Laventan
Period of geologic time within the Middle Miocene epoch
The Laventan (Spanish : Laventense ) age is a period of geologic time (13.8 to 11.8 Ma ) within the Middle Miocene epoch of the Neogene , used more specifically within the SALMA classification in South America. It follows the Colloncuran and precedes the Mayoan age.[ 1] [ 2]
Etymology
The age is named after the Miocene Lagerstätte La Venta , where a rich biodiversity from the Middle Miocene has been recovered from the Honda Group .[ 2]
Locations of Laventan formations
Fossil content
Group
Fossils
Formation
Notes
Mammals
lesser bulldog bat (Noctilio albiventris ), LaVal's disk-winged bat (Thyroptera lavali ), Spix's disk-winged bat (Thyroptera tricolor ), Acarechimys minutissimus , Anachlysictis gracilis , Anadasypus hondanus , Aotus dindensis , Boreostemma acostae , B. gigantea , Brievabradys laventensis , Cebupithecia sarmientoi , Dukecynus magnus , Eodolichotis elachys , E. maddeni , Glossotheriopsis pascuali , Granastrapotherium snorki , Hilarcotherium castanedaii , Hondadelphys fieldsi , Hondathentes cazador , Huilabradys magdaleniensis , Huilatherium pluriplicatum , Kiotomops lopezi , Lagonimico conclucatus , Lycopsis longirostrus , Megadolodus molariformis , Micodon kiotensis , Micoureus laventicus , Microscleromys cribiphilus , M. paradoxalis , Microsteiromys jacobsi , Miocallicebus villaviejai , Miocochilius anomopodus , Mohanamico hershkovitzi , Mormopterus colombiensis , Nanoastegotherium prostatum , Neoglyptatelus originalis , Neonematherium flabellatum , Neoreomys huilensis , Neotamandua borealis , Notonycteris magdalenensis , N. sucharadeus , Nuciruptor rubricae , Pachybiotherium minor , Palynephyllum antimaster , Patasola magdalenae , Pedrolypeutes praecursor , Pericotoxodon platignathus , Pithiculites chenche , Potamops mascahehenes , Potamosiren magdalenensis , Prodolichotis guerreroi , P. pridiana , Prolicaphrium sanalfolsensis , Prothoatherium colombianus , Pseudoprepotherium confusum , Rhodanodolichotis antepridiana , R. vucetichae , Ricardomys longidens , Saimiri annectens , S. fieldsi , Scleromys colombianus , S. schurmanni , Scirrotherium hondaensis , Stirtonia tatacoensis , S. victoriae , Thylamys colombianus , Thylamys minutus , Thyroptera robusta , Villarroelia totoyoi , Xenastrapotherium kraglievichi , Cochilius sp. , Diclidurus sp. , Eumops sp. , Hapalops sp. , Olenopsis sp. , Theosodon sp. , ?Steiromys sp. , Dolichotinae sp. , ?Echimyidae sp. , Megalonychidae sp. , Megatheriinae sp. , Nothrotheriinae sp. , Dasypodidae sp. , Leontiniidae sp. , Proterotheriidae indet. , Toxodontidae sp.
Honda Group Colombia
Acyon myctoderos , Australogale leptognathus , Chimeralestes ambiguus , Guiomys unica , Hapalops angustipalatus , Hemihegetotherium trilobus , Hiskatherium saintandrei , Hondalagus altiplanensis , Lakukullus anatisrostratus , Mesoprocta hypsodus , Miocochilius federicoi , Palaeothentes relictus , P. serratus , Propalaehoplophorus andinus , Quebradahondomys potosiensis , Acarechimys sp. , cf. Paratrigodon sp. , Prolagostomus sp. , cf. Prozaedyus sp. , Lagostominae indet. , Mesotheriinae indet. , Borhyaenidae indet. , Caenolestidae indet. , Capromyidae indet. , Caviidae indet. , Chinchillidae indet. , Echimyidae indet. , Euphractinae indet. , Macraucheniidae indet. , Octodontidae indet. , Proterotheriidae indet. , ? Xenastrapotherium indet.
Honda Group Bolivia
Nesodon taweretus , cf. Astrapotherium sp. , cf. Theosodon sp. , Lomaphorini indet. , Mylodontinae indet. , Propalaehoplophorinae indet. , Toxodontidae indet.
Aisol
Microtypotherium choquecotense , Prozaedyus sp. , Chinchillidae indet. , Glyptodontidae indet. , Hegetotheriidae indet.
