] lists this as a variety in its own right whereas WPL[198] mentions it only as being the synonym for Baga and Cayetana Blanca.
^FPS advises, "This selection came to Foundation Plant Services in 2005 from Jorge Böhm,[206] Viveiros Plansel S.A., Portugal. The material was JPB clone 74. The original material underwent microshoot tip tissue culture therapy at FPS in 2005. When the selection was released from quarantine in 2007, the original material received the name Castelão 01. The version of the clone that had undergone tissue culture therapy was simultaneously planted in the Classic Foundation Vineyard as a backup vine to Castelão 01. The name of the selection was changed in 2008 to Castelão PLANSEL 74 to reflect the name of the Plansel clone number. When the Russell Ranch Vineyard was established in 2011, the backup vine that had undergone tissue culture therapy was tested and qualified for that vineyard, where it was planted as Castelão 74.1. After being a proprietary selection for some years, Castelão 74 and 74.1 were released to the FPS public grapevine collection in 2019."[207]
^VIVC lists this as a variety in its own right but provides little additional information.[208] WPL says it is a synonym for Castelão Francês (ie Castelão) and Trincadeira Preta.[30])
^This variety was discovered in the former parish of Marrancos in the municipality of Vila Verde in the Vinhos Verdes region. (p.55)[54]
^WPL reported that there were tiny quantities planted in the Trás-os-Montes area and cited a source saying that only 0.1 ha was reported in 2016.[226]
^WPL cited a source saying that 34 ha were reported in 2016.[228]
^VIVC[26] and WPL[28] both identify Espadeiro Mole as a synonym for the French variety Manseng Noir. Espadeiro says Espadeiro Mole is one of "several variants in the Espadeiro family of grapes."
^In Wine Grapes, Robinson points out that Trincadeiro is called Espadeiro in the Setúbal region and Padeiro is sometimes called Espadeiro in Minho.[231] WPL says this variety "must not be confused with Camaraou Noir, Manseng Noir (both from France), Padeiro, Trincadeira Preta or Vinhão (all five with the synonym Espadeiro), despite the fact that they seem to be synonyms or morphological similarities."[32]
^VIVC lists this as a variety in its own right but provides little additional information.[232] In addition, VIVC lists Verdelho Tinto as a variety in its own right with Verdelho Feijão as a synonym,[233] and Verdelho Feijão as a variety in its own right with Feijão as a synonym.[234] A search under Verdelho Feijão on WPL[235] draws a response which includes the statement, "Synonym (also Feijao) for the grape variety Verdelho Tinto", while a search under Verdelho Tinto[236] draws a response saying, "The red grape variety originates from Portugal. Synonyms are Feijao, Mindeco, Miudesso and Verdelho Feijão." This evidence suggests that Feijoa, Verdial Feijão and Verdial Tinto are different names for the same variety. On this basis, the three will be conflated on this table under the name Verdelho Tinto.
^This listing of Ferral with Ahmeur Bou Ahmeur as a synonym is based on recent studies by Cunha et al. published as "A identidade das castas."[27] in which "Ferral (Rg)" is identified under "Nome da casta (cor do bago)" (Variety name (berry color)) and "Ahmeur Bou Ahmeur" is shown under "Nome principal" (Primary name) as being identical. VIVC[238] and WPL[239] both continue to list Ferral and Ahmeur Bou Ahmeur as distinct, unrelated varieties.
^VIVC lists this as a variety in its own right but provides little information about it.[242] WPL says it originated from Portugal, that "nothing is known about a possible relationship to other varieties with the Folgasão part of the name," and cites a source saying that no plantings were reported in 2016.[243]
^Although this variety's skin colour ranges from rose pink to red, the juice is used for making white wines only and most sources list it as being a white grape variety. For example, see WPL, "Gewürtztraminer."[251]
^Verdelho says this variety is often confused with Gouveio in the Douro valley. WPL warn that it should not be confused with Godello (Gouveio), Gouveio Estimado or Gouveio Real, despite the shared synonyms or morphological similarities.[256]
^WPL says this is grown "in tiny quantities in the Trás-os-Montes" region and cites a source saying only 0.5 ha was reported in 2016.[256]
^Evidence suggests that Jacquez vines originated from the USA and were planted at Madeira late in the 17th and early 18th centuries. Its use became more widespread after Madeira's original vine plantings were largely destroyed, first by an infestation in 1851 by the powdery mildew Uncinula necator, followed in the 1870s by the vine louse Phylloxera vastatrix. As a result, wine production decreased to almost nothing, many Madeirans migrated elsewhere, and while research was underway to find preventatives for phylloxera, the old varieties were replaced largely by disease-resistant hybrid and American vines including Jacquez. This led to a brief revival of Madeira's wine output, but to the detriment of its reputation because the wines made from these grapes did not match the standards of the earlier era. Thus, from the middle of the 20th century, the "replacement" vines were ripped out and the so-called "noble grape" varieties such as Sercial, Verdelho, Boal and Malvasia were planted in their place. Small plantings of Jacquez remain on Madeira but they do not appear to be in commercial use.[265]
^Many of the synonyms used for Jaen are also used for Mencía, and vice versa, including the name Mencía itself appearing here among the synonyms. This suggests that, despite the fact that each has different parentage, the two varieties must be very similar and have often been confused with each other. Noting the confusion, WPL says Jaen "must not be confused with the Mencía variety (Jaén Tinto), despite the fact that the synonyms or morphological similarities appear to indicate this."[267]
^Not to be confused with Lambrusco, a grape variety widely used in Italy although it has also been planted in Argentina, Australia and Spain.
