List of Marian apparitions

Marian apparitions are reported supernatural appearances by Mary, the mother of Jesus. Below is a list of alleged events concerning notable Marian apparitions, which have either been approved by a major Christian church, or which retain a significant following despite the absence of official approval or despite an official determination of inauthenticity. While a number of Marian apparitions are approved or received positive judgments, many^[1] receive no-decision or negative judgments from the church.

Catholic Church

See also: Normae Congregationis

According to norms of the Catholic Church which have been in effect since the Council of Trent in the 16th century,^[2] the initial responsibility of evaluating the merits of any purported apparition falls to the bishop of the area in which the events allegedly occurred.^[3] If, after an investigation, the bishop determines that the apparition constitutes an authentic supernatural appearance of the Blessed Virgin Mary, then the apparition is considered approved for the entire Catholic Church, unless his successor or the Holy See were to contradict his decision.

On May 18, 2024, the Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith's Prefect, Víctor Manuel Fernández, published a 2024 religious text signed by Pope Francis which replaced the 1978 Normae Congregationis rulings. It sets new norms and guidelines for Catholic bishops in discerning claims of private revelation such as Marian apparitions. Fernández enumerated six possible conclusions for alleged supernatural phenomena discernment. "Nihil obstat" substitutes Declaration of supernatural authenticity. A Bishop's canonical investigation and decision requires prior submission to the Dicastery before publication.^[4][5]

Positive judgment

The apparitions in this category have been judged to be "worthy of belief".

Approved, with widespread veneration endorsed by the Holy See

A distinction is sometimes made between apparitions that are "Vatican approved" and those that are not. However, by the norms of Normae Congregationis, the only formal mechanisms for Holy See approval of an apparition would be the pope approving an apparition that had occurred in the Diocese of Rome, or the pope approving an apparition against the will of the local bishop, neither of which has happened to date. Even in cases in which the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith cooperates with an investigation that yields a positive result, the consequent approval derives its authority from the local bishop, not from the Holy See.^[6][7] Because approval by the Holy See can therefore only be claimed based on informal indicators of endorsement, lists of "Vatican-approved Marian apparitions" vary widely depending on the criteria used.^[8][9][10] The criterion used here is that the Holy See must have approved the widespread veneration of the apparition by inscribing it on a liturgical calendar besides that of the particular diocese in which the apparition occurred.

	Associated Marian titles	Years	Location	Seers	Approval	Feast day
	Our Lady of Guadalupe	1531	Tepeyac, Mexico	Juan Diego Cuauhtlatoatzin Juan Bernardino	1555[11]	December 12 in the General Roman Calendar
Juan Diego, an Aztec who had recently converted to the Catholic faith, saw an apparition of Mary early in the morning on December 9, 1531, during which Mary asked that a church be built in the site of the apparition. The local bishop did not believe his story. In response, during another appearance to Juan Diego three days later, after also appearing to Diego's sick uncle Juan Bernardino, Our Lady imprinted an image of herself on Juan Diego's cloak (tilma). The cloak is on display at the Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe in Mexico City. Over the years, Our Lady of Guadalupe became a symbol of the Catholic faith in Mexico and the Mexican diaspora.[12]
	Our Lady of the Miraculous Medal Our Lady of Graces	1830	Rue du Bac in Paris, France	Catherine Labouré	1836[13] Archbishop Hyacinthe-Louis de Quélen Archdiocese of Paris	November 27 in the Roman Calendar for Venezuela and the Vincentian orders^[citation needed]
Catherine, a novice at the Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul, reported that Mary appeared to her one night in the convent chapel and asked that a specific medallion be made, promising that "all who wear this medal will receive great graces."[14] The medal eventually produced is most commonly known as the Miraculous Medal due to the many miracles that were connected with it. The front of the medal displays a picture of Mary as Catherine described her. The design on the reverse includes the letter M and a cross.
	Our Lady of La Salette	1846	Mount Sous-Les Baisses, La Salette-Fallavaux, France	Mélanie Calvat Maximin Giraud	September 19, 1851[15][16] Bishop Philibert de Bruillard [fr; pl] Diocese of Grenoble	September 19 in the Roman Calendar for France[17]
Two shepherd children reported seeing an apparition of Mary, who was weeping because of disrespect shown to the Lord's Day and to the Lord's name. She entrusted one secret to each of the two children, which they wrote down and delivered to Pope Pius IX.
	Our Lady of Lourdes The Immaculate Conception	1858	Lourdes, France	Bernadette Soubirous	January 18, 1862[18][19] Bishop Bertrand-Sévère Laurence [fr] Diocese of Tarbes	February 11 in the General Roman Calendar[20]
A 14-year-old shepherd girl named Bernadette Soubirous reported seeing Mary appear to her while she was out gathering firewood in the countryside. Mary identified herself as "the Immaculate Conception" and told Bernadette of the location of a spring, promising miraculous healings from its waters. Since 1862, more than sixty medical cures associated with Lourdes have been certified as "miraculous" by the Catholic Church, which established its own Medical Bureau in 1883 to review and evaluate claims of cures. An independent study of cures published during 2012 concluded that some of the cures were "currently beyond our ken but still impressive, incredibly effective, and awaiting a scientific explanation."[21]
	Our Lady of Knock	1879	Knock, Ireland	Group of 15 people	1879[22] Archbishop John MacHale Archdiocese of Tuam	August 17 in the Roman Calendar for Ireland[23]
On August 21, 1879, a group of 15 men, women, and children, ranging in age from 5 to 75, reported seeing an apparition behind their church, against the back wall, of an altar with a lamb on it (understood to represent Jesus), surrounded by a multitude of angels. Off to the side in prayer stood Mary, Joseph, and St. John (with St. John dressed as a bishop). Because Mary was among those seen, the apparition is classified as Marian, although the simultaneous appearance of Jesus, Mary, Joseph, John, and numerous angels makes it unique among this category. A further distinctive characteristic is that this apparition was silent: no verbal messages were given. The apparition lasted for an hour and a half.[24]
	Our Lady of Fátima Our Lady of the Rosary The Immaculate Heart of Mary	1917	Cova da Iria, Fátima, Portugal	Lúcia Santos Jacinta Marto Francisco Marto	October 13, 1930[25][26] Bishop José Alves Correia da Silva Diocese of Leiria	May 13 in the General Roman Calendar
Three shepherd children reported seeing apparitions of an angel (who identified himself as the Guardian Angel of Portugal) followed by apparitions of Mary. Mary revealed to the children three secrets: first, the reality of hell and the means of saving people from it through personal sacrifices and Acts of reparation; second, a prediction of future upheavals (beginning with World War II), the spiritual means of ending them (a Consecration of Russia and Communions of reparation on First Saturdays), and a prediction of an eventual "triumph of the Immaculate Heart of Mary"; third, an obscure vision of future persecution of the Catholic Church. The apparitions culminated with the Miracle of the Sun, an astronomical phenomenon witnessed by a crowd of approximately 70,000 people, and even by others located miles away.[27] All nine popes since the apparitions – Benedict XV, Pius XI, Pius XII, John XXIII, Paul VI, John Paul I, John Paul II, Benedict XVI and Francis – have indicated their belief in the authenticity of the apparitions. Pope John Paul II credited Our Lady of Fátima with saving his life after he was shot in Rome on May 13 feast day of the apparition in 1981, and donated the bullet that wounded him to the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Fátima.[28] In 1925, eight years after the Fátima events, Lúcia, then Sister Lúcia, reported another set of related apparitions, which became known as the Pontevedra apparitions.[29]

Approved

Below is a list of additional apparitions which have been approved by the local ordinary (i.e. the bishop assigned to the area in which the events allegedly occurred).