Choquecota
Heteropsomyinae (aff. Acarechimys) sp. , Dasyproctidae (aff. Alloiomys) sp. , Prolagostomus sp. , Caviomorpha indet. , Dasypodidae indet. , Typotheria indet.
Cura-Mallín
Drytomomys cf. aequatorialis , Granastrapotherium cf. snorki , Miocochilius anomopodus , Neoglyptatelus originalis , Parapropalaehoplophorus septentrionalis , Pericotoxodon cf. platignathus , Potamarchus murinus , cf. Theosodon sp. , Acarechimys sp. , Boreostemma sp. , Megathericulus sp. , cf. Tetramerorhinus sp. , Urumacotherium sp. , Xenastrapotherium sp. , Borhyaenoidea indet. , Delphinida indet. , Glyptodontidae indet. , Macraucheniidae indet. , Megalonychidae indet. , Mylodontidae indet. , Octodontoidea indet. , Potamarchinae indet. , Uruguaytheriinae indet.
Ipururo
Pontistes rectifrons , Prionodelphis rovereti , Properiptychus argentinus , Protautoga longidens , cf. Balaenoptera sp. , Chrysophrys sp. , Dioplotherium sp. , Balaenidae indet. , Physeteridae indet. , Sciaenidae indet. , ?Sparidae indet.
Paraná
Dinomyidae indet. , ? Octodontoidea indet.
Pebas
Boreostemma venezolensis
Santa Inés
Neoglyptatelus sincelejanus
Sincelejo
Mirandabradys socorrensis , Megatheriidae indet.
Socorro
cf. Olenopsis sp. , Mylodontidae indet.
Urumaco
Birds
Aramus paludigrus , Galbula hylochoreutes , Hoazinoides magdalenae
Honda Group Colombia
Psilopteridae indet.
Aisol
Pygoscelis calderensis , Spheniscus megaramphus , S. urbinai , Pelagornis sp. , aff. Thalassarche sp.
Bahía Inglesa
Pelagornis cf. chilensis
Capadare
Reptiles & amphibians
cane toad (Bufo marinus ), Chelus colombiana , Chelonoidis hesterna , Colombophis portai , Dracaena colombiana , ?Eunectes stirtoni , Podocnemis medemi , Gryposuchus colombianus , Langstonia huilensis , Purussaurus neivensis , Balanerodus logimus , Charactosuchus fieldsi , Mourasuchus atopus , Eocaiman sp. , Gavialis sp. , Sebecus sp. , Alligatoridae indet.
Honda Group Colombia
Crocodylia sp.
Aisol
Bairdemys thalassica
Capadare
Barinasuchus arveloi
Ipururo
Caiman wannlangstoni , Gnatusuchus pebasensis , Gryposuchus pachakamue , Purussaurus neivensis , Kuttanacaiman iquitosensis , Mourasuchus atopus , Paleosuchus sp. , Podocnemis sp. , Gavialoidea indet.
Pebas
Colombophis spinosus , Ikanogavialis gameroi , Caiman sp. , Mourasuchus sp. , Purussaurus sp. , Thecachampsa sp. , Alethinophidia indet. , Boinae indet.
Socorro
Globidentosuchus cf. brachyrostris , Caiman sp. , Mourasuchus sp. , Purussaurus sp.
Urumaco
Fishes & crustaceans
Colossoma macropomum , Lepidosiren paradoxa , cf. Acanthicus , Arapaima sp. , Brachyplatystoma cf. B. vaillanti , Brachyplatystoma promagdalena , Sylviocarcinus piriformis , cf. Corydoras sp. , Hoplias sp. , cf. Hoplosternum sp. , Hydrolycus sp. , Phractocephalus hemioliopterus , Serrasalmus sp. , Pygocentrus sp. , or Pristobrycon sp. (cf. Myletes sp. ), Ariidae indet. , Characidae cf. Tetragonopterinae , Cichlidae indet. , Doradidae indet. , Loricariidae indet. , Potamotrygonidae indet.
Honda Group Colombia
Megalodon , Carcharias acutissima , Carcharodon hastalis , Galeocerdo aduncus , Hemipristis serra , Carcharhinus sp. , Heterodontus sp. , Squalus sp. , Squatina sp. , Dasyatidae indet. , Myliobatoidea indet. , Potamotrygonidae indet.
Paraná
cf. Hydrolycus sp. , Leporinus sp. , Potamotrygon sp. , Pristis sp. , Anostomidae indet.
Pebas
Megalodon , Aetobatus arcuatus , Hemipristis serra , Mugil cephalus , Carcharhinus sp. , Citharichthys sp. , Galeocerdo sp. , Rhinoptera sp. , Sphyrna sp. , Symphurus sp.