^WPL says this variety is also being grown in the Vinho Verde region. It cites a source saying the total planting in all regions in 2016 was 79 ha.[269]
^This variety was discovered in the former parish of Quinchães (the report incorrectly says "Queijães") in the municipality of Fafe in the Vinhos Verdes region. (p.55)[54]
^Evidence shows that Malbec in being grown in the Pinhão Valley area of the Douro region and is being blended with Cabernet Sauvignon and is being labelled as a "Vinho Regional Duriense".[277]
^According to research findings summarised by VIVC[287] Mário Feld has been assessed as a cultivar name for Pinot Noir.[19] The original research report can be found at.[288]
^WPL warns that Mencía "must not be confused with the varieties Juan García, Jaén Tinto and Loureiro Tinto, despite the fact that synonyms or morphological similarities appear to indicate this."[292] Comments under "Mencia" also note the confusion of identity that has reflected itself in the synonyms: "Over the years, Mencía has been known under a variety of synonyms including: Fernão Pires Tinta, Giao, Jaén, Loureiro Tinto, Mencin, Negra, Negro, Mencia Roble, Tinto Mencia and Tinto Mollar. It is known as Jaén colorado in León, not to be confused with Jaén blanco or Jaén rosado (both of which are variants of Cayetana) and Jaén tinto, from Huelva."
^WPL ("Mourisco.") says this is a synonym for Marufo,[153] Mourisco de Semente,[309]Palomino[310] and Tinta Castañal.[202] As advised by Cunha et al., Castañal is registered in CAN under the name Mourisco.[311]
^WPL cites a source saying that no plantings were reported in 2016.[316]
^VIVC lists Pagadividas as a variety in its own right and Paga Divida as a synonym.[317] WPL does not list Pagadividas but has entry for Paga Divida[318] which it says is a synonym for Baga.[62][319]
^In the past this variety has been classified as a Rabo de Anho[340] cultivar, but this research program identified this as being incorrect, explaining why it has been listed here as a new genotype. (pp. 55-56)[54] The variety is not listed by VIVC, and WPL says it is a synonym for Negramoll.[342]
^This variety was discovered in the former parish of Ancede in the municipality of Baião in the Vinhos Verdes region. (p.55)[54]
^This variety was discovered in the former parish of Gagos (the report lists this as "Gagos de Cima") in the municipality of Celorico de Basto in the Vinhos Verdes region. (p. 55)[54]
^FPS advises, "This selection was imported to Davis in 1984 by Dr. Harold Olmo (Professor, UC Davis) from the Regua Agricultural Station in the Douro region of Portugal. The original material was named Souzão II and was infected with leafroll virus. The selection underwent microshoot tip tissue culture therapy at FPS in 2007 and successfully completed testing to qualify for the Russell Ranch Foundation Vineyard in 2013."[357] As this variety came from Douro and the date of its importation to UC Davis predated the genetic studies carried out by Castro et al.([51]) it seems likely that Souzão 02.1 is actually related to Vinhão.[31]
^VIVC's records say that this variety was bred in 1948 by Ferreira de Almeida and José Leão at the former Estação Agronómica Nacional (National Agronomic Station), Quinta do Marques, Portugal. Its current use is unrecorded. (Estação Agronómica Nacional.)
^VIVC lists Tinta Fontes as a variety in its own right.[365] WPL lists Tinta de Fontes as a synonym for Graciano.[366]
^Parraleta, VIVC[15] and WPL[16] all indicate that Tinta Lameira is a synonym for Parraleta, the Spanish name for what is now listed in CAN as Tinta Caiada. DNA tests in Portugal, Sardinia and Spain on what were originally thought to be different varieties showed that Tinta Caiada, Tinta Lameira and Parraleta were identical. However, in this table Tinta Lameira has been listed separately from Tinta Caiada because some regions have appellation rights with EU under the name Tinta Caiada while Península de Setúbal has rights under both names, and Douro only has rights under Tinta Lameira.
^VIVC lists this as a variety in its own right with unknown parentage,[375] whereas WPL says it is synonymous with Petit Bouschet with a parentage of Aramon Noir x Teinturier du Cher[376] Under "Tintinha - Red", Wine & Winemakers says, "Tintinha is an unusual and very particular Portuguese grape variety. The true origin is uncertain since it is both synonym for Petit Bouschet and the name of a distinct variety whose DNA profile in Almadanim et al. (2004) is unique."[377] Because this variety has PDO and PGI appellations with EU under its own name, in this table Tintinha is being interpreted as a distinct variety as described in VIVC's entry.
^This variety was discovered in the former parish of Bairros in the municipality of Castelo de Paiva in the Vinhos Verdes region. (p. 55)[54]
^WPL cites a source saying that no plantings were reported in 2016.[388]
^VIVC says there were 73 ha planted in Portugal in 1989.[81]
^WPL says DNA testing shows that this variety has a close relationship with Loureiro[407][408]
^The exact identity of this Pinot has not been established; but considering that Branco Especial is a white variety and its second parent, Schiava Grossa is a red, the first parent could be assumed to be Pinot Blanc.[21]
^WPL says this variety was "cultivated in tiny amounts in the Centro and Norte regions" and cited a source saying that 0.2 ha of vines were reported in 2016.[453]
^WPL says this variety possibly originated from Portugal and cites a source saying that 0.5 ha were reported in 2016.[460]
^WPL says this variety is grown in the Vinho Verde region but cites a source saying that no stocks were reported in 2016.[462]
^WPL cites a report saying that no planting were reported in 2016.[469]
^The actual identity of Diagalves is confused by contradictory notes from different sources. VIVC does not list a white variety under the name Diagalves, but the option arises under the name Montúa[221] where Diagalves is listed as a synonym.[221] They this variety originated in Spain. WPL lists Diagalves which the say originated in Portugal and list a number of synonyms identical to VIVC's list for Montúa, and including Montúa itself which they say is the "second main name."[478] Because of confusion arising from the sharing of synonyms with other varieties, WPL goes on to warn that Diagalves "should not be confused with either Beba (Eva)[435] or Malvasia Fina[150] (Diagalves) "despite seemingly suggestive synonyms or morphological similarities." As far as Portugal's official listing of varieties is concerned, the findings of Cunha et al. was that the Spanish variety Mantúo (only listed by VIVC as a synonym for Montúa and by WPL[479] as a synonym for "Beba,[480] Chelva[481] and Diagalves[478]) was equivalent to Montúa.