	Associated Marian titles	Years	Location	Seers	Approval
	Our Lady of the Good Event	1594–1634	Quito, Ecuador	Mariana de Jesus Torres	1611[30] Bishop Salvador Ribera Avalos Diocese of Quito
A religious sister, Mother Mariana de Jesus Torres, reported that the Virgin Mary appeared to her at the Conceptionist Convent in Quito, Ecuador, under the title "Nuestra Señora del Buen Suceso".[31] According to Mother Mariana, Mary requested that a statue be made in her likeness and made several predictions, saying that the church and the world would enter into a period of crisis beginning in the mid-20th century, and that this period would be followed by a complete restoration.[32] Although the phrase "Good Event" in the apparition title is also understood to refer to this prophesied restoration, the phrase, properly speaking, refers to the Purification of Mary and the Presentation of Jesus.[33]
	Our Lady of the Hens	1609	Pagani, Campania, Italy	11 different people	August 1786
Despite the first apparition is dated back to the 16th century, the Madonna of the Hens is said to have performed eight miracles in the years 1609–1610. It all began when a cripple, who had fallen asleep in front of a dressing room belonging to the ancient parish of San Felice, where the table found by the hens was kept, saw the Madonna in his sleep; she invited him to get up and throw away his crutches because he was healed. The evident miracle attracted general attention to the small oratory, and in a very short time there were new healings: between 1609 and 1610 there were seven other miracles that confirmed in the faithful the devotion to the 'Madonna of the Hens' in and out of the region. It was then decided the building of a more worthy church to welcome the faithful, and in 1610 Msgr. Lunadoro, bishop of Nocera de' Pagani, tells us that "thanks to the help of the devout people, who give large alms, a much more capable church is begun" to be built in the place where the hens had found the table, and Msgr. Stefano de Vicari, in his pastoral visit made in 1615, speaks of a 'newly built church' (Latin: ecclesia noviter erecta), namely the Shrine of Our Lady of the Hens. In August 1786 the diocesan bishop, Msgr. Benedetto dei Monti Sanfelice, published a decree with which the chapter of Saint Peter in the Vatican decided to solemnly crown the 'Madonna delle Galline' in gratitude for the protection of Mary to the population. The coronation ceremony took place in 1787.
	Our Lady of Laus	1664–1718	Saint-Étienne-le-Laus, France	Benoîte Rencurel	May 4, 2008[note 1] Bishop Jean-Michel Di Falco [de; it; la; nl; pl] Diocese of Gap and Embrun
Beginning in 1664, a young shepherdess reported seeing multiple visions of Mary, who said, "I have asked my Son for this place for the conversion of sinners and He has granted it to me." Mary charged Benoîte to prepare sinners for the Sacrament of Penance,[36] a vocation for which she received the gift of reading souls.[37] Mary asked for a sanctuary to be built, and foretold that it would last until the end of the world, emerging from obscurity and becoming well-known shortly before the onset of the endtimes.[38] Benoîte continued to receive apparitions until her death in 1718. The local archbishop at the time approved the public veneration of the initial apparitions in 1665, but the apparitions themselves were not approved until almost four centuries later.[35]
	Our Lady of Champion	1859	Champion, Wisconsin, United States of America	Adele Brise	December 8, 2010[39] Bishop David L. Ricken Diocese of Green Bay
In Robinsonville (now called Champion), Wisconsin, a young Belgian immigrant woman named Adele Brise was walking through a wooded area when she saw a beautiful woman standing between a maple and a hemlock tree. She saw the lady again on her way to Mass, and walked past her again. After Mass she told her priest about the apparition, and he told her to ask the Lady "In God's name, who are you and what do you want of me?" When Adele walked past the spot again, the Lady was there, and Adele asked what she was told by the priest. The Lady replied, "I am the Queen of Heaven who prays for the conversion of sinners." She gave Adele the mission to pray for sinners and teach the children of the area their Catechism, with the assurance, "Go and fear nothing, I will help you." Soon after, Adele's father built a small chapel between the trees, and later two more churches were built on the spot before the present brick church, built in 1942. Our Lady of Champion is the first approved apparition in the United States. In April 2023, the National Shrine of Our Lady of Good Help announced its official name change to The National Shrine of Our Lady of Champion. [40]
	Our Lady of Pontmain Our Lady of Hope	1871	Pontmain, France	Eùgene Barbadette Joseph Barbadette Jeanne-Marie Lebossé Françoise Richer	February 2, 1872[41][42] Bishop Casimir Wicart [fr] Diocese of Laval
At the height of the Franco-Prussian War, Pontmain, a hamlet of about 500 inhabitants, found itself between the oncoming Prussian army and the city of Laval. While two boys, Joseph and Eugène, aged ten and twelve, were helping their father in the barn, Eugène saw in the night sky an apparition of a beautiful woman smiling at him; she was wearing a blue gown covered with golden stars, and a black veil under a golden crown. Joseph came to look and could see the lady as well. As a crowd gathered, two girls, Françoise Richer and Jeanne-Marie Lebosse, ages nine and eleven, reported seeing Mary as well, and described her in the same way. None of the adults, however, could see Mary, but only saw three stars forming a triangle. The crowd began praying the Rosary. The children saw a banner unfurl beneath the Lady with a message: "But pray, my children. God will hear you in time. My Son allows Himself to be touched." The apparition lasted about three hours. It was later discovered that the advance of the Prussian troops was halted at the same time that the apparition began; the general reported that the advance was blocked by a "Madonna".
	Our Lady of Gietrzwałd	1877	Gietrzwałd, Poland (German Empire)	Stanisława Samulowska Justyna Szafryńska	September 1, 1977[43] Bishop Józef Drzazga Diocese of Warmia
A 13-year-old girl named Justyna Szafryńska reported that, while praying the Angelus on June 27, 1877, she saw a woman seated on a gold throne near a maple tree, accompanied by an angel. The following day, she saw another apparition, this time also with the Christ child. Three days after the first event, both she and 12-year-old Barbara Samulowska saw Mary, and Justyna asked: "What do you want, Holy Mary?" Mary answered in the local Polish dialect, "I want you to pray the Rosary daily." During the apparition the next day, Justyna asked, "Who are You?" and Mary replied, "I am the Blessed Virgin Mary of Immaculate Conception."[44] In the coming days, Mary promised that fervent prayer would be able to end the persecutions of Catholic Poles that had occurred under Kulturkampf. The apparitions continued for three months. On September 8, about a week before the apparitions ended, Mary blessed a spring of water, from which pilgrims have subsequently reported healings. Our Lady of Gietrzwałd is the only approved Marian apparition in Poland.[45]
	Our Lady of Tears	1930	Campinas, Brazil	Amália de Jesus Flagelado	March 8, 1931[46][47] Bishop Francisco de Campos Barreto [pt] Archdiocese of Campinas
On November 8, 1929, a friend of Sister Amalia came to her to ask for prayers for his seriously ill wife. The nun then went to the chapel of the Institute of the Missionary Sisters of Jesus Crucified to pray in this intention, when suddenly Jesus appeared to her and said that she should ask him for this grace through the tears of her mother Mary, teaching her a prayer and assuring her that nothing would be denied her if the request was made in the name of his mother's tears. He also stated that Maria would visit Amália soon.[48] On March 8, 1930, she was praying in the same place when the Virgin appeared to her. Maria was dressed in a purple tunic, a dark blue mantle, a white veil that stretched from her head to her chest and in her hands she held a rosary of glittering pearls. Maria then asked Amália to propagate the rosary, calling it "Crown of Tears". She also stated that she would bestow graces on those who would pray it with devotion.[49] On April 8 of the same year, Maria appeared again to Amália, indicating a medal that should be used by her devotees so that they could obtain her protection and miracles.[50]
	Our Lady of Beauraing Virgin of the Golden Heart	1932–1933	Beauraing, Belgium	Andree Degeimbre Gilberte Degeimbre Albert Voisin Fernande Voisin Gilberte Voisin	July 2, 1949[51] Bishop André-Marie Charue [de; fr; fi; lb] Diocese of Namur
Five children, ages 9 to 15, reported seeing 33 apparitions of Mary between November 29, 1932, and January 3, 1933, in the garden of a boarding school run by the Sisters of the Christian Doctrine. During the apparitions, Mary appeared in a white robe with rays of blue and a crown of light. In the last visions, the Virgin Mary revealed a Heart of Gold which gave her the title of the Virgin of the Golden Heart. She told the children she was the Immaculate Conception, the Mother of God and the Queen of Heaven. Mary asked for prayer, sacrifice and for the construction of a chapel as a place of pilgrimage, promising to convert sinners.[52][53][54]
	Our Lady of Banneux Virgin of the Poor	1933	Banneux, Belgium	Mariette Beco	August 22, 1949[55] Bishop Louis-Joseph Kerkhofs Diocese of Liège
Between January 15, 1933, and March 2, 1933, a child named Mariette Beco, 11 years old, reported that Mary appeared to her eight times. The apparitions first took place in the garden of her family's house, then near a spring of water nearby to which Mariette was led by Mary and through which miracles of healing would be worked. Mary said to her "this spring is reserved for all nations... to relieve the sick" and called herself "the Virgin of the Poor", the Mother of the Savior and the Mother of God.[56][57] Mary asked for prayer, for the construction of a chapel and to believe in her.[58][59]
	Our Lady of Graces	1936–1937	Cimbres, Pesqueira, Brazil	Maria da Luz Teixeira de Carvalho Maria da Conceição Silva	October 13, 2021[60][61] Bishop José Luiz Ferreira Salles [pt] Diocese of Pesqueira
On August 6, 1936, young Maria da Luz, 13 years old, and Maria da Conceição, 16 years old, were walking near the town of Cimbres. The two girls, as well as all the residents of the place, lived in fear of encountering thieves cangaceiros along the way. The younger girl said that if they were found by the thieves, Our Lady would protect them. After saying that, the two girls saw a woman with a baby in her arms, surrounded by luminous rays. The girls then asked her her name and she replied "I am grace". At this, they recognized that the woman they saw was Mary and her child that she was carrying with her was Jesus.[62] In the days that followed, Maria revealed to the girls that she had appeared to them to warn them of the danger of communism.[63][64] She asked them to avoid the punishment of heaven over Brazil, to warn the people to do penance and to devote themselves to the heart of Jesus and her.[65] To prove his presence, he made clear, crystalline water come out of a dry rock, stating that those who would drink from it would be cured of their illnesses.[66] At the beginning of the phenomena, the German priest Joseph Kehrle was appointed by the bishop to accompany the apparitions and concluded that they were true apparitions of the Virgin Mary.[67] The last apparition occurred in 1985 to Maria da Luz, who later became a nun and adopted the religious name Adélia. At that time she was suffering from terminal cancer and was cured after witnessing a new apparition.[68] Maria da Conceição continued her lay life.[69]
	Our Lady of Akita	1973	Yuzawadai, Japan	Agnes Katsuko Sasagawa	April 22, 1984[70] Bishop John Shojiro Ito Diocese of Niigata
Sister Agnes Katsuko Sasagawa reported seeing a statue of The Lady of All Nations illuminate and reported hearing messages, even though she was deaf. The same statue also miraculously wept, a phenomenon repeated on 101 occasions and broadcast on Japanese national television. The messages were apocalyptic in nature, warning of coming calamities if mankind is to not repent. One such prophesy stated, If men do not repent and better themselves, the Father will inflict a terrible punishment on all humanity. It will be a punishment greater than the deluge, such as one will never have seen before. Fire will fall from the sky and will wipe out a great part of humanity, ... the good as well as the bad, sparing neither priests nor faithful. The survivors will find themselves so desolate that they will envy the dead. The only arms which will remain for you will be the Rosary and the Sign left by My Son. Each day recite the prayer of the Rosary. With the Rosary pray for the Pope, bishops and the priests. The work of the devil will infiltrate even into the Church in such a way that one will see cardinals opposing cardinals, and bishops against other bishops.[71]
	Our Lady of Cuapa	1980	San Francisco de Cuapa, Nicaragua	Bernardo Martinez	1994[72] César Bosco Vivas Robelo Diocese of León in Nicaragua
A sacristan named Bernardo Martinez reported seeing a supernatural light emanating from a statue of the Virgin Mary in the parish church on April 15, 1980. When walking through the fields shortly thereafter on May 8, he saw a vision of the Virgin Mary, who encouraged him to pray the Rosary daily and to promote peace, saying, "Make peace. Don't ask Our Lord for peace because, if you do not make it, there will be no peace."[73] At this time, Nicaragua was going through a civil war, with the Sandinista government facing armed opposition from the Contras. Bernardo reported that Mary asked people to burn books that deny God and promote sin. Many locals understood this to mean Marxist books, and the consequent book-burnings resulted in backlash from supporters of the Communist government.[74] In 2005, Silvio Sirias wrote a novel, Bernardo and the Virgin, based on the apparition events.[75]
	Our Lady of Kibeho Mother of the Word	1981–1983[76]	Kibeho, Rwanda	Alphonsine Mumureke Nathalie Mukamazimpaka Marie Claire Mukangango	June 29, 2001[76] Bishop Augustin Misago Diocese of Gikongoro
On November 28, 1981, in the African college of Kibeho, Rwanda, the Virgin Mary reportedly appeared to three teenage students, Alphonsine Mumureke, Nathalie Mukamazimpaka, and Marie Claire Mukangango. The apparition identified herself in the native Rwandan dialect as "Nyina wa Jambo" ("Mother of the Word")[77] and warned of the coming 1994 Rwandan Genocide (in which Mukangango was killed). The Marian sanctuary at Kibeho was named "Shrine of Our Lady of Sorrows" in 1992, two years before the genocide. Only the apparitions to Mumureke, Mukamazimpaka, and Mukangango were approved; other apparitions reported by several other girls and one boy were not. An estimated 500,000 pilgrims visit the site every year.[78]
	Our Lady of the Rosary of San Nicolás	1983–1990[79]	San Nicolás de los Arroyos, Argentina	Gladys Quiroga de Motta	May 22, 2016[80] Bishop Héctor Cardelli Diocese of San Nicolás de los Arroyos
Amid reports of rosaries mysteriously glowing in homes throughout San Nicolas, a mother and grandmother named Gladys Quiroga de Motta, upon witnessing the phenomenon, began to pray to the Virgin Mary, who then appeared to Gladys wearing a blue gown and veil. Mary asked Gladys to go look for a statue that had been blessed by Pope Leo XIII but was hidden away, forgotten, in a church. She found the Marian statue, which bore a resemblance to Mary's appearance in the apparition, in the belfry of the diocesan cathedral. Gladys continued to receive apparitions from Mary and Jesus, some of them apocalyptic in nature, warning of mankind's impending self-destruction and the loss of many souls.[80]
	Mary, Virgin and Mother, Reconciler of All Peoples and Nations [it]	1984	Finca Betania, Venezuela	Maria Esperanza de Bianchini and 150 other people	1987[81] Bishop Pío Bello Ricardo Diocese of Los Teques
Maria Esperanza de Bianchini had several Marian apparitions among her many mystical experiences. In one event on March 25, 1984, 150 other people also said they saw the Blessed Mother along with Maria Esperanza. The apparition is known under the title "Mary, Virgin and Mother, Reconciler of All Peoples and Nations".