Socorro
Insects
Macroteleia yaguarum , Sycorax peruensis
Pebas
Flora
Astroniumxylon parabalansae , Piptadenioxylon paraexcelsa , Solanumxylon paranensis
Paraná
Correlations
The Laventan (13.8 to 11.8 Ma) correlates with:
References
^ "Laventan" . The Paleobiology Database . Archived from the original on 2012-10-12.
^ a b Madden et al. 1997
^ Villarroel A. et al. 1996 , p. 54
^ Marshall & Sempere 1991 , p. 635
^ Forasiepi et al. 2011 , p. 149
^ Le Roux et al. 2016 , p. 46
^ Penín Cendón & Villarroel Estaba 2005 , p. 138
^ Marshall & Sempere 1991 , p. 636
^ Utgé et al. 2009 [page needed ]
^ a b Antoine et al. 2016 , p. 56
^ Martín Pérez 2013 , p. 51
^ Wesselingh et al. 2006 , p. 304
^ Brand et al. 2011 [page needed ]
^ Simpson 1947 , p. 2
^ a b Villarroel & Clavijo 2005 , p. 348 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFVillarroelClavijo2005 (help ) [failed verification ]
^ Linares 2004 , p. 5
^ Linares 2004 , p. 16
^ Croft, 2007, p.299
^ Croft, 2007, p.300
^ Croft, 2007, p.301
^ Croft, 2007, p.302
^ Croft, 2007, p.303
^ Meldrum & Kay, 1997
^ Organ & Lemelin, 2011
^ Rosenberger et al., 1991
^ Setoguchi & Rosenberger, 1988
^ Setoguchi, 1985
^ Takai et al., 2001
^ Tejedor, 2013, p.22
^ Defler, 2004, p.32
^ Cebupithecia sarmientoi at Fossilworks .org
^ Miocallicebus villaviejai at Fossilworks .org
^ Neosaimiri annectens at Fossilworks .org
^ Stirtonia tatacoensis at Fossilworks .org
^ Stirtonia victoriae at Fossilworks .org
^ Vallejo Pareja et al., 2015
^ Pardo Jaramillo, 2010
^ Granastrapotherium snorki , Sebecus sp. at Fossilworks .org
^ Villarroel, 2000, p.118
^ Kay & Madden, 1997, p.171
^ Neonematherium flabellatum at Fossilworks .org
^ Brievabradys laventensis at Fossilworks .org
^ Huilabradys magdaleniensis at Fossilworks .org
^ Czaplewski et al., 2003, p.278
^ Neotamandua borealis at Fossilworks .org
^ Pseudoprepotherium confusum at Fossilworks .org
^ Anadasypus hondanus at Fossilworks .org
^ Boreostemma acostae at Fossilworks .org
^ Boreostemma gigantea at Fossilworks .org
^ Neoglyptatelus originalis at Fossilworks .org
^ Pedrolypeutes praecursor at Fossilworks .org
^ Scirrotherium hondaensis at Fossilworks .org
^ Prolicaphrium sanalfolsensis at Fossilworks .org
^ Prothoatherium colombianus at Fossilworks .org
^ Duke Locality 33 at Fossilworks .org
^ Villarroelia totoyoi at Fossilworks .org
^ Villarroel, 1997
^ Villarroel et al., 1996, p.63
^ Hoffstetter, 1971, p.40
^ Suárez et al., 2015
^ Marshall, 1976
^ Hondadelphys fieldsi at Fossilworks .org
^ Pachybiotherium minor at Fossilworks .org
^ Thylamys colombianus at Fossilworks .org
^ Thylamys minutus at Fossilworks .org
^ Hondathentes cazador at Fossilworks .org
^ Pithiculites chenche at Fossilworks .org
^ Neoreomys huilensis at Fossilworks .org
^ Rhodanodolichotis antepridiana at Fossilworks .org
^ Scleromys colombianus at Fossilworks .org
^ Scleromys schurmanni at Fossilworks .org
^ Prodolichotis guerreroi at Fossilworks .org
^ UCMP V4936 at Fossilworks .org
^ Eodolichotis elachys at Fossilworks .org
^ Eodolichotis maddeni at Fossilworks .org
^ Rhodanodolichotis vucetichae at Fossilworks .org
^ Takai et al., 1991
^ Kiotomops lopezi at Fossilworks .org
^ Potamops mascahehenes at Fossilworks .org
^ Thyroptera robusta at Fossilworks .org
^ Engelman et al., 2016
^ Pujos et al., 2014
^ Hondalagus at Fossilworks .org
^ Quebrada Honda at Fossilworks .org
^ Engelman et al., 2018
^ Forasiepi et al., 2015
^ a b c Cerro Aisol at Fossilworks .org
^ Choquecota at Fossilworks .org
^ Cerro los Pinos at Fossilworks .org
^ a b IN-DTC-20 at Fossilworks .org
^ IN-DTC-28 at Fossilworks .org
^ IN-DTC-32 at Fossilworks .org