^WPL points out that this variety's former name "Arinto do Douro or Arinto no Douro was changed to Dorinto (combination of Douro and Arinto) to avoid confusion."[485]
^VIVC has two listings, Esgana Cão and Esgana Cão dos Vinhos Verdes, either of which could be relevant to a report on new genotypes identified in the Vinhos Verdes region.[54] The report itself lists the variety as Esgana Cão (p. 55) and its relevance might depend on whether there are two distinct varieties or whether Esgana Cão dos Vinhos Verdes is an unrecognised synonym for Esgana Cão.
^A variety listed as Esgana Cão was discovered in the former parish of Oleiros (the report lists this as "Gagos de Cima") in the municipality of Ponte da Barca in the Vinhos Verdes region. (p.55).[54] It is unclear whether this refers to this variety or to Esgana Cão dos Vinhos Verdes.
^VIVC has two listings, Esgana Cão and Esgana Cão dos Vinhos Verdes, either of which could be relevant to a report on new genotypes identified in the Vinhos Verdes region.[54] The report itself lists the variety as Esgana Cão (p. 55) and its relevance might depend on whether there are two distinct varieties or whether Esgana Cão dos Vinhos Verdes is an unrecognised synonym for Esgana Cão.
^A variety listed as Esgana Cão was discovered in the former parish of Oleiros (the report lists this as "Gagos de Cima") in the municipality of Ponte da Barca in the Vinhos Verdes region. (p. 55)[54] It is unclear whether this refers to this variety or Esgana Cão.
^VIVC lists Esganinho[491] as a variety in its own right, whereas WPL says it is a synonym for Sercial.[406][492]
^VIVC lists Esganoso as a variety in its own right[490] whereas WPL lists it only as a synonym for Esganoso de Ponte de Lima and Sercial.[406][493]
^VIVC lists Esganoso de Ponte de Lima as a synonym for Esganoso,[490] whereas WPL lists it as a variety in its own right.[494]
^According to VIVC, the planting of Galego Dourado in Portugal has declined from 10 ha in 2007 to 6 ha in 2010.[500] Robinson et al. say it still manages to thrive on the east coast but link its decline in the Lisboa region to "severe urban encroachment on its vineyards.”[501]
^VIVC lists Gouveio as a variety in its own right,[154] whereas WPL says it is the synonym for Godello.[155]
^WPL advises, "Despite apparently indicative synonyms or morphological similarities, it should not be confused with the varieties Godello (Gouveio), Gouveio Preto or Gouveio Real."[505]
^WPL advises, "Despite apparently indicative synonyms or morphological similarities, it should not be confused with the varieties Godello (Gouveio), Gouveio Estimado or Verdelho."[507]
^Relevant to this listing, WPL says Malvasia is the short name for Malvasia de Colares and points out that it unrelated to all other varieties whose names include the word Malvasia.[515]
^WPL says the variety grows "exclusively in the Colares area northwest of Lisbon" and cites a source saying 1,031 ha were reported in 2010.[515]
^Malvasia Babosa was once grown on Madeira where its nickname was "Lazy Malmsey". According to one source, it was introduced to the islands in 1515 but is no longer cultivated there.[516]
^VIVC lists this as a variety in its right,[517] whereas WPL raises doubts about whether there is an independent variety of this name.[518]
^VIVC,[310] WPL[527] and Palomino all list this variety as a synonym for Palomino. Malvasia says under the heading "Portuguese varieties", "Malvasia Rei is believed to be the Palomino grown in Spain for Sherry production which may be related to the Malvasia family. In Portugal, Malvasia Rei is grown in the Douro, Beiras and Lisboa region." Because this variety is widely called Malvasia Rei in Portugal and therefore a number of regions have listed it under this name through EU's certification system, with regard to those regions, the variety will be listed here under this name.
^Pictorial evidence and its caption shows the variety growing at Herdade do Esporão, Évora, in the Alentejo region.[533]
^VIVC lists this as a variety in its right,[544] whereas WPL raises doubts about whether there is an independent variety of this name,[518] whereas WPL says it is a synonym for Malvasia Rei and Pedro Ximénez.[545]
^Whether Doña Blanca is a unique variety or a synonym for Síria appears to be a matter of debate. One source says,Doña Blanca is an obscure white grape variety used in the production of White Port and, less frequently, dry table wines. It finds its home on the northwestern corner of the Iberian Peninsula, particularly in the vineyards of northern Portugal and Galicia in Spain."[556]Doña Blanca seems to be suggesting wider usage in Portugal: "Doña Blanca (Spanish "White Lady", also known as Dona Branca in Portuguese) is a white Spanish and Portuguese grape variety that is grown … throughout Portugal from the Douro northward." WPL does not treat Doña Blanca as a variety in its own right[557] but as a synonym of Síria.[558] In IVV's "Lista da Castas: Castas Brancas" there is no listing of Dona Branca under its own name, but it is mentioned as a Sinónimo Reconhecido (Recognised Synonym) of Folha de Figueira[559] There is no mention of it against Síria.
^VIVC lists this as Branco Gouvães[449] with Touriga Branca as a synonym.[449]
^The warning from WPL is that Touriga Branca[404] "must not be confused with the other Touriga varieties[563] or Planta Nova (Alvarelhão Branco),[405][546] despite the fact that the synonyms and morphological similarities seem to indicate this."