Positive judgment of related effects

In some cases, the apparitions do not receive a positive judgment in themselves (because an investigation is still in progress, or because an investigation is judged not to be feasible or necessary, etc.), but elements surrounding the apparition receive approval.

Approved contemporaneous miracle

In cases in which a seer reports that Mary appeared to him or her and worked a miracle, ecclesial authorities will occasionally evaluate and certify the miracle – thereby implying belief in the person's account of how it happened – but without directly commenting on the apparition itself.

	Associated Marian titles	Years	Location	Seers	Approval of associated miracle
	Madonna of the Miracle Our Lady of Zion	1842	Sant'Andrea delle Fratte in Rome, Italy	Marie-Alphonse Ratisbonne	June 3, 1842[82] Cardinal Costantino Patrizi Vicariate of Rome
A Jewish man named Marie-Alphonse Ratisbonne reported seeing an apparition of the Blessed Virgin Mary in a side chapel in the church of Sant'Andrea delle Fratte in Rome. The experience led him to convert to Catholicism. His complete transformation from vehement opposition to the Catholic faith was determined a miracle. St. Maximilian Kolbe, a devotee of the apparition, celebrated his first Mass as a priest in that same chapel.

Approved public veneration

There are cases in which the Holy See or a local ordinary chooses not to open or definitively conclude an investigation into the supernatural character of the apparitions themselves, but approves of the public religious activity inspired by the apparition. Such approval can come by way of an explicit decree or by implicit means such as the authorization of liturgical veneration.