^ Río Sepa at Fossilworks .org
^ SEP 005 at Fossilworks .org
^ IN 008 at Fossilworks .org
^ a b Pueblo Brugo to Diamante at Fossilworks .org
^ a b c CTA-45 at Fossilworks .org
^ Banks of the Rio Guere at Fossilworks .org
^ Calle Fria-Segovia at Fossilworks .org
^ a b South East of 'Cerro los Chivatos' at Fossilworks .org
^ Mirandabradys Urumaco 01 at Fossilworks .org
^ Biozona 1 Loc 44-FU at Fossilworks .org
^ Rasmussen, 1997
^ Miller, 1953
^ Los Dedos at Fossilworks .org
^ Zumbador Cave at Fossilworks .org
^ Estes & Wassersug, 1963
^ Gryposuchus colombianus at Fossilworks .org
^ Sebecus huiensis at Fossilworks .org
^ Dracaena colombiana at Fossilworks .org
^ Purussaurus neivensis at Fossilworks .org
^ Charactosuchus fieldsi at Fossilworks .org
^ Mourasuchus atopus at Fossilworks .org
^ UCMP Locality V4524 at Fossilworks .org
^ Balanerodus logimus at Fossilworks .org
^ Eocaiman at Fossilworks .org
^ Cadena et al., 2008, p.1206
^ De la Fuente et al., 2013, p.102
^ Geochelone hesterna at Fossilworks .org
^ Hsiou et al., 2010
^ (in Spanish) Fauna de La Venta - serpientes
^ Ferreira et al., 2015
^ Salas Gismondi et al., 2015
^ IQ114 at Fossilworks .org
^ Quebrada Honda at Fossilworks .org
^ East of Capirote, road to Quebrada Honda at Fossilworks .org
^ Sur Quebrada Bejucal at Fossilworks .org
^ (in Spanish) Fauna de La Venta - flora, cangrejos y peces
^ Kay & Madden, 1997, p.185
^ Lundberg & Chernoff, 1992, p.5
^ Brachyplatystoma promagdalena at Fossilworks .org
^ Socorro at Fossilworks .org
^ Amazonian amber at Fossilworks .org
^ Toma Vieja at Fossilworks .org
^ Barstovian at Fossilworks .org
^ Clarendonian at Fossilworks .org
^ Astaracian at Fossilworks .org
^ Central Paratethys Stages at Fossilworks .org
^ Badenian at Fossilworks .org
^ [1] Sarmatian] at Fossilworks .org
^ Southland epoch at Fossilworks .org
^ Lillburnian at Fossilworks .org
^ Waiauan at Fossilworks .org
^ Tunggurian at Fossilworks .org
Bibliography
Laventan
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Honda Group, Colombia
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Honda Group, Bolivia
Croft , Darin A (2007), "The Middle Miocene (Laventan) Quebrada Honda Fauna, southern Bolivia and a description of its Notoungulates", Palaeontology , 50 (1): 277–303, Bibcode :2007Palgy..50..277C , doi :10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00610.x
Engelman, Russell K.; Anaya, Federico; Croft, Darin A. (2018), "Australogale leptognathus , gen. et sp. nov., a second species of small sparassodont (Mammalia: Metatheria) from the middle Miocene locality of Quebrada Honda, Bolivia" , Journal of Mammalian Evolution , vol. in press, retrieved 2018-10-01
Engelman, Russell K.; Anaya, Federico; Croft, Darin A. (2016), "New palaeothentid marsupials (Paucituberculata) from the middle Miocene of Quebrada Honda, Bolivia, and their implications for the palaeoecology, decline and extinction of the Palaeothentoidea" , Journal of Systematic Palaeontology , 15 (10): 787–820, doi :10.1080/14772019.2016.1240112 , retrieved 2019-02-12
Pujos, François; De Iuliis, Gerardo; Mamani Quispe, Bernardino; Andrade Flores, Ruben (2014), "Lakukullus anatisrostratus , gen. et sp. nov., a new massive nothrotheriid sloth (Xenarthra, Pilosa) from the middle Miocene of Bolivia" , Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , 34 (5): 1243–1248, Bibcode :2014JVPal..34.1243P , doi :10.1080/02724634.2014.849716 , hdl :11336/32146 , retrieved 2019-02-12
Aisol Formation