^WPL said the variety was being grown in small quantities in the Centro and Norte regions and cited a source saying that there were 0.4 ha reported in 2016.[565]
^FPS advises, "This white wine grape selection was donated to the Foundation Plant Services public grapevine collection in 2007 by Jorge Böhm,[206] Viveiros Plansel S.A., Portugal. It is JPB clone 300 from Madeira. The original plant material tested positive for virus and underwent microshoot tip tissue culture therapy at FPS in 2008. The treated material qualified for the California Grapevine Registration & Certification Program in 2012 as Verdelho 11."[571]
^FPS advises, "This white wine grape selection was donated to the Foundation Plant Services public grapevine collection in 2007 by Jorge Böhm,[206] Viveiros Plansel S.A., Portugal. It is JPB clone 300. The original plant material tested positive for virus and underwent microshoot tip tissue culture therapy at FPS in 2008. The treated material qualified for the FPS foundation vineyard in 2012 as Verdelho 11.1. The treated material also successfully completed testing to qualify for the Russell Ranch Foundation Vineyard in 2014."[571]
^FPS advises, "This white wine selection was donated to the public grapevine collection at Foundation Plant Services in 2007 by Jorge Böhm,[206] Viveiros Plansel S.A., in Portugal. The material is JBP clone 300 from Madeira. The original material tested positive for virus and underwent microshoot tip tissue culture therapy at FPS in 2008. This selection was planted as a backup selection to Verdelho 11 once disease testing was completed in 2012. The name for the selection was changed in 2014 when the material successfully passed 2010 Protocol testing for Russell Ranch. There are vines in the Classic Foundation Vineyard for Verdelho 11.2."[571]
^Santos, Micael Queiroga dos, Xosé Antón Rodríguez, Ana Alexandra Marta-Costa. "Efficiency analysis of viticulture systems in the Portuguese Douro region." International Journal of Wine Business Research, Vol 32 No 4, 2020. pp. 573-591.[2] Available online at ResearchGate. [3] Accessed 1 February 2021.
^ abAnderson, Kym, and Signe Nelgen. Which Winegrape is Grown Where?: A Global Empirical Picture, Revised Edition. Edited by Kym Anderson and N R Aryal. University of Adelaide Press, 2020. ISBN978-1-925261-86-8 Published online 2020.[5]ISBN978-1-925261-87-5. Accessed 2 February 2021.
^ abcCunha, Jorge Manuel Martins, João Brazão, Francisco Baeta, José Eduardo Eiras-Dias. Coleção Ampelográfica Nacional: uma “ferramenta” indispensável à preservação e ao melhoramento de variedades autóctones de videira (National Ampelographic Collection: an indispensable “tool” for the preserving and improving of indigenous grape varieties). Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, I.P. (National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research or INIAV), January/February/March 2020. pp. 25-28. Available online at [7]. Accessed 1 January 2021.
^ abcCunha, Jorge Manuel Martins, Margarida Teixeira Santos, João Brazão and José Eduardo Eiras-Dias. Coleção Ampelográfica Nacional: Preservação do património varietal de Vitis vinifera L. (National Ampelographic Collection: Preservation of the varietal heritage of Vitis vinifera L.). Paper given at the 9º Simpósio de Vitivinicultura do Alentejo (9th Alentejo Viticulture Symposium), Évora, Portugal on 15–17 May 2013. Available online at ResearchGate. [8] Accessed 28 December 2020.
^Cunha, Jorge Manuel Martins, João Brazão, Margarida Teixeira-Santos, José Eduardo Eiras-Dias, P. Fevereiro, Jose Miguel Martinez-Zapater, et al. A identidade das castas de videira portuguesas aptas à produção de vinho no contexto ibérico e europeu. O uso de marcadores moleculares do tipo SNP para a sua discriminação (The identity of Portuguese grape varieties suitable for wine production in the Iberian and European context. The use of molecular markers of the SNP type for their discrimination). Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinãria (National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research or INIAV), January/February/March 2017. pp. 18-25. Available online at [9]. Accessed 24 December 2020.
^ abMADRP, Ordinance No 428/2000, Diário da República n.º 163/2000, Série I-B de 2000-07-17.[10] Accessed 26 December 2020.
^ abcd"Catálogo Nacional de Variedades de Videira" (National Catalogue of Vine Varieties (NCVV). Direção-Geral de Alimentação e Veterinária, Ministério da Agricultura, Florestas e Desenvolvimento Rural (Directorate-General for Food and Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Rural Development). 2017.[11]Archived 2020-06-17 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 18 January 2021.
^Under "Holding institutions (institute codes)" on VIVC listings, the code "PRT051" indicates that this variety is at "Estaçao Vitivinicola Nacional, EVN - INIAP Quinta da Almoinha", meaning that it is represented in CAN's holdings.
^Genetics, Genomics, and Breeding of Grapes. 2nd edition. Edited by Anne-Francoise Adam-Blondon, Jose-Miguel Martinez-Zapater and Chittaranjan Kole. CRC Press, 2016. ISBN9781439871997.
^Castro, Isauro, Olinda Pinto-Carnide, Jesús-María Ortiz, Vanessa Ferreira and Juan Pedro Martín. "A comparative analysis of genetic diversity in Portuguese grape germplasm from ampelographic collections fit for quality wine production." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, Volume 14, Issue 4, 2016. pp. 1-11. [12] Available online at ResearchGate. [13] Accessed 3 January 2021.
^Castro et al., "A comparative analysis", Abstract.
^ abCastro et al., "A comparative analysis", p. 8.
^Sefc, Kristina M, Ivan Pejić, Edi Maletić, Mark R Thomas and François Lefort."Microsatellite Markers for Grapevine: Tools for Cultivar Identification & Pedigree Construction." Kalliopi Roubelakis-Angelakis, K. (ed.) Grapevine Molecular Physiology & Biotechnology. Springer Science, 2009. pp. 565-596. Available online at ResearchGate. [14] Accessed 2 February 2021.