	Associated Marian titles	Years	Location	Seers	Approval of public veneration
	Our Lady of the Pillar	40	Zaragoza, Spain	James the Apostle	Liturgical veneration approved[83] 1730 Pope Clement XII
Catholic tradition holds that, in the early days of Christianity, the Apostles of Jesus spread the Gospel throughout the known world, with James the Greater evangelizing in Roman Hispania (modern-day Spain). James confronted great difficulties in his missionary efforts and faced severe discouragement. In AD 40, while he was praying by the banks of the Ebro at Caesaraugusta (Zaragoza), Mary bilocated from Jerusalem, where she was living at the time, and appeared to James accompanied by thousands of angels, to console and encourage him.[83] Our Lady of the Pillar is considered the first Marian apparition, although it is unique in this regard because it is the only one to have occurred while Mary may have still been alive on Earth.[84]
	Our Lady of Walsingham	1061	Walsingham, England	Richeldis de Faverches	Shrine approved[85][86] 1897 Pope Leo XIII
In 1061, a devout Saxon noblewoman named Richeldis de Faverches reported that Mary showed her, through a vision, the house of Mary in Nazareth in which the Annunciation took place, and asked her to build a replica of it. Once constructed, the shrine passed into the care of the Canons Regular of St. Augustine sometime between 1146 and 1174. Late in 1538, King Henry VIII's soldiers sacked the priory at Walsingham, killed two monks and destroyed the shrine. In 1896, the 14th-century Slipper Chapel was restored. In 1897, Pope Leo XIII established the Holy House in the Lady Chapel of Our Lady of the Annunciation Church, King's Lynn as a Roman Catholic shrine. There is the also the Anglican Shrine of Our Lady of Walsingham in the care of the Church of England.
	Our Lady of Mount Carmel	1251	Aylesford, England[87]	Simon Stock	Repeated endorsement of the associated devotional scapular by the Holy See[88][89][90]
According to Carmelite tradition, Mary appeared to Simon Stock, who was Prior General of the Order in the mid-13th century.[91] The earliest reference to the tradition of his Marian apparition, dating from the late 14th century, states that "St. Simon was an Englishman, a man of great holiness and devotion, who always in his prayers asked the Virgin to favor his Order with some singular privilege. The Virgin appeared to him holding the Brown Scapular in her hand saying, 'This is for you and yours a privilege; the one who dies in it will be saved.'"[92] A scapular, properly speaking, is a double-sided apron-like garment that forms part of the Carmelite religious habit.[93] In its original context, the Blessed Virgin Mary's promise was an assurance that Carmelites who persevered in their vocation would be saved. Beginning in the latter half of the 16th century, a small devotional scapular became very popular as a sacramental.[92]
	Our Lady of the Watch	1490	Monte Figogna, Italy	Benedetto Pareto	Shrine elevated to Minor Basilica[94] March 11, 1915 Pope Benedict XV
An Italian peasant named Benedetto Pareto reported seeing an apparition of Mary on top of Monte Figogna (near Genoa, Italy) on August 29, 1490. Pareto said that the Virgin Mary appeared to him and asked him to build a church atop the mountain. Pareto at first refused, saying that he was just a poor man, but he eventually built a small wooden structure, which in time gathered many pilgrims and is now contained within the Shrine of Our Lady of the Watch. (The apparition is so-named because Monte Figogna used to be a watch-point for the strategic observation of armies and ships.)
	Our Lady of Good Health Our Lady of Velankanni	1570 and 1587[95]	Velankanni, Tamil Nadu, India	Two children, on separate occasions	Shrine elevated to Minor Basilica[95] 1962 Pope John XXIII
The Basilica of Our Lady of Good Health in Velankanni commemorates two distinct but similar apparitions: the first in 1570 and the second in 1587. In each case, a local child reported a woman appearing and asking for milk to feed her infant. Each appearance was followed by a miracle, leading the locals to believe that both times it was Mary with the child Jesus who had appeared.[95]
	Our Lady of Šiluva	1608	Šiluva, Lithuania	Group of non-Catholics[96]	Public veneration approved[97] 1755 Pope Pius VI
With the advent of the Reformation in 16th century Lithuania, many of the inhabitants in the region around Šiluva converted to Calvinism. This caused the Catholic church building in Šiluva to eventually be ransacked and closed around 1569. The last parish priest, John Holubka, buried the remaining church valuables and legal documents and deeds in an iron box near the vandalized church. Subsequent attempts by the Catholics to regain the property through legal proceedings against the Calvinists were hindered by the fact that the exact location of the documents pertaining to the church were unknown. In 1608, Mary appeared to miraculously intervene in the matter by appearing at the church and holding the baby Jesus in her arms and weeping bitterly. The apparition was on the site of the buried valuables and documents, leading to the recovery of the deed, the reclaiming of the church land by the Catholics, and the conversion of many Calvinists. Devotion to Our Lady of Šiluva was temporarily suppressed during the period that Lithuania was part of the Soviet Union. She remains a significant symbol of Lithuanian cultural heritage.
	Our Lady of La Vang	1798	Hải Lăng, Vietnam	Vietnamese villagers	Shrine elevated to Minor Basilica[98] August 22, 1961 Pope John XXIII
A group of Vietnamese had been fleeing anti-Catholic persecution by hiding in the jungle, and many had become very ill. The community would gather every night at the foot of a tree to pray the Rosary. The group reported that, one night, Mary appeared to them all, wearing the traditional áo dài Vietnamese dress, holding the child Jesus, and accompanied by angels. She comforted them and instructed them on how to use herbs in the rainforest to cure their illnesses. Although ecclesial authorities never opened a formal investigation, Our Lady of La Vang and her importance for Vietnamese Catholics has been endorsed numerous times by various bishops and popes.[98][99] She is also venerated by some Vietnamese Protestants and Buddhists.[100]
	Our Lady of Pellevoisin	1876	Pellevoisin, France	Estelle Faguette	Associated confraternity and scapular approved by Pope Leo XIII[101]
In 1876, a French domestic servant, Estelle Faguette, reported seeing a series of 15 apparitions of the Virgin Mary in the bedroom where she was staying near Pellevoisin, France. When her visions allegedly began, Faguette was terminally ill with tuberculosis and near death. However, in the second apparition, she heard Mary tell her that she would be healed; she recovered and lived until 1929. (In 1983, following a medical and theological inquiry, Archbishop Paul Vignancour of Bourges recognized her recovery as having a miraculous nature.) Faguette also said that during a later apparition, she saw Mary show her the design for the Scapular of the Sacred Heart and told her to ask her bishop to encourage its devotional use. The Shrine of Our Lady of Pellevoisin was later constructed near the site of the apparitions.[102] Although Pope Leo XIII approved the scapular and a confraternity to spread its use, the apparition itself was never approved.[103]
	Our Lady of China Our Lady of Donglü Queen of All Chinese People in Heaven	1900	Donglü, China	Small Christian community, ~700	Commemorative image approved[104] 1928 Pope Pius XI
In April 1900, during the Boxer Rebellion, a large number of soldiers attacked the small village of Donglü. Our Lady reportedly appeared dressed in white, and a fiery horseman (believed to be Saint Michael) chased the soldiers away. A small shrine was built to venerate her in the village, but was destroyed twice. The village pastor, Fr. Wu, commissioned a painting of Mary and Jesus in Chinese royal garb. It has been used as a popular symbol of Chinese Christians. Despite the rampant persecution, there are many shrines consecrated to Our Lady of Donglü.[105]
	Our Lady of All Nations The Mother of All Nations Coredemptrix, Mediatrix, and Advocate	1945–1959	Amsterdam, Netherlands	Ida Peerdeman	Public veneration approved[106][note 2] 1996 Bishop Hendrik Bomers [nl] Diocese of Haarlem
A Dutch secretary named Ida Peerdeman claimed to have received Marian apparitions over the course of 14 years. Peerdeman's apparition messages predict a future Marian dogma that will express Mary's universal motherhood using the three titles of Coredemptrix, Mediatrix, and Advocate.[109] In 1956, the bishop of Haarlem "found no evidence of the supernatural nature of the apparitions",[note 3] a judgment which the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (CDF) confirmed in 1974.[110] Nevertheless, two decades later, the CDF gave Bishop Bomers permission to authorize public veneration of the title, image, and prayer associated with the apparition, which he did in 1996.[106] In 2002, Bishop Punt took the further step of declaring the apparitions themselves to be approved, despite the CDF's previous ruling on the question. In 2020, Bishop Hendriks, in consultation with the CDF, reiterated that the CDF's unfavorable judgment stands, and that the veneration of the associated title, image, and prayer cannot be construed as endorsement of the apparition itself.[107][108]
	Our Lady of Prayer	1947	L'Île-Bouchard, France	Jacqueline Aubry [fr] Jeannette Aubry Nicole Robin Laura Croizon	Public veneration approved[111][112] December 8, 2001 Archbishop André Vingt-Trois Archdiocese of Tours
On December 8, 1947, 12-year-old Jacqueline Aubry, her sister Jeannette, and cousin Nicole Robin were among students in L'Île-Bouchard in France whose teacher asked them to spend the lunch hour "praying for France". Although their families were nonpracticing and anticlerical, the girls agreed to their teacher's request. This was a period of intense civil strife in France and many believed civil war was imminent. The girls were saying the Rosary in the church of St. Gilles when they experienced the first of several Marian apparitions. They said they saw a beautiful young lady with long curly blonde hair, accompanied by an angel (whom they later identified as Gabriel) who knelt at her side. Running out into the street, the girls asked two friends to come and see the vision: one, Laura Croizon, was able to see it and became the fourth visionary. The day after the first apparition, labor unions agreed to go into negotiations with the government, and believers credited the apparition and the children's prayers. The visitations went on for six days.
	Rosa Mystica Mystical Rose – Mother of the Church	1945–1966	Montichiari and Fontanelle, Italy	Pierina Gilli	Public veneration approved[113][114] December 7, 2019 Bishop Pierantonio Tremolada Diocese of Brescia
From 1947 to 1966, Pierina Gilli, an Italian nurse, witnessed apparitions of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Montichiari and Fontanelle, Italy, firstly appearing with three swords piercing her Immaculate Heart and after in a splendidly different manner: in a white dress and with a white mantle around her head that reached to the floor; the three swords were on the floor, and on the chest of the Virgin Mary were three roses: one white, one red, and one gold. Initially Our Lady said just three words to her: "Prayer, Sacrifice, Penance". Pierina had offered all her sufferings for the sanctification of Roman Catholic consecrated souls (namely, for the priests and for members of male and female religious institutes, as listed in the Holy See's Pontifical Yearbook, in Italian, Annuario Pontificio). On December 7, 2019, Bishop Pierantonio Tremolada instituted an official Sanctuary of Our Lady Rosa Mystica at the apparition site in Fontanelle.[115]
	Our Lady of Medjugorje The Gospa Queen of Peace	1981–present	Medjugorje, Bosnia and Herzegovina	Jakov Čolo Ivan Dragičević Mirjana Dragičević Marija Pavlović Ivanka Ivanković Vicka Ivanković	Public veneration approved[116] September 19, 2024 Cardinal Víctor Manuel Fernández Prefect of the Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith
The reported apparitions of the Virgin Mary to six children in Medjugorje, beginning in 1981, have received significant attention due to the numerous miracles that large crowds of pilgrims report experiencing on an almost-daily basis, including dramatic conversions, visions, rosaries turning to a gold color, astronomical phenomena like the Miracle of the Sun, etc. The alleged apparitions are also notable for their duration, having been occurring continuously for almost 40 years. The apparition messages contain five main requests: first, to pray the entire Rosary daily; second, to fast on Wednesdays and Fridays; third, to attend Mass as often as possible; fourth, to go to Confession at least monthly; and fifth, to read the Bible daily. The alleged apparitions were vigorously opposed by the local bishop, Pavao Žanić of Mostar-Duvno. Various commissions appointed to investigate the apparitions did not come to a definitive conclusion and left the events open to further study.[117] On March 17, 2010, the Holy See announced it was taking over formal investigation of the alleged apparitions at Medjugorje, with Cardinal Camillo Ruini heading an investigatory commission that ran from 2010 to 2014.[118] Pope Francis authorized official church pilgrimages in 2019, but without making any declaration on the alleged apparitions themselves.[119]

No judgment

Apparitions in this category have not received judgment on the apparitions themselves or on associated elements, either because an investigation was never opened, or because an investigation is still in progress.

	Associated Marian titles	Years	Location	Seers
	Our Lady of the Universe Our Lady of the Concourse	1945	The Bronx, New York, United States of America	Joseph Vitolo
On October 29, 1945, at 7 pm, 9-year-old Joseph Vitolo was one of a group of children playing outside his home near The Bronx's Grand Concourse. The children saw something floating above a hill behind the house, and when Joseph recited a Hail Mary he immediately saw a young woman whom he identified as the Virgin. He heard her ask him to come back at the same hour for sixteen nights and to pray for world peace. Joseph did so, accompanied by his mother and numerous onlookers. Within a few days, the visitations were receiving worldwide attention and up to 20,000 people attended the nightly vigil. Among those who expressed interest in the events were Frank Sinatra, Lou Costello, and Cardinal Francis Spellman. Revered as a saint by the pilgrims, Joseph was frequently asked to cure the sick and injured and would respond by praying with them. The place where Joseph allegedly saw the visions was bought by a devotee who created a shrine there, but there was never any official investigation or attempt to confirm the reported visitations as legitimate. Joseph struggled throughout his life, taking various menial jobs to support his family. He continued to visit the shrine at 7 p.m. each evening until age and poor health prevented him from climbing the hill. The alleged apparitions were never officially approved, but the nearby St. Philip Neri church holds special Masses at the shrine on the anniversaries of the first and last reported visitations.[120][121][122][123][124]
	Our Lady of Soufanieh	1982–1983	Soufanieh, Damascus, Syria	Mary Kourbet "Myrna" (Al-Akhras) Nazzour
Myrna Nazzour, a Melkite Catholic woman married to an Orthodox husband,[125] has reported experiencing various mystical phenomena over the years beginning in 1982, including olive oil oozing both from an icon and from her own hands, stigmata wounds on her body, and apparitions of Mary. Mary appeared five times between 1982 and 1983, asking for prayers for Christian unity (especially between Catholics and Orthodox), particularly stressing the importance of a unified date for Easter.[126] Myrna reported continuing to receive locutions even after the alleged apparitions ceased.