Forasiepi, Analía M.; Cerdeño, Esperanza; Bond, Mariano; Schmidt, Gabriela I.; Naipauer, Maximiliano; Straehl, Fiona R.; Martinelli, Agustín G.; Garrido, Alberto C.; Schmitz and James L. Crowley, Mark D. (2015), "New toxodontid (Notoungulata) from the Early Miocene of Mendoza, Argentina" , Paläontologische Zeitschrift , 89 (3): 611–634, Bibcode :2015PalZ...89..611F , doi :10.1007/s12542-014-0233-5 , retrieved 2019-02-13
Forasiepi, Analía M.; Martinelli, Agustín G.; De la Fuente, Marcelo S.; Dieguez, Sergio; Bond, Mariano (2011), Paleontology and stratigraphy of the Aisol Formation (Neogene), San Rafael, Mendoza (PDF) , Cenozoic Geology of the Central Andes of Argentina, SCS Publisher, Salta, pp. 135–154, retrieved 2017-10-01
Bahía Inglesa Formation
Achurra, L.E.; Lacassie, J.P.; Le Roux, J.P.; Marquadt, C.; Belmar, M.; Ruiz Del Solar, J.; Ishman, S.E. (2009), "Manganese nodules in the Miocene Bahía Inglesa Formation, north-central Chile: Petrography, geochemistry, genesis and palaeoceanographic significance" (PDF) , Sedimentary Geology , 217 (1): 128–139, Bibcode :2009SedG..217..128A , doi :10.1016/j.sedgeo.2009.03.016 , retrieved 2017-08-15
Achurra, L.; Marquadt, C.; Lacassie, J.P.; Le Roux, J.P. (2003), Nódulos de Mn de la Formación Bahía Inglesa: geoquímica, génesis e implicancias paleoambientales (PDF) , X Congreso Geológico Chileno, pp. 1–10, archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-10-26, retrieved 2017-08-15
Acosta Hospitaleche, Carolina; Canto, Jhoann (2005), "Primer registro de cráneos asignados a Palaeospheniscus (Aves, Spheniscidae) procedentes de la Formación Bahía Inglesa (Mioceno Medio-Tardío), Chile" (PDF) , Revista Chilena de Historia Natural , vol. 78, pp. 489–495, retrieved 2017-08-15
Benson, Richard D (2015), "A new species of penguin from the late Miocene of Chile, with comments on the stratigraphic range of Palaeospheniscus " (PDF) , Scientific Publications of the Science Museum of Minnesota , New Series, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 5–22, retrieved 2019-02-13
Chávez Hoffmeister, Martín Felipe (2008), La ornitofauna de la Formación Bahía Inglesa, Caldera, Chile (MSc. thesis) (PDF) , Universidad Austral de Chile , pp. 1–165, retrieved 2017-08-15
Chávez, Martín F (2007), "Sobre la presencia de Paraptenodytes y Palaeospheniscus (Aves: Sphenisciformes) en la Formación Bahía Inglesa, Chile" (PDF) , Revista Chilena de Historia Natural , 80 (2): 255–259, doi :10.4067/S0716-078X2007000200010 , retrieved 2017-08-15
Chávez, Martín (2007), "Spheniscus megaramphus Stucchi et al. 2003 (Aves: Sphenisciformes) en la Formación Bahía Inglesa, Chile" , Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica del Perú , vol. 102, pp. 101–107, retrieved 2017-08-15
Le Roux, Jacobus P.; Achurra, Luciano; Henríquez, Álvaro; Carreño, Catalina; Rivera, Huber; Suárez, Mario E.; Ishman, Scott E.; Pyenson, Nicholas D. ; Gutstein, Carolina S. (2016), "Oroclinal bending of the Juan Fernández Ridge suggested by geohistory analysis of the Bahía Inglesa Formation, north-central Chile" (PDF) , Sedimentary Geology , 333 : 32–49, Bibcode :2016SedG..333...32L , doi :10.1016/j.sedgeo.2015.12.003 , retrieved 2017-08-15
Le Roux, Jacobus P.; Achurra, Luciano; Henríquez, Álvaro; Carreño, Catalina; Rivera, Huber (2015), Lithostratigraphy, depositional environments and tectonic setting of the Bahía Inglesa Formation west of Copiapó, north-central Chile (PDF) , XIV Congreso Geológico Chileno, pp. 821–824, archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-10-26, retrieved 2017-08-15
Oyanadel Urbina, Pablo; Carrillo Briceño, Jorge; Villafaña, Jaime; Castelleto, Victor; Varas, Cristian; Alballay, Alex; Rivadeneira, Marcelo (2015), Nuevo registro de familias de peces óseos en Formación Bahía Inglesa (PDF) , XIV Congreso Geológico Chileno, pp. 1–4, archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-10-26, retrieved 2017-08-15