^ abVeloso, Manuela, Maria Cecilia Almadanim Pina, Margarida Baleiras-Couto, José Eduardo Eiras-Dias. "Microsatellite database of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivars used for wine production in Portugal." Ciência e Técnica Vitivinícola, Vol. 25 No 2, January 2010. pp. 53-56. Available online from ResearchGate at [15] Accessed 29 January 2021.
^ abcdefghijklmnFerreira, Vanessa, Olinda Pinto-Carnide, Teresa Mota, Juan Pedro Martin, Jésus M Ortiz and Isaura Castro. "Identification of minority grapevine cultivars from Vinhos Verdes Portuguese DOC Region." Vitis, Vol. 54 (Special edition), 2015. Available on ResearchGate at [16] Accessed 1 February 2021.
^Cunha, Jorge Manuel Martins, Margarida Teixeira Santos, Luciana Cavalcante Carneiro, Pedro Fevereiro and José Eduardo Eiras-Dias. "Portuguese traditional grapevine cultivars and wild vines (Vitis vinifera L.) share morphological and genetic traits." Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, Vol 56 No 7, November 2009. pp. 975-989. Available onable at ResearchGate. [17] DOI:10.1007/s10722-009-9416-4. Accessed 7 February 2021.
^Cunha, Jorge Manuel Martins, João Brazão, Margarida Teixeira-Santos, José Eduardo Eiras-Dias, P. Fevereiro, Jose Miguel Martinez-Zapater, et al. "A identidade das castas de videira portuguesas aptas à produção de vinho no contexto ibérico e europeu. O uso de marcadores moleculares do tipo SNP para a sua discriminação" (The identity of Portuguese grape varieties suitable for wine production in the Iberian and European context. The use of molecular markers of the SNP type for their discrimination), Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinãria (National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research or INIAV), January/February/March 2017. p. 18. Available online at [18]. Accessed 24 December 2020.)
^Oliveira, Joana de Moura L B. Denominação de Origem e Indicações Geográficas - protecção e impacto socio-económico. (Denomination of Origin and Geographical Indications - protection and socio-economic impact). Post-Graduation in Economics and Industrial Property Management, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão (Lisbon School of Economics and Management or IEG), Lisbon. May 2010.[19] Accessed 29 October 2020.
^Cunha, Manuel Martins, Javier Ibáñez, Margarida Teixeira-Santos1, João Brazão, Pedro Fevereiro, José Miguel Martínez-Zapater and José Eduard Eiras‐Dias. "Genetic Relationships Among Portuguese Cultivated and Wild Vitis vinifera L. Germplasm." Frontiers in Plant Science, Vol. 11, 5 March 2020. p. 127. Available online at [20]. Accessed 29 January 2021.
^As noted by Wein.Plus, Germany, France, Italy and Spain had similar systems. (Tischelmayer, "VQPRD.")
^"Council Regulation (EEC) No 208. (Document L:1992:208:TOC)" Official Journal of the European Communities, L 208, 24 July 1992.[21] Accessed 29 October 2020. ISSN0378-6978.
^Quem somos (Who we are). Instituto da Vinha e do Vinho. Accessed 16 February 2020.
^Myles, Sean, Adam R Boyko, et al. "Genetic structure and domestication history of the grape." Edited by Barbara A Schaal. PNAS Journal, Vol 108/9, 1 March 2011. pp. 3530-3535. Online at /9/3530.full.pdf. Accessed 8 August 2020.
^ ab"FPS Grape Registry: Grapevine Varieties." Foundation Plant Services, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis. Accessed 23 February 2020.
^ abTischelmayer, Norbert, et al. "Lexicon." Wein.Plus, [22] Accessed 20 February 2020.
^ abcdefRobinson, Jancis, Julia Harding and José Vouillamoz. Wine Grapes: A complete guide to 1,368 vine varieties, including their origins and flavors. HarperCollins, 2012. ISBN9781846144462. Access available online at Apple Books. - grapes / id582875915ISBN9780062325518. Accessed 20 February 2020. (NB When viewing this text online, the page numbering varies depending on the settings in View. All grape varieties are listed alphabetically and the location of individual varieties can be searched at "“ Varieties in Alphabetical Order ”.)
^Jorge Cunha, Lalla Hasna Zinelabidine, Margarida Teixeira - Santos, Joáo S Brazãoi, Pedro Fevereiro, 4), José Miguel Martínez - Zapater, Javier Ibáñez and José Eduard Eiras - Dias. "Grapevine cultivar 'Alfrocheiro' or 'Bruñal' plays a primary role in the relationship among Iberian grapevines." Vitis , Vol 5454 (Special Issue), 2015. p. 65. Available online at ResearchGate. [23] Accessed 4 February 2021.
^ abcdFelicity Carter. "Quinta da Plansel: Head over heels in love with Portugal." Families of Wine. Meininger Verlag, 2015. pp. 66-67. Online at [29]. In English. Accessed 13 January 2021.
^"Taxon: Vitis vinifera subsp. vinifera cv. Linné." Genetic and Genomic Information System. Unité de Recherche Génomique Info (Genomics Research Unit Information or URGI).[30] Accessed 30 November 2020.
^Rodrigues, Jeronimo. A view into the grapevine history of Jacquez and its connection to the Madeira Islands – Vitis vinifera cv. Cabernet franc is a possible parent of Jacquez. 2016. Available online at ResearchGate. [31] Accessed 30 November 2020
^ abThe word "Malvasia" is derived from the Greek word "Μονεμβασιά" (Monemvasia), the name of a Peloponnese island off the coast of Laconia, Greece. The Italians called the island Malvasia. In the 10th century it became a fortress island, and by the mid-14th century it had been developed into a major shipping port under the influence of Venetian traders. Wines known interchangeably as Malvasia, Malvazia and Malmsey ("malmsey" being a late Middle English word derived from the Middle Dutch word "malemeseye", which in turn was derived from the Old French word "monemvasia" (the same source of the Old French word "malvesie" which became "malvoisie" in modern usage)) were a large part of the exports handled through the island. Made from grapes belonging to the Malvasia family, some was produced on the island itself, butmost was made in Crete from where that family is thought to have originated. Many other wines from the eastern parts of the Mediterranean and further afield were also shipped through the port. Monemvasia's role in wine exporting rose and fell from time to time depending on political upheaval in the surrounding region and finally came to an end in the late 18th century. By that stage, Madeira had taken over as the renowned source of Malmsey wines also Malvasia varieties we being grown elsewhere in Portugal. A wine called Μαλβαζία or Malvasia is still produced on the island and has a PDO appellation. (Kalligas, Haris A. Monemvasia: A Byzantine City State. Routledge, 2010. ISBN978-0-415-24880-8.)