Neutral judgment

Apparitions in this category have been evaluated, but received neither approval nor rejection. This is known as a "non constat de supernaturalitate" judgment, or "non constat" for short.^[127] The apparitions listed here also lack approval for any related public cultus, such as public veneration or pilgrimages.

	Associated Marian titles	Years	Location	Seers	Neutral judgment
	Our Lady of Mount Carmel of Garabandal	1961–1965	San Sebastián de Garabandal in Cantabria, Spain	Jacinta González Mari Cruz González Maria "Conchita" Concepción González Mari Loli Mazón	November 7, 2001[128][127] Bishop José Vilaplana Blasco [ca; es; de; fi; pl] Diocese of Santander
Four girls reported seeing apparitions of Saint Michael the Archangel and the Blessed Virgin Mary. The girls heard Mary predict a forthcoming "Warning" from God, apparent to the whole world, that will precede a "Great Miracle". If these do not result in the conversion of the world, a great Chastisement will follow.
	Our Lady of America Our Lady of the Divine Indwelling	1956–1959	Rome City, Indiana, United States of America	Sister Mildred Mary Neuzil	May 7, 2020[129] Bishop Kevin C. Rhoades Diocese of Fort Wayne–South Bend
Sister Mildred Mary Ephrem Neuzil of the Sisters of the Most Precious Blood reported seeing multiple apparitions of Mary, Joseph, and angels. In the alleged apparition messages, Mary identified herself as patroness of the United States under the title Our Lady of America,[130] and pleaded for the United States to return to the virtue of purity. She also identified herself as Our Lady of the Divine Indwelling, a title which describes Mary as exemplar of one who possesses sanctifying grace. Saint Joseph reportedly requested a First Wednesday devotion to the Pure Heart of Joseph, to complement the existing First Friday and First Saturday devotions. Archbishop Paul Leibold of the Archdiocese of Cincinnati authorized various aspects of public devotion, but without passing judgment on the supernatural character of the alleged apparitions themselves. The alleged apparitions were also endorsed by Cardinal Raymond Burke.[131] However, in 2020, Bishop Kevin C. Rhoades of Fort Wayne–South Bend concluded an official investigation into the alleged apparitions with a "non constat de supernaturalitate" judgment. He, together with a group of other bishops, determined that they could not approve public devotion or cult, but private devotion could continue without harm to the faith.[129]

Negative judgment

Some apparitions, despite being officially rejected, are notable for continuing to have a substantial following. In rare cases, rejected apparitions are approved at a later date once new evidence becomes available.

	Associated Marian titles	Years	Location	Seers	Rejection
	Mary, Mediatrix of All Grace	1948	Lipa, Batangas, Philippines	Teresita Castillo	1951[132] Pope Pius XII
A postulant at a Carmelite Monastery reported seeing multiple apparitions of Mary during 1948. In 1951, the alleged apparitions were rejected by a panel of bishops, a decision confirmed by the Congregation of the Doctrine of the Faith under Pope Pius XII. Despite the rejection, the apparition continued to receive high-profile support, including from two Presidents of the Philippines (Corazon Aquino and Gloria Macapagal Arroyo). In 2015, the local bishop declared the apparitions to be approved, in what is the only known case of a local bishop attempting to ignore a Vatican decision on the authenticity of an apparition.[133] The Vatican overruled the bishop and reasserted its previous decision later that same year. The apparition is also notable for likely being the only case in which the supernatural nature of the apparitions is denied, but the veneration surrounding the apparition is allowed to continue.[134]

Coptic Orthodox Church

	Associated Marian titles	Years	Location	Seers	Approval
	Our Lady of Zeitoun	1968	Zeitoun, Egypt	Thousands, including Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser	May 4, 1968[135] Cyril VI Patriarchate of Cairo
According to witnesses, Mary appeared in different forms over the Coptic Orthodox Church of Saint Mary in the Zeitoun district of Cairo, Egypt, for a period of 2–3 years, beginning on April 2, 1968, some ten months after the Six-Day War. It was a mass apparition, reportedly witnessed by many thousands of people, including Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser, and captured by newspaper photographers and Egyptian television. The apparitions each lasted from a few minutes up to several hours and were sometimes accompanied by dove-shaped luminous bodies. There have been conversions to Christianity and claims of miraculous cures[136] associated with the apparitions. A month into the events, the apparitions up to that point were approved by Pope Cyril VI of Alexandria.
	Our Lady of Assiut	2000–2001	Asyut, Egypt	Thousands	October 13, 2001 Acknowledged as "apparitions of Virgin Mary" by Coptic priests in Assiut[137]
The apparitions of Our Lady of Assiut were also mass apparitions in Assiut, Egypt, during 2000 and 2001 and many thousands of witnesses produced photographs of them, which were reprinted in several newspapers.[138][139] The reports state that during Mass, pictures hung on the wall inside the altar, which show St Mary with a dove above her started to illuminate first, then the light from the dove in the pictures started to flow down. The lights thereafter appeared above the church as well and were seen by thousands of people.[140] The Coptic church approved of the apparitions.
	Our Lady of Warraq	2009	Warraq al-Hadar, Giza, Egypt	Approximately 3,000 people[141]	December 2009[141] Bishop Anba Theodosius Giza
Early on December 11, 2009, various phenomena began appearing above a church in Warraq al-Hadar. Shortly thereafter, the bishop authenticated the apparitions with a statement describing the events: The Bishopric of Giza announces that the Holy Virgin has appeared in a transfiguration at the Church named after her in Warraq al-Hadar, Giza, in the early hours of Friday 11 December 2009 at 1:00 am. The Holy Virgin appeared in her full height in luminous robes, above the middle dome of the church, in pure white dress and a royal blue belt. She had a crown on her head, above which appeared the cross on top of the dome. The crosses on top of the church's domes and towers glowed brightly with light. The Holy Virgin moved between the domes and on to the top of the church gate between its two twin towers. The local residents all saw her. The apparition lasted from 1:00 am till 4:00 am on Friday, and was registered by cameras and cell phones. Some 3,000 people from the neighbourhood, surrounding areas, and passers-by gathered in the street in front of the church to see the apparition. Since Friday, the huge crowds gathered in the vicinity of the church have been seeing luminous white pigeons soaring above the church during various times of the night, as well as a star which emerges suddenly in the heaven, travels some 200 metres across, then disappears. The huge crowds gathered around the church do not cease singing hymns and praises for the Holy Virgin.[141]

See also

• Holy Guardian Angel

Notes

1. Although news outlets widely reported the apparition as being "Vatican approved,"^[34] the approval was given by the local bishop with the CDF's permission, not by the CDF directly.^[35]
2. Although the public veneration of associated elements is approved, the apparition itself is not. The current bishop has made it clear that such veneration cannot be considered an endorsement of the supernaturality of the apparition itself.^[107][108]
3. In the taxonomy used by this page, this is a "neutral judgment."