Staig, Felipe; Hernández, Sebastián; López, Patricio; Villafaña, Jaime A.; Varas, Cristian; Soto, Luis Patricio; Carrillo Briceño, Jorge D. (2015), "Late Neogene Elasmobranch fauna from the Coquimbo Formation, Chile" , Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia , 18 (2): 261–272, doi :10.4072/rbp.2015.2.07 , retrieved 2017-08-15
Suárez, Mario E (2011), Línea de base paleontológica proyecto Puerto Santa Fe (PDF) , Comuna de Caldera Región de Atacama, pp. 1–29, retrieved 2017-08-15
Valenzuela Toro, Ana; Gutstein, Carolina S., Mamíferos marinos fósiles (excepto Cetacea) de Formación Bahía Inglesa: Registro, implicancias paleoambientales y perspectivas de estudio (PDF) , pp. 770–772, archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-10-26, retrieved 2017-08-15
Capadare Formation
Ferreira, Gabriel S.; Rincón, Ascanio D.; Solórzano, Andrés; Langer, Max C. (2015), "The last marine pelomedusoids (Testudines: Pleurodira): a new species of Bairdemys and the paleoecology of Stereogenyina" (PDF) , PeerJ , 3 : e1063, doi :10.7717/peerj.1063 , PMC 4493680 , PMID 26157628 , retrieved 2019-02-13
Penín Cendón, José Antonio; Villarroel Estaba, Vanessa Ilia (2005), Integracrón y actualización geológica del área de Jacura y Capadare, Estado Falcón (PDF) , Universidad Central de Venezuela , pp. 1–199, retrieved 2017-08-15
Choquecota and Mauri Formations
Cura-Mallín Group
Flynn, John J.; Charrier, Reynaldo ; Croft, Darin A. ; Gans, Phillip B.; Herriott, Trystan M.; Wertheim, Jill A.; Wyss, André R. (2008), "Chronologic implications of new Miocene mammals from the Cura-Mallín and Trapa Trapa formations, Laguna del Laja area, south central Chile" (PDF) , Journal of South American Earth Sciences , 26 (4): 412–423, Bibcode :2008JSAES..26..412F , doi :10.1016/j.jsames.2008.05.006 , retrieved 2017-10-20
Shockey, Bruce J.; Flynn, John J.; Croft, Darin A. ; Gans, Phillip; Wyss, André R. (2012), "New leontiniid Notoungulata (Mammalia) from Chile and Argentina : comparative anatomy, character analysis, and phylogenetic hypotheses" , American Museum Novitates (3737): 1–64, doi :10.1206/3737.2 , retrieved 2019-02-15
Utgé, Silvana; Folguera, Andrés; Litvak, Vanesa; Ramos, Víctor A. (2009), "Geología del sector norte de la Cuenca de Cura Mallín en las Lagunas de Epulaufquen, Neuquén" , Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina , 64 (2): 231–248, retrieved 2017-10-01
Gran Bajo del Gualicho Formation
Ipururo and Pebas Formations
Antoine, Pierre-Olivier; Abello, M. Alejandra; Adnet, Sylvain; Altamirano Sierra, Ali J.; Baby, Patrice; Billet, Guillaume; Boivin, Myriam; Calderón, Ysabel; Candela, Adriana (March 2016), "A 60-million-year Cenozoic history of western Amazonian ecosystems in Contamana, eastern Peru" , Gondwana Research , 31 : 30–59, Bibcode :2016GondR..31...30A , doi :10.1016/j.gr.2015.11.001 , hdl :11336/99030 , retrieved 2017-08-15 {{citation }}
: CS1 maint: date and year (link )
Wesselingh, F.P.; Hoorn, M.C.; Guerrero, J.; Räsänen, M.E.; Romero Pittmann, L.; Salo, J. (2006), "The stratigraphy and regional structure of Miocene deposits in western Amazonia (Peru, Colombia and Brazil), with implications for late Neogene landscape evolution" , Scripta Geologica , vol. 133, pp. 291–322, retrieved 2017-08-15
Paraná Formation
Cione, Alberto Luis; Cabrera, Daniel Alfredo; Barla, María Julia (2012), "Oldest record of the Great White Shark (Lamnidae, Carcharodon; Miocene) in the Southern Atlantic" (PDF) , Geobios , 45 (2): 167–172, Bibcode :2012Geobi..45..167C , doi :10.1016/j.geobios.2011.06.002 , hdl :11336/139163 , retrieved 2017-10-22