^VIVC lists Malvasia Rei Tinta as a variety in its own right (VIVC, "Malvasia Rei Tinta.") but it is not listed by WPL either under its own name or as a synonym for another variety.
^Veloso, Manuela, Maria Cecilia Almadanim Pina, M Margarida Baleiras-Couto, José Eduardo Eiras-Dias et al. "Microsatellite database of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivars used for wine production in Portugal." Ciência e Técnica Vitivinícola, Vol. 25 No. 2, 2010. pp. 53-61. Online in English at [32]. ISSN0254-0223. Accessed 23 January 2021.
^WPL says this variety was grown in the Beira Interior and Trás-os-Montes regions and cites a source saying there were 10 ha reported in 2016. (WPL, "Malvasia Trigueira")
^Instituto da Vinha e do Vinho, I.P.', Ministério da Agricultura, Lisboa (Institute of Wine and Wine, IP, Ministry of Agriculture, Lisbon). (In Portuguese)[37]
Supplemental references used for charts
"Catálogo Nacional de Variedades de Videira" (National Catalogue of Vine Varieties or NCVV). Direção-Geral de Alimentação e Veterinária, Ministério da Agricultura, Florestas e Desenvolvimento Rural (Directorate-General for Food and Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Rural Development). 2017.[38]Archived 2020-06-17 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 18 January 2021.
Cunha, Jorge Manuel Martins, João Brazão, Margarida Teixeira-Santos, José Eduardo Eiras-Dias, P. Fevereiro, Jose Miguel Martinez-Zapater, et al. "A identidade das castas de videira portuguesas aptas à produção de vinho no contexto ibérico e europeu. O uso de marcadores moleculares do tipo SNP para a sua discriminação" (The identity of Portuguese grape varieties suitable for wine production in the Iberian and European context. The use of molecular markers of the SNP type for their discrimination), Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinãria (National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research or INIAV), January/February/March 2017. p. 18. Available online at [39]. Accessed 24 December 2020.
Ferreira, Vanessa, Olinda Pinto-Carnide, Teresa Mota, Juan Pedro Martin, Jéus M Ortiz and Isaura Castro. "Identification of minority grapevine cultivars from Vinhos Verdes Portuguese DOC Region." Vitis, Vol 54 (Special edition), 2015. p. 55. Available on ResearchGate at [40] Accessed 1 February 2021.
"FPS Grape Registry: Grapevine Varieties." Foundation Plant Services, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis.[41] Accessed 23 February 2020.
"Guide to Portuguese Grape Varieties". Cellar Tours.[42] Accessed 13 November 2009.
"Lista da Castas" (List of Grape Varieties). Instituto da Vinha e do Vinho, I.P. 2018.[43]. Accessed 20 February 2020.
Maul, Erika, et al. "Vitis International Variety Catalogue" (VIVC). Julius Kühn-Institut - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants (JKI), Institute for Grapevine Breeding. 2020.[44] Accessed 23 February 2020.
Robinson and Julia Harding, et al. The Oxford Companion to Wine. 4th Edition. Edited by Jancis Robinson and Julia Harding. Oxford University Press, 2015. ISBN978-0-19-870538-3
Robinson, Harding and José Vouillamoz. Wine Grapes: A complete guide to 1,368 vine varieties, including their origins and flavours. HarperCollins, 2013. ISBN0-14-196882-6. Access available online at Apple Books.[45]ISBN0-06-232551-5. Accessed 20 February 2020. (NB When viewing this text online, the page numbering varies depending on the settings in View. All grape varieties are listed alphabetically.)
Tischelmayer, Norbert, et al. Glossary. Wein.Plus (WPL).[46] Accessed 20 February 2020.
Bibliography
Anderson, Kym, and Signe Nelgen. Which Winegrape is Grown Where?: A Global Empirical Picture, Revised Edition. Edited by Kym Anderson and N R Aryal. University of Adelaide Press, 2020. ISBN978-1-925261-86-8 Published online 2020.[47]ISBN978-1-925261-87-5.
Castro, Isauro, Olinda Pinto-Carnide, Jesús-María Ortiz, Vanessa Ferreira and Juan Pedro Martín. "A comparative analysis of genetic diversity in Portuguese grape germplasm from ampelographic collections fit for quality wine production." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, Volume 14, Issue 4, 2016. pp. 1–11. [48] Available online at ResearchGate. [49] Accessed 3 January 2021.
"Catálogo Nacional de Variedades de Videira" (National Catalogue of Vine Varieties or NCVV). Direção-Geral de Alimentação e Veterinária, Ministério da Agricultura, Florestas e Desenvolvimento Rural (Directorate-General for Food and Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Rural Development). 2017.[50]Archived 2020-06-17 at the Wayback Machine
Cunha, Jorge Manuel Martins, João Brazão, Margarida Teixeira-Santos, José Eduardo Eiras-Dias, P. Fevereiro, Jose Miguel Martinez-Zapater, et al. "A identidade das castas de videira portuguesas aptas à produção de vinho no contexto ibérico e europeu. O uso de marcadores moleculares do tipo SNP para a sua discriminação" (The identity of Portuguese grape varieties suitable for wine production in the Iberian and European context. The use of molecular markers of the SNP type for their discrimination), Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinãria (National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research or INIAV), January/February/March 2017. Available online at [51].