References

1. "Apparitions Statistics, Modern : University of Dayton, Ohio". udayton.edu. Retrieved June 19, 2020.
2. Kosloski, Philip (May 15, 2019). "This map illustrates 500 years of Mary's apparitions". Aleteia. Retrieved October 7, 2019. It wasn't until the Council of Trent in the 16th century that a more formal method of approving apparitions was established, which has been further refined during the past century. This has allowed the Church the ability to properly discern which apparitions are supernatural in nature and worthy of belief.
3. "Norms Regarding the Manner of Proceeding in the Discernment of Presumed Apparitions or Revelations". Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. February 24, 1978.
4. Lowen, Mark (May 18, 2024). "Vatican tightens rules on supernatural phenomena". BBC News. Retrieved May 17, 2024.
5. McLellan, Justin (May 17, 2024). "Vatican publishes new norms to discern alleged supernatural phenomena". United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. Retrieved May 17, 2024.
6. Rahner, Karl (1995). Visioni e profezie: mistica ed esperienza della trascendenza (in Italian). Translated by Dell'Oro, Roberto. Vita e Pensiero. p. 109. ISBN 9788834338766. è sorprendente che la Santa Sede abbia evitato nei casi di Beauraing e Banneaux di concedere l'autorizzazione come i vescovi volevano; per questo però diede il permesso, a che essi facessero ciò con la loro autorità episcopale
7. Connolly, Rev. Seán (October 9, 2019). "A conversation with Bishop Ricken about the Apparition of Our Lady of Good Help". Retrieved October 13, 2019.
8. "Bishop Approved Apparitions with Vatican Recognition". Miracle Hunter. Retrieved October 13, 2019.
9. Kosloski, Philip (April 18, 2018). "These apparitions were officially approved by the Holy See as "worthy of belief"". Aleteia. Retrieved October 13, 2019.
10. Slick, Matt (September 26, 2014). "What are the approved apparitions of Mary in the Roman Catholic Church?". Christian Apologetics & Research Ministry. Retrieved October 13, 2019.
11. "Ten Things to Know About Our Lady of Guadalupe". University of Dayton. January 27, 2016. Retrieved October 5, 2019. The church approved the apparition in 1555.
12. Brading, David A. (2001). Mexican Phoenix Our Lady of Guadalupe: Image and Tradition Across Five Centuries. Cambridge University Press. p. 58. ISBN 9780521801317.
13. Dirvin, Fr. Joseph. "Saint Catherine Laboure of the Miraculous Medal". EWTN. Archbishop de Quelen [decided] to institute a canonical inquiry. He appointed Monseigneur Quentin, Vicar General of Paris, to conduct it. The sessions were opened on 1836 ... The findings of the Canonical Inquiry of Paris completely vindicated Catherine. The court extolled her character and virtue, and placed wholehearted credence in her visions. Two important conclusions were reached: that the Medal was of supernatural origin, and that the wonders worked through it were genuine.
14.  Glass, Joseph (1913). "Miraculous Medal". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved September 8, 2016.
15. "History of La Salettes". Missionaries of Our Lady of La Salette. April 26, 2013. Retrieved October 11, 2019. 1851 ... Bishop de Bruillard publishes the Doctrinal Statement of September 19: the Apparition is authentic; public worship is authorized; a church will be built on the site of the Apparition.
16. "Excerpts from The Pastoral Letter of Mgr de Bruillard, Bishop of Grenoble, on the Fifth Anniversary of the La Salette Apparition". Miracle Hunter. September 19, 1851. Retrieved October 11, 2019. We judge that the Apparition of the Blessed Virgin to the two cowherds on the 19th of September, 1846, on a mountain of the chain of Alps, situated in the parish of LaSalette, in the archpresbytery of Corps, bears within Itself all the characteristics of truth, and that the faithful have grounds for believing it indubitable and certain.
17. "La Salette au propre de France" (PDF). Église dans les Hautes-Alpes (in French) (122): 4. June 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 30, 2019. Retrieved October 13, 2019.
18. Spano, Susan (September 7, 2008). "Lourdes, France, through the centuries". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 8, 2019. 1862: After questioning Bernadette, Bishop Bertrand-Severe Laurence of the diocese of Tarbes (later Tarbes and Lourdes) confirms the apparitions.
19. Laurence, Bertrand (January 18, 1862). "Report of the Episcopal Commission". Miracle Hunter.
20. Fastiggi, Dr. Robert (January 1, 2017). "The meaning of Fatima: 100 years later". Our Sunday Visitor. Retrieved October 11, 2019.
21. François, Bernard; Sternberg, Esther M.; Fee, Elizabeth (January 2014). "The Lourdes Medical Cures Revisited". Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences. 69 (1): 135–162. doi:10.1093/jhmas/jrs041. PMC 3854941. PMID 22843835.
22. "The Story of Knock: 1879". Knock Shrine. Retrieved October 10, 2019. On 8 October 1879, Archbishop Mac Hale of Tuam set up an ecclesiastical Commission of Enquiry to investigate the Apparition. It consisted of Canon Ulick Burke, PP Claremorris, Canon James Waldron of Ballyhaunis, Archdeacon Cavanagh, PP, Knock and 6 local curates. The testimonies of all 15 official witnesses to the Apparition were found to be trustworthy and satisfactory.
23. "31 March 2011: Additions to the National Calendar and Proper". National Centre for Liturgy, St Patrick's College, Maynooth. July 5, 2023. Approval has been received from the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments for the following additions to the National Calendar and Proper: 17 August – Our Lady of Knock – memorial
24. Hill, Patrick (1879). "Deposition to the investigatory commission". Miracle Hunter. Retrieved October 10, 2019.
25. "Approval by the Bishop (1930)". The Fatima Center. February 9, 2017. Retrieved October 10, 2019. [W]e hereby: 1. Declare worthy of belief, the visions of the shepherd children in the Cova da Iria, parish of Fatima, in this diocese, from the 13th May to 13th October, 1917. 2. Permit officially the cult of Our Lady of Fatima.
26. "Lucia dos Santos". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved October 10, 2019. After years of investigation, the veneration of Our Lady of Fátima was authorized by the bishop of Leiria, Portugal, on October 13, 1930.
27. Arcement, Katherine (October 13, 2017). "Our Lady of Fatima: The Virgin Mary promised three kids a miracle that 70,000 gathered to see". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 11, 2019.
28. Raj, Razaq (2007). Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage Festivals. p. 214. ISBN 9781845932251.
29. "Anniversary of apparition of child Jesus to Sister Lucia to be commemorated in Spain". Catholic News Agency. February 15, 2007. Retrieved October 11, 2019.
30. Graves, Jim (March 31, 2011). "Marian Messenger". National Catholic Register. Retrieved October 6, 2019.
31. "Conceptionists celebrate their 500th anniversary". Archived from the original on December 1, 2012. Retrieved September 20, 2011.
32. Oddie, William (July 26, 2012). "Our Lady of Quito prophesied that in the 60s there would be spiritual catastrophe in the Church; then, through the faith of the just, a 'complete restoration'". The Catholic Herald. Retrieved March 1, 2019.
33. Governing Council of the Real Monasterio de la Immaculada Concepción of Quito, Equador (July 1, 2017). "Clarification on the Title 'Buen Suceso of the Purification'".
34. "Vatican recognizes Marian apparitions in France". Catholic News Agency. May 5, 2008. Retrieved October 8, 2019.
35. "La reconnaissance officielle des apparitions". Sanctuary of Our Lady of Laus (in French). Retrieved October 13, 2019.
36. "Vatican recognizes Marian apparitions in France". Catholic News Agency. May 5, 2008. Retrieved October 5, 2019. Benedicta took the mission she received from Mary seriously and dedicated herself to preparing sinners to receive the sacrament of Penance.
37. Pronechen, Joseph (August 4, 2019). "Before Lourdes and Fatima, Our Lady Appeared in Laus". Our Lady told her God was giving her the gift of reading souls, much as what would later be given to Padre Pio, in order to help people to know their sins, remembered or forgotten, repent, confess in the sacrament of Penance, and return to God.
38. Matt, Michael (September 15, 1995). "Sanctuary in the Alps". The Remnant. Retrieved October 5, 2019. Laus [was to be] a sanctuary in the Alps that would withstand the test of time and last until the very end of the world. ... [T]here is also a prediction which states that the extraordinary events and message of Laus would be forgotten and ignored by the world for a very long time. However, word of Laus would re-surface, the prediction states, at a point in time when the End Times were close at hand.
39. "Bishop Ricken Approves Marian Apparitions at Shrine of Our Lady of Good Help". Diocese of Green Bay. December 8, 2010. Archived from the original on December 13, 2012. Retrieved October 13, 2019. 'I declare with moral certainty and in accord with the norms of the Church that the events, apparitions and locutions given to Adele Brise in October of 1859 do exhibit the substance of supernatural character, and I do hereby approve these apparitions as worthy of belief (although not obligatory) by the Christian faithful.'
40. Mann, Benjamin (December 9, 2010). "Wisconsin chapel approved as first US Marian apparition site". Catholic News Agency. Retrieved October 8, 2019.
41. Hostachy, Victor (1943). L'éloquente apparition de Notre-Dame de La Salette (in French). FeniXX réédition numérique. pp. 18–19. ISBN 9782402275736. Mgr Wicart, évêque de Laval, portait son jugement, le 2 février 1872, sur le prodige de Pontmain ... : «...Nous jugeons que l'Immaculée Vierge Marie, Mère de Diu, a véritablement apparu, le 17 janvier 1871 à Eugène Barbedette, Joseph Barbedette, Françoise Richer et Jeanne-Marie Lebossé, dans le hameau de Pontmain.»
42. Lindsey, David Michael (January 31, 2001). The Woman and the Dragon: Apparitions of Mary. Pelican Publishing. p. 103. The apparition of Mary at Pontmain was authenticated by the local bishop on February 2, 1872.