Martín Pérez, Leandro (2013), Sistemática, tafonomía y paleoecología de los invertebrados de la Formación Paraná (Mioceno), Provincia de Entre Ríos, Argentina (PhD thesis) (PDF) , Universidad Nacional de La Plata , pp. 1–398, retrieved 2017-08-15
Pisco Formation
Altamirano Sierra, Alí J (2013), "Primer registro de pelicano (Aves: Pelecanidae) para el Mioceno tardio de la formacion Pisco, Peru" (PDF) , Bulletin de l'Institut français d'études andines , vol. 42, pp. 1–12, retrieved 2017-09-04
Báez Gómez, Diego A (2006), "Estudio paleoambiental de la formación Pisco:: Localidad Ocucaje" (PDF) , Revista del Instituto de Investigaciones FIGMMG , vol. 9, pp. 64–69, retrieved 2017-09-04
Bianucci, Giovanni; Di Celma, Claudio; Urbina, Mario; Lambert, Olivier (2016), "New beaked whales from the late Miocene of Peru and evidence for convergent evolution in stem and crown Ziphiidae (Cetacea, Odontoceti)" (PDF) , PeerJ , 4 : e2479, doi :10.7717/peerj.2479 , PMC 5036081 , PMID 27688973 , retrieved 2019-02-12
Brand, Leonard; Urbina, Mario; Chadwick, Arthur; DeVries, Thomas J.; Esperante, Raul (2011), "A high resolution stratigraphic framework for the remarkable fossil cetacean assemblage of the Miocene/Pliocene Pisco Formation, Peru", Journal of South American Earth Sciences , 31 (4): 414–425, Bibcode :2011JSAES..31..414B , doi :10.1016/j.jsames.2011.02.015
Collareta, Alberto; Lambert, Olivier; De Muizon, Christian; Urbina, Mario; Bianucci, Giovanni (2017), "Koristocetus pescei gen. et sp. nov., a diminutive sperm whale (Cetacea: Odontoceti: Kogiidae) from the late Miocene of Peru" , Fossil Record , 20 (2): 259–278, Bibcode :2017FossR..20..259C , doi :10.5194/fr-20-259-2017 , hdl :11568/891486 , retrieved 2019-02-12
Lambert, Olivier; Bianucci, Giovanni; Urbina, Mario; Geisler, Jonathan H. (2017), "A new inioid (Cetacea, Odontoceti, Delphinida) from the Miocene of Peru and the origin of modern dolphin and porpoise families", Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society , vol. 179, no. 4, pp. 919–946
Marx, Felix G.; Lambert, Olivier; De Muizon, Christian (2017), "A new Miocene baleen whale from Peru deciphers the dawn of cetotheriids" , Royal Society Open Science , 4 (9): 170560, Bibcode :2017RSOS....470560M , doi :10.1098/rsos.170560 , PMC 5627101 , PMID 28989761 , retrieved 2019-02-12
Marx, Felix G.; Kohno, Naoki (2016), "A new Miocene baleen whale from the Peruvian desert" , Royal Society Open Science , 3 (10): 160542, Bibcode :2016RSOS....360542M , doi :10.1098/rsos.160542 , PMC 5098998 , PMID 27853573 , retrieved 2019-02-12
Poma Porras, Orlando; Horna Santillán, Edgard; Esperante, Raúl (2009), "Baleen Fósil (Cetacea: mysticeti) en Sedimentos de la Cuenca Marina del Neógeno en la Formación Pisco, al Sur del Perú" (PDF) , Revista de Investigación Universitaria , vol. 1, pp. 84–97, retrieved 2017-09-04
Ramassamy, Benjamin; Lambert, Olivier; Collareta, Alberto; Urbina, Mario; Bianucci, Giovanni (2018), "Description of the skeleton of the fossil beaked whale Messapicetus gregarius : searching potential proxies for deep-diving abilities" (PDF) , Fossil Record , 21 (1): 11–32, Bibcode :2018FossR..21...11R , doi :10.5194/fr-21-11-2018 , retrieved 2019-02-11
Solís Mundaca, Flavio Alejandro (2018), Bioestratigrafía e implicancias paleoceanográficas de las diatomeas de la sección Cerro Caucato, Formación Pisco, Ica, Peru (MSc. thesis) (PDF) , Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia , pp. 1–158, retrieved 2018-09-10