Ferreira, Vanessa, Olinda Pinto-Carnide, Teresa Mota, Juan Pedro Martin, Jéus M Ortiz and Isaura Castro. "Identification of minority grapevine cultivars from Vinhos Verdes Portuguese DOC Region." Vitis, Vol 54 (Special edition), 2015. p. 55. Available online at ResearchGate at [52]
Santos, Micael Queiroga dos, Xosé Antón Rodríguez, Ana Alexandra Marta-Costa. "Efficiency analysis of viticulture systems in the Portuguese Douro region." International Journal of Wine Business Research, Vol 32 No 4, 2020. pp. 573–591.[53] Acvailable online at ResearchGate. [54]
Oczkowski, Eddie. "The strategic use of synonyms for varietal names in labelling." Winetitles Media, November 2018.[55]
Robinson and Julia Harding, et al. The Oxford Companion to Wine. 4th Edition. Edited by Jancis Robinson and Julia Harding. Oxford University Press, 2015. ISBN978-0-19-870538-3
Robinson, Harding and José Vouillamoz. Wine Grapes: A complete guide to 1,368 vine varieties, including their origins and flavours. HarperCollins, 2013. ISBN0-14-196882-6. Available online at Apple Books.[56]ISBN0-06-232551-5.
External links
Anderson, Kym, and Signe Nelgen. Which Winegrape is Grown Where?: A Global Empirical Picture, Revised Edition. Edited by Kym Anderson and N R Aryal. University of Adelaide Press, 2020. ISBN978-1-925261-86-8 Published online 2020.[57]ISBN978-1-925261-87-5. Accessed 2 February 2021.
"Catálogo Nacional de Variedades de Videira" (National Catalogue of Vine Varieties (NCVV). Direção-Geral de Alimentação e Veterinária, Ministério da Agricultura, Florestas e Desenvolvimento Rural (Directorate-General for Food and Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Rural Development). 2017.[58]Archived 2020-06-17 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 18 January 2021.
"FPS Grape Registry: Grapevine Varieties". Foundation Plant Services, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis.[59] Accessed 23 February 2020.
Instituto da Vinha e do Vinho. (IVV).[61] Accessed 16 February 2020.
Maul, Erika, et al. "Vitis International Variety Catalogue" (VIVC), Julius Kühn-Institut - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants (JKI). 2020.[62] Accessed 23 February 2020.
Robinson, Harding and José Vouillamoz. Wine Grapes: A complete guide to 1,368 vine varieties, including their origins and flavours. HarperCollins, 2013. ISBN0-14-196882-6. Available online at Apple Books.[63]ISBN0-06-232551-5. Accessed 20 February 2020. (NB When viewing this text online, the page numbering varies depending on the settings in View. All grape varieties are listed alphabetically.)
Tischelmayer, Norbert, et al. Wein.Plus.[64] Accessed 20 February 2020.
Футбольна ліга Засновано 1953(1983в сучасному форматі)Регіон ГреціяКонфедерація УЄФАКількість команд 18Рівень в ієрархії 3Підвищення в класі Грецька СуперлігаПониження в класі Футбольна ліга 2Внутрішній кубок Кубок ГреціїМіжнародні турніри НемаПоточний чемпіон Олімп...
Murrumbidgee Shire Local Government Area van Australië Situering Staat Nieuw-Zuid-Wales Streek Riverina Hoofdplaats Darlington Point (21 Carrington Street)[1] Coördinaten 34°48'ZB, 145°53'OL Algemene informatie Oppervlakte 3.505 km² Inwoners 2.502 Politiek Burgemeester Phillip Wells Overig Website http://www.murrumbidgee.local-e.nsw.gov.au Portaal Australië Murrumbidgee Shire Office Murrumbidgee Shire Council is een Local Government Area (LGA) in de Australische dee...
Gesamtübersicht der Burg mit Mautturm am Abhang knapp über der Donau Schloss Neuhaus an der Donau, auch Feste Neuhaus oder Schloss Neuhaus im Mühlviertel genannt, thront oberhalb des Ortes Untermühl (Gemeinde Sankt Martin im Mühlkreis) an der Einmündung der Großen Mühl in die Donau, zwischen der Schlögener Schlinge und der Marktgemeinde Aschach an der Donau. Die Anlage ist in Privatbesitz und ständig bewohnt. Sie wurde 2007 renoviert. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Geschichte 2 Literatur 3 We...
American brand of hygiene products PalmoliveProduct typepersonal care, dishwashing liquidOwnerColgate-PalmoliveCountryUnited StatesIntroduced1898; 125 years ago (1898)MarketsWorldwideWebsitepalmolive.com, palmolive.co.uk, Palmolive is an American multinational brand of a line of products produced by Colgate-Palmolive. The Palmolive brand grew from one product, Palmolive bar soap. Made of coconut, palm and olive oils, Palmolive bar soap was introduced in 1898. Originally, the...
عُلُومُ ٱللُّغَةِ ٱلْعَرَبِيَّة المقدمة [ عدل ] علوم اللغة العربية والمسمى أيضًا بعلم الأدب وهي علومٌ يحترز به عن الخلل في كلام العرب لفظاً أو كتابةً، وينقسم على ما صرَّح به علماء اللغة العربية إلى اثني عشر قسمًا، منها أصولٌ وهي العمدة في ذلك الاحتراز، ومنها فروع. وعل...
Nottingham Magistrates' Court Nottingham Magistrates' Court is a magistrates' court in Nottingham, England. History Until 1996, Nottingham magistrates were housed in two separate buildings, the Guildhall and the Shire Hall. In 1996, all magistrates were moved to the new Nottingham Magistrates' Court building,[1] and the old buildings were closed. The Shire Hall subsequently was converted into the Galleries of Justice. The Nottingham Guildhall is occupied by Nottingham City Council. De...