43. "Our Lady of Gietrzwald: Poland's only approved Marian appearance". Aleteia. October 18, 2017. On September 1, 1977 ... Bishop Józef Drzazga of Warmia solemnly recognized the veneration of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Gietrzwałd. He issued a decree validating the credibility of the apparitions and proclaiming them as in compliance with Christian faith and morality.
44. Dabrowski, P.M. (2013). "Multiple visions, multiple viewpoints: apparitions in a Polish-German borderland, 1877–1880". The Polish Review. 58 (3): 35–64. doi:10.5406/polishreview.58.3.0035. JSTOR 10.5406/polishreview.58.3.0035.
45. "Our Lady of Gietrzwald: Poland's only approved Marian appearance". Aleteia. October 18, 2017. Retrieved October 13, 2019.
46. "Nossa Senhora das Lágrimas" [Our Lady of Tears]. Apostoli Christi (in Portuguese). Retrieved April 2, 2023. On March 8, 1931, Monsignor Dom Francisco de Campos Barreto, Bishop of Campinas, recognized the veracity of the phenomena... He declared that they were of supernatural origin, as recorded in the diocese's Livro do Tombo.
47. "Nossa Senhora das Lagrimas (Our Lady of the Tears)". Miracle Hunter. Retrieved April 2, 2023. Devotion to this Rosary was approved by Bishop Francisco Campos Barreto, Bishop of Campinas, who not only allowed the recognition of the events, but he did his utmost to spread everywhere the commemorative medal of Our Lady of Tears, the source of many conversions and graces.
48. "Aparição de Nossa Senhora das Lágrimas de Jesus Crucificado" [Apparition of Our Lady of Tears of Jesus Crucified.] (in Portuguese). Retrieved April 2, 2023.
49. "A Irmã Amália de Jesus Flagelado e as origens da Coroa de Nossa Senhora das Lágrimas" [Sister Amália de Jesus Flagelado and the origins of the Crown of Our Lady of Tears] (in Portuguese). Retrieved April 2, 2023.
50. "Uma Devoção guardada por Jesus durante 20 séculos, revelada em 1929 e guardada até agora, no tempo oportuno!" [A Devotion guarded by Jesus for 20 centuries, revealed in 1929 and kept until now, in due time!] (in Portuguese). December 23, 2022. Retrieved April 2, 2023.
51. Charue, André-Marie (July 2, 1949). "Letter to the Clergy of the Diocese". Miracle Hunter. Retrieved October 11, 2019. we are able in all serenity and prudence to affirm that the Queen of Heaven appeared to the children of Beauraing during the winter of 1932–1933
52. Armstrong, Patti (August 10, 2016). "The "Golden Heart" Apparition of Our Lady of Beauraing". National Catholic Register. Retrieved October 11, 2019.
53. Sharkey, Don (1957). "I will convert sinners" : Our Lady's apparitions at Beauraing, 1932–1933. Boston College Libraries. Techny, IL : Divine Word Publications.
54. "Récit des apparitions". Sanctuaire Notre-Dame de Beauraing (in French). Retrieved September 30, 2024.
55. Pope John Paul II (July 31, 1999). "On the 50th Anniversary of the Recognition of the Apparitions of Our Lady at Banneux". Letter to Bishop Albert Houssiau. Fifty years ago, on 22 August 1949, Bishop Louis-Joseph Kerkhofs, your predecessor in the see of Liège, definitively recognized the reality of the apparitions of Our Lady of the Poor in Banneux.
56. Teahan, Madeleine (December 7, 2011). "Visionary who reported eight apparitions of Mary dies aged 90". Catholic Herald. Retrieved October 11, 2019.
57. "Apparitions After Beauraing – from the Catholic Herald Archive". archive.catholicherald.co.uk. Retrieved November 11, 2024.
58. Looney, Rev. Edward (March 23, 2016). "Mary's Message for Belgium: Beauraing and Banneux". Catholic Exchange. Retrieved October 11, 2019.
59. "Les apparitions (1933)". Banneux Notre-Dame (in French). Retrieved November 11, 2024.
60. "Carta Pastoral – Dom José Luiz" [Pastoral Letter – Dom Jose Luiz] (PDF) (in Portuguese). Diocese de Pesqueira. Retrieved April 5, 2023.
61. "Igreja reconhece possível aparição, e Irmã Adélia pode se tornar a primeira santa pernambucana" [Church recognizes possible apparition, and Sister Adélia may become the first Pernambuco saint] (in Portuguese). Folha de Pernambuco. October 13, 2021. The Catholic Church officially accepted yesterday, for the first time, that Sister Adélia, as a child, may have witnessed the apparition of Our Lady in Cimbres... The recognition was recorded in a Pastoral Letter written by the diocesan bishop of Pesqueira, Dom José Luiz Salles...
62. "O mistério da aparição de Nossa Senhora em Pesqueira" [The mystery of the apparition of Our Lady in Pesqueira] (in Portuguese). Retrieved April 5, 2023.
63. "Atualidade da mensagem de Nossa Senhora das Graças de Cimbres" [Actuality of the message of Our Lady of Graces of Cimbres] (in Portuguese). May 31, 2016. Retrieved April 5, 2023.
64. "A Virgem Santíssima afirma que o Brasil passará por uma sangrenta revolução promovida pelo comunismo!" [The Blessed Virgin claims that Brazil will undergo a bloody revolution promoted by communism!] (in Portuguese). May 3, 2021. Retrieved April 5, 2023.
65. "A Virgem Santíssima afirma que o Brasil passará por uma sangrenta revolução promovida pelo comunismo!" [The Blessed Virgin claims that Brazil will undergo a bloody revolution promoted by communism!] (in Portuguese). October 17, 2013. Retrieved April 5, 2023.
66. "Você conhece Nossa Senhora de Cimbres em Pernambuco?" [Do you know Our Lady of Cimbres in Pernambuco?] (in Portuguese). Retrieved April 5, 2023.
67. "Bispo reconhece aparições de Nossa Senhora em Cimbres, que alertou o Brasil contra o Comunismo" [Bishop recognizes apparitions of Our Lady in Cimbres, which warned Brazil against Communism] (in Portuguese). October 16, 2021. Retrieved April 5, 2023.
68. "Morre irmã Adélia, religiosa que presenciou a aparição de Nossa Senhora em Cimbres" [Died Sister Adélia, religious who witnessed the apparition of Our Lady in Cimbres] (in Portuguese). Retrieved April 5, 2023.
69. "As videntes" [the seers] (in Portuguese). Retrieved April 5, 2023.
70. Ito, John Shojiro (April 22, 1984). "Akita apparition letter". The Marian Library/International Marian Research Institute. Archived from the original on August 13, 2011.
71. Ata, John. "A Message From Our Lady – Akita, Japan". EWTN.
72. Peterson, Larry (January 20, 2019). "Our Lady of Cuapa: These alleged apparitions from 1980 will remind you of Fatima". Aleteia. Retrieved October 8, 2019. In 1994, Bishop Robelo gave a diocesan-level approval to the apparitions, saying that they were 'worthy of belief.'
73. Weglian, Miriam and Stephen (1996). Let Heaven and Earth Unite. Milford, Ohio: Faith Publishing Company. p. 24.
74. "Revista Envío – Church-State Relations A Chronology – Part II". Retrieved September 8, 2016.
75. Sirias, Silvio (2005). Bernardo and the Virgin. Northwestern University Press. ISBN 9780810124271.
76. "Dichiarazione del vescovo di Gikongoro in merito alle apparizioni di Kibeho" [Declaration of the Bishop of Gikongoro on the merits of the Kibeho apparitions] (in French). Holy See Press Office.
77. "Jubilee Year to Focus on Mary's Message in Rwanda". Zenit. November 13, 2006.
78. Nkurunziza, Michel (January 26, 2019). "Kibeho decry lack of investments in the hospitality industry". The New Times. Retrieved October 8, 2019. 'We now receive between 500,000 and 600,000 pilgrims every year'
79. "A Marian apparition has been approved in Argentina – and it's a big deal". June 4, 2016. Retrieved October 6, 2019. ...the bishops have approved the apparition messages from 1983 to 1990, even though the apparition is continuing today.
80. "A Marian apparition has been approved in Argentina – and it's a big deal". June 4, 2016. Retrieved October 6, 2019.
81. "Metuchen opens sainthood cause for Venezuelan mystic who died in US". January 19, 2012. Retrieved October 6, 2019. The apparition was deemed valid by Bishop Pio Bello Ricardo of Los Teques, Venezuela, in 1987.
82. Patrizi, Costantino. "Decree verifying and accrediting the Miraculous Conversion of M. Maria-Alphonse Ratisbonne". In Lockhart, Rev. W. (ed.). The Conversion of M. Maria-Alphonse Ratisbonne: Original Narrative of Baron Théodore De Bussières. Burns and Oates, Ltd. pp. 18–19.
83. Peterson, Larry (October 12, 2017). "Did you know the 1st apparition of the Blessed Mother was an act of bilocation?". Aleteia. Retrieved May 30, 2019.
84. "Nuestra Senora del Pilar (Our Lady of the Pillar)". Catholic News Agency. Retrieved May 30, 2019. Unlike every other recorded apparition, this one took place during the earthly life of the Mother of God.
85. "A Brief History". Basilica of Our Lady of Walsingham. Archived from the original on April 24, 2019. Retrieved October 13, 2019. In 1897 by rescript of Pope Leo XIII, the sanctuary of Our Lady of Walsingham was restored with the building of a Holy House as the Lady Chapel of the Catholic Church of the Annunciation, King's Lynn.
86. Peterson, Larry (May 8, 2018). "England's only approved Marian apparition gives us a peek at Nazareth". Aleteia. Retrieved October 10, 2019. The importance of Our Lady of Walsingham is shown through pontifical approbation (recognition), which has been given to it by four popes: Pope Leo XIII, in 1897; Pope Pius XII, in 1954; Pope St. John Paul II, in 1982; and Pope Francis, in 2015.
87. "Brown Scapular: a 'Silent Devotion'". Zenit. July 16, 2008. Archived from the original on April 24, 2019. Retrieved October 13, 2019.
88. "Directory on Popular Piety and the Liturgy: Principles and Guidelines". Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments. December 2001. The history of Marian piety also includes 'devotion' to various scapulars, the most common of which is devotion to the Scapular of Our Lady of Mount Carmel. Its use is truly universal and, undoubtedly, it is one of those pious practices which the Council described as 'recommended by the Magisterium throughout the centuries'.
89. Pope John Paul II (March 25, 2001). "Message of John Paul II to the Carmelite Family". I too have worn the Scapular of Carmel over my heart for a long time!
90.  Hilgers, Joseph (1913). "Scapular". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. The authentic list of indulgences, privileges, and indults of the Scapular Confraternity of Mount Carmel was last approved on 4 July 1908, by the Congregation of Indulgences.
91. Saggi, O.Carm, Louis. "Simon Stock" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 13, 2010.