Stucchi, Marcelo; Emslie, Steven D.; Varas Malca, Rafael M.; Urbina Schmitt, Mario (2015a), "A new late Miocene condor (Aves, Cathartidae) from Peru and the origin of South American condors" , Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , 35 (5): e972507, Bibcode :2015JVPal..35E2507S , doi :10.1080/02724634.2015.972507 , retrieved 2019-02-13
Stucchi, Marcelo; Varas Malca, Rafael M.; Urbina Schmitt, Mario (2015b), "New Miocene sulid birds from Peru and considerations on their Neogene fossil record in the Eastern Pacific Ocean" (PDF) , Acta Palaeontologica Polonica , vol. 61, no. 2, pp. 417–427, retrieved 2019-02-13
Stucchi, M (2007), "Los pingüinos de la Formación Pisco (Neógeno), Perú" (PDF) , 4th European Meeting on the Palaeontology and Stratigraphy of Latin America, Cuadernos del Museo Geominero , vol. 8, pp. 367–373, retrieved 2017-09-04
Santa Inés Formation
Sincelejo Formation
Socorro and Urumaco Formations
Carrillo Briceño, Jorge D.; Maxwell, Erin; Aguilera, Órangel A.; Sánchez, Rodolfo; Sánchez Villagra, Marcelo R. (2015), "Sawfishes and Other Elasmobranch Assemblages from the Mio-Pliocene of the South Caribbean (Urumaco Sequence, Northwestern Venezuela)", PLoS ONE , 10 (10): e0139230, Bibcode :2015PLoSO..1039230C , doi :10.1371/journal.pone.0139230 , PMC 4619466 , PMID 26488163
Linares, Omar J (2004), "Bioestratigrafía de la fauna de mamíferos de las formaciones Socorro, Urumaco y Codore (Mioceno Medio-Plioceno Temprano) de la región de Urumaco, Falcón, Venezuela" (PDF) , Paleobiología Neotropical , vol. 1, pp. 1–26, retrieved 2017-08-15
Quijano Ballesteros, Jhon Richard (2005), Estudio magnetoestratigráfico en la sección de El Mamón (miembro medio de la Formación Urumaco, Estado Falcón) (MSc. thesis) (PDF) , Universidad Simón Bolívar , pp. 1–92, retrieved 2017-10-27
Rincón, Ascanio D.; Solórzano, Andrés; McDonald, H. Gregory; Montellano Ballesteros, Marisol (2018), "Two new megalonychid sloths (Mammalia: Xenarthra) from the Urumaco Formation (late Miocene), and their phylogenetic affinities" , Journal of Systematic Palaeontology , 17 (5): 409–421, doi :10.1080/14772019.2018.1427639
Rincón, Ascanio D.; McDonald, H. Gregory; Solórzano, Andrés; Núñez Flores, Mónica; Ruiz Ramoni, Damián (2015), "A new enigmatic Late Miocene mylodontoid sloth from northern South America", Royal Society Open Science , 2 (2): 140256, Bibcode :2015RSOS....240256R , doi :10.1098/rsos.140256 , PMC 4448802 , PMID 26064594
Further reading
Croft , Darin A (2016), Horned Armadillos and Rafting Monkeys: The Fascinating Fossil Mammals of South America , Indiana University Press , pp. 1–320, ISBN 9780253020949 , retrieved 2017-10-21
Fleagle, John G.; Rosenberger, Alfred L. (2013), The Platyrrhine Fossil Record , Elsevier , pp. 1–256, ISBN 9781483267074 , retrieved 2017-10-21
Sánchez Villagra, Marcelo R.; Aguilera, Órangel A.; Carlini, Alfredo A. (2010), Urumaco and Venezuelan Paleontology: The Fossil Record of the Northern Neotropics , Indiana University Press , pp. 1–304, ISBN 9780253002006 , retrieved 2017-10-21
Hartwig, W.C. ; Meldrum, D.J. (2002), The Primate Fossil Record - Miocene platyrrhines of the northern Neotropics , Cambridge University Press , pp. 175–188, ISBN 978-0-521-08141-2 , retrieved 2017-09-24
Kay, Richard F.; Madden, Richard H.; Flynn, John J.; Cifelli, Richard L. (1997), Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics: The Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia , Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press , pp. 1–608, ISBN 9781935623854 , retrieved 2017-10-21
Simpson , George Gaylord (1996), Splendid Isolation: The Curious History of South American Mammals , UMI, pp. 1–275, ISBN 9780783733111 , retrieved 2017-10-21
Ages Defining formations and sites
Sources