Men's association football team This article is about the men's team. For the women's team, see Iraq women's national football team. IraqNickname(s)Usood al-Rafidayn(Lions of Mesopotamia)AssociationIraq Football Association (IFA)ConfederationAFC (Asia)Sub-confederationWAFF (West Asia)Head coachJesús CasasCaptainJalal HassanMost capsYounis Mahmoud (148)Top scorerHussein Saeed (78)Home stadiumBasra International StadiumFIFA codeIRQ First colours Second colours FIFA rankingCurrent 63 5 (30 Nove...
De facto embassy of Taiwan in Australia Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Australia駐澳大利亞代表處Agency overviewFormed1988 (as Taiwan Marketing Services)[1]1991 (as Taipei Economic and Cultural Office)[1]Jurisdiction Australia Tuvalu Nauru Solomon IslandsHeadquartersBarton, Canberra, CanberraAgency executiveDouglas Yu-tien Hsu [zh], Representative[2]WebsiteTaipei Economic and Cultural Office in Australia The Taipei Econom...
Dit is een lijst van voorzitters van het Hongaarse Huis van Afgevaardigden, het lagerhuis van de Rijksdag van het Koninkrijk Hongarije van 1848 tot 1918. In 1927 werd het Huis van Afgevaardigden heropgericht en bestond tot 1945. Oostenrijk-Hongarije Oppositiepartij Deák-partij - Liberale Partij - Nationale Arbeidspartij Nr. Voorzitter Ambtstermijn Partij 1 Dénes Pázmándy(1816–1856) 10 juli 1848 9 januari 1849 Oppositiepartij 2 Pál Almásy(1818–1882) 9 januari 1849 2 j...
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Februari 2023. Majelis Daarul MukhtarJenisMajelis Ta'limDidirikan2003AfiliasiPendidikan IslamPendiriHaji MukhtarLokasiJakarta, Situs webWebsite Resmi Majelis Ta'lim & Rubath Daarul Mukhtar didirikan pada tanggal 10 Januari 2003 oleh Almarhum Haji Mukhtar. Pada w...
Defunct satellite television company from Romania Boom TV redirects here. For the Macedonian digital television provider, see Boom TV (Macedonia). Boom ExtrasatelitTypePrivateIndustryTelecommunicationFoundedMarch 28, 2004; 19 years ago (2004-03-28)Defunct2011 (radiated since January 18, 2018) [1]FateAcquired by Romtelecom (now Telekom Romania Communications)SuccessorRomtelecom (Telekom Romania)HeadquartersBucharest, RomaniaProductsDirect broadcast satellite and telev...
BeginnerSampul Type A reguler, menampilkan Tomomi Itano, Minami Takahashi, Atsuko Maeda, dan Yuko Oshima.Singel oleh AKB48dari album Koko ni Ita KotoSisi-BBoku Dake no ValueKimi ni TsuiteNakeru BashoDirilis27 Oktober 2010 (2010-10-27)FormatCD Singel, unduh digitalDirekam2010GenreJ-pop, Breakbeat, ElectropopDurasi03:57LabelKing Records/You! Be CoolPenciptaYasushi AkimotoProduserYasushi AkimotoVideo musikBeginner di YouTube Beginner adalah singel ke-18 dari grup idola Jepang AKB48 yang dir...
American actor and songwriter (1950–2020) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Roscoe Born – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Roscoe BornBornRoscoe Conklin Born(1950-11-24)November 24, 1950Topeka, Kansas, U.S.DiedMarch ...
Para otros usos de este término, véase San Salvador (desambiguación). Para otros usos de este término, véase Jujuy (desambiguación). San Salvador de JujuySan Salvador de Velazco en el Valle de Jujuy Ciudad, municipio y capital provincial Desde arriba, de izquierda a derecha: Lema de San Salvador de Jujuy, en la Plaza Belgrano • Calle Gral. San Martín • Vista panorámica nocturna • Catedral Basílica de San Salvador • Palacio de Gobierno de Jujuy Escudo Otros nombres: Tacita de ...
American baseball player (1914–1999) Not to be confused with John DiMaggio or Joe Maggio. Baseball player Joe DiMaggioDiMaggio with the New York Yankees in 1939Center fielderBorn: (1914-11-25)November 25, 1914Martinez, California, U.S.Died: March 8, 1999(1999-03-08) (aged 84)Hollywood, Florida, U.S.Batted: RightThrew: RightMLB debutMay 3, 1936, for the New York YankeesLast MLB appearanceSeptember 30, 1951, for the New York YankeesMLB statisticsBatting aver...
Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India This article is about the assembly constituency. For its eponymous town, see Mohana. MohanaConstituency No. 136 for the Odisha Legislative AssemblyConstituency detailsCountryIndiaRegionEast IndiaStateOdishaDistrictGajapatiLS constituencyBerhampurEstablished1951Total electors2,16,730ReservationSTMember of Legislative Assembly16th Odisha Legislative AssemblyIncumbent Dasarathi Gomango PartyIndian National CongressElected year2019 Mohana i...
Минеральная вода Пузырьки углекислого газа в газированной минеральной воде Минера́льная вода — вода, содержащая в своём составе растворённые соли, микроэлементы, а также некоторые биологически активные компоненты. Среди минеральных вод выделяют минеральные природ...
Artikel ini tidak memiliki referensi atau sumber tepercaya sehingga isinya tidak bisa dipastikan. Tolong bantu perbaiki artikel ini dengan menambahkan referensi yang layak. Tulisan tanpa sumber dapat dipertanyakan dan dihapus sewaktu-waktu.Cari sumber: Kupu, Dukuhturi, Tegal – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR KupuDesaNegara IndonesiaProvinsiJawa TengahKabupatenTegalKecamatanDukuhturiKode pos52192Kode Kemendagri33.28.13.2002 Luas.....