92. Carroll, O.Carm, Eamon R. "Medieval Devotion to Mary Among the Carmelites".
93. Jotischky, Andrew (2002). The Carmelites and Antiquity. Mendicants and their Pasts in the Middle Ages. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780191542503.
94. "La Madonna della Guardia: Un Culto Deciso a Tavolino" (in Italian). la Repubblica. August 29, 2010. Nel 1915 il papa genovese Benedetto XV (Giacomo Della Chiesa) dà un notevole appoggio all'affermazione del «nuovo» culto, elevando a «basilica minore» il nuovo santuario
95. "Vailankanni, India: Basilica of Our Lady of Good Health, "The Lourdes of the East"". The Catholic Traveler. Retrieved October 10, 2019.
96. "Envoy Named for Centenary of Lithuania Apparitions". Zenit. August 22, 2008. Archived from the original on June 1, 2018. Retrieved October 5, 2019. Mary appeared in Siluva in 1608 to non-Catholics. Little shepherds saw what they described as a beautiful woman, dressed in white and blue, with a baby in her arms, enveloped in gentle splendor. The Lady wept bitterly and suddenly disappeared. Subsequently, the Virgin, again weeping, appeared to a crowd that had formed at the site where the children indicated. The town's Calvinist pastor was among the group.
97. Ball, Ann (2004). The Other Faces of Mary: Stories, Devotions, and Pictures of the Holy Virgin Around the World. p. 153. Pope Pius VI approved the cult of Our Lady of Siluva and enriched it with indulgences.
98. "The Catholics of Viet Nam Pay Homage to Our Lady of La Vang". CatholicCulture.org. L'Osservatore Romano. August 12, 1998. Retrieved October 8, 2019.
99. "Feast of Our Lady of La Vang". The Catholic Sun. August 22, 2018. Although not formally recognized by the Vatican, Our Lady of La Vang's to the Vietnamese people importance has been widely recognized.
100. "Some 80,000 Catholics visited La Vang shrine to celebrate the Assumption of Mary". AsiaNews.it. August 22, 2019. The veneration for Our Lady of La Vang is not limited to Catholics. Buddhists and Protestants also pray to the Virgin Mary for special graces.
101. Ball, Ann (2003). Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices. Huntington, Indiana: Our Sunday Visitor. p. 515. ISBN 9780879739102. The Confraternity of Our Lady of Pellevoisin was established, and Pope Leo XIII gave approbation both to the confraternity and to the scapular.
102. Cruz, Joan Carroll (2012). See How She Loves Us: 50 Approved Apparitions of Our Lady. Charlotte, North Carolina: TAN Books. pp. 205–211. ISBN 9780895558039.
103. "All About Mary: Pellevoisin Apparitions". The Marian Library/International Marian Research Institute. Archived from the original on April 13, 2016. Retrieved October 8, 2019.
104. "Our Lady of China". Cardinal Kung Foundation. Retrieved August 18, 2020.
105. Aradi, Zsolt. "Our Lady of China". Catholic Culture. Retrieved August 18, 2020.
106. Soffner, Raphael (May 3, 2002). "Letter from the Office of Public Affairs of the Diocese of Haarlem-Amsterdam". Archived from the original on June 4, 2019.
107. Hendriks, Johannes (December 30, 2020). "Clarification by the Bishop of Haarlem-Amsterdam regarding the Lady of All Nations".
108. "Vatican's doctrinal office: Don't promote alleged apparitions connected to 'Lady of All Nations'". Catholic News Agency. January 4, 2021. Retrieved August 27, 2021.
109. "35th Message". The Lady of All Nations. August 15, 1951.
110. "Notification regarding the alleged apparitions and revelations of Our Lady of All Nations in Amsterdam". May 25, 1974. On 7 May 1956, the Bishop of the Diocese of Haarlem (Netherlands) ... declared that he 'found no evidence of the supernatural nature of the apparitions'. ... [T]he Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith confirms by the present notification the judgment already expressed by the competent ecclesiastical authority
111. "L'lle-Bouchard, France: Apparitions of Our Lady of Prayer". The Catholic Travel Guide. Retrieved October 8, 2019. The site was declared an official pilgrimage site of the diocese of Tours on 8 December 2001 by the archbishop Monseigneur André Vingt-Trois. ... The apparitions themselves, however, still await approval
112. "Chinon: disparition d'une des fillettes qui déclaraient avoir vu la Sainte Vierge" [Chinon: Death of one of the girls who claimed to see the Virgin Mary] (in French). La Nouvelle République du Centre-Ouest. March 17, 2016. Retrieved October 8, 2019. [les] apparitions ... n'ont été officiellement reconnues par l'église qu'en 2001, quand Mgr André Vingt-Trois, alors archevêque de Tours, autorisait officiellement les pèlerinages et le culte public à Notre-Dame-de-la-Prière
113. "Istituzione Santuario Diocesano Rosa Mistica – Madre della Chiesa" [Institution of the Rosa Mystica Diocesan Shrine – Mother of the Church] (in Italian). December 7, 2019. Retrieved February 14, 2023. Comforted by the support of the Holy See and in full communion with the Supreme Pontiff Francis, we have the joy of dedicating this sanctuary to the Mother of the Lord, recognizing in her the full truth that these two suggestive qualifications express.
114. "SANTUARIO DIOCESANO MARIA ROSA MISTICA MADRE DELLA CHIESA" [DIOCESAN SANCTUARY OF MARY MYSTICAL ROSE MOTHER OF THE CHURCH] (in Italian). Roman Catholic Diocese of Brescia. December 7, 2019. Retrieved February 14, 2023.
115. "Diocesan Shrine Rosa Mystica – Mother of the Church".
116. Panettiere, Giovanni (September 19, 2024). "Medjugorje, la sentenza del Vaticano: sì a culto e pellegrinaggi. Ma sull'autenticità delle apparizioni nessuna conferma". Quotidiano Nazionale.
117. Gaspari, Antonio. "Medjugorje Deception or Miracle?". EWTN. Retrieved October 11, 2019.
118. Tornielli, Andrea (May 17, 2017). "Medjugorje; the findings of the Ruini report". La Stampa. Retrieved October 11, 2019.
119. Harris, Elise (May 12, 2019). "Pope okays pilgrimage to Medjugorje, says apparitions 'need study'". Crux.
120. Peter Duffy, "The Boy who Saw the Virgin". New York Times, December 22, 2002.
121. Patrice O'Shaughnessy, "Still faithful 65 years after Italian boy Joseph Vitolo witnesses miracle night." New York Daily News, February 22, 2010.
122. Something About Mary. Modern Luxury, October 2012.
123. Joseph Sciorra, Built with Faith: Italian-American Imagination and Catholic Material Culture in New York City (Univ. of Tennessee Press, 2015), p. 21.
124. McGreevy, John T. (2000). "Bronx Miracle". American Quarterly. 52 (3): 405–43. doi:10.1353/aq.2000.0037. JSTOR 30041856. S2CID 201764570.
125. Meloy, Daniel (May 26, 2016). "Syrian mystic to speak at two area Melkite churches". Detroit Catholic. Retrieved October 11, 2019.
126. Keenan, Brigid (August 11, 1994). "Myrna and the oil: an everyday miracle: How does a woman become a modern saint?". The Independent. Retrieved October 11, 2019.
127. Vilaplana Blasco, José. "The Alleged Apparitions at Garabandal". EWTN. Retrieved October 11, 2019.
128. "Statements from the Bishops of Santander". garabandal.it. Retrieved October 11, 2019.
129. Rhoades, Bishop Kevin C. (May 7, 2020). "Statement Regarding the Devotion to Our Lady of America" (Press release). Roman Catholic Diocese of Fort Wayne–South Bend. Bishop Rhoades came to the conclusion that 'the visions and revelations themselves cannot be said to be of supernatural origin in the sense of objective occurrences (non constat de supernaturalitate); thus further, I cannot approve or support public devotion or cult.' The bishops of the other five dioceses have read and also accept these findings and conclusions.
130. Burke, Archbishop Raymond (May 31, 2007). "Regarding Our Lady of America". EWTN. Retrieved October 8, 2019. Sister Mary Ephrem responded that Our Lady of Guadalupe is Empress of all the Americas, whereas "Our Lady of America, The Immaculate Virgin," is the patroness of our nation, the United States of America.
131. Burke, Archbishop Raymond (May 31, 2007). "Regarding Our Lady of America". EWTN. Retrieved October 8, 2019. What can be concluded canonically is that the devotion was both approved by Archbishop Leibold and, what is more, was actively promoted by him. In addition, over the years, other Bishops have approved the devotion and have participated in public devotion to the Mother of God, under the title of Our Lady of America.
132. Farrow, Mary (December 28, 2016). "The curious case of the Lipa Marian apparitions". Catholic News Agency. Retrieved October 8, 2019.
133. Farrow, Mary (December 28, 2016). "The curious case of the Lipa Marian apparitions". Catholic News Agency. Retrieved October 8, 2019. 'This is completely historic that the archbishop flipped over a Vatican confirmation of a previous judgement, and historic that the Vatican has come back over and flipped back a statement of the local bishops; those two things have never happened before'
134. Farrow, Mary (December 28, 2016). "The curious case of the Lipa Marian apparitions". Catholic News Agency. Retrieved October 8, 2019. 'I believe it to be the singular case in history where you have a negative judgement, but the devotion is allowed'
135. "The Official Statement from the Papal Residence in Cairo on the Apparition of Saint Mary in the Zeitoun Virgin Mary Coptic Orthodox Church in Cairo, Egypt". May 4, 1968.
136. "Thousands of Egyptians lined up outside the church until the small hours of the morning, hoping to catch a glimpse of the Virgin. Men and women who had lost sons, husbands and fathers during the war sought solace in the apparition, Miraculous cures were reported." Marsot, Afaf Lutfi al-Sayyid, and Afaf Lutfi al-Sayyid. A short history of modern Egypt. Cambridge University Press, 1985, 126.
137. "Declaration of the Coptic Priests in Assiut Concerning the Marian Apparitions at St. Mark Church". Miracle Hunter. October 13, 2001.
138. "August 2000: Our Lady Appears in Assiut, Upper Egypt". Retrieved September 8, 2016.
139. "Apparitions in Assiut". September 5, 2000. Retrieved September 8, 2016 – via BBC.
140. "Holy Lights in Assiut, Upper Egypt (March/April 2006)". Retrieved September 8, 2016.
141. Theodosius, Anba (December 2009). "Statement from Giza Coptic Orthodox Bishopric". Archived from the original on December 31, 2009.

Further reading

• National Geographic: 500 Years of Virgin Mary Sightings in One Map