The Latvian Legion was created in January 1943 on the orders of Adolf Hitler following a request by Heinrich Himmler, head of the SS. The initial core of the force was populated by Latvian Police Battalions, which were formed starting in 1941 for security duties and already serving on the Eastern Front under Wehrmacht command. While members of Holocaust perpetrator Arajs Kommando subsequently joined the Legion,[9] this was late in the war as the Kommando was demobilized from anti-partisan and anti-Jewish action, with the first former Arajs unit attached to the Legion in December, 1944.[10]
Under the Rosenberg labor decree of December 1941, the Germans had already begun conscripting Latvians in early 1942, giving them a choice between joining the labor service or the police battalions.[11] One month after the unit was founded, German occupation authorities in Latvia started conscripting military-age men specifically for the Legion. Draftees were given a choice between serving in the Wehrmacht-subordinated Waffen-SS Legion, serving as German Wehrmacht auxiliaries, or being sent to a slave labor camp in Germany. Those who tried to avoid both options were arrested and sent to concentration camps.[12] As a result, only 15-20% of the men serving in the legion were actual volunteers.[6] Unlike in Lithuania, potential legionary recruits in Latvia did not organize an official boycott of conscription; some Latvians deserted however rather than serve in the Nazi war effort.[1]
When Nazi Germany began losing the war, conscription was extended to larger and larger numbers of Latvians. The first conscription, in 1943, applied to all Latvian men born from 1919 to 1924. Subsequent conscriptions eventually extended to Latvians born between 1906 and 1928. The division commanders and most of the staff were German SS officers. Individual combat regiments were typically commanded by Latvian officers.
After the Red Army broke through German lines at Nevel along the 1st Baltic Front in November 1943, advancing on Latvia, the Latvian Self-Administration took over mobilization from the Germans on November 13. By June 26 there were 7,671 ethnic Russians from Latvia's Latgale, representing ten percent of men from the region, serving in various units of the Latvian Legion.[13] On July 1, 1944, the Latvian Legion had 87,550 men. Another 23,000 Latvians were serving as Wehrmacht "auxiliaries".[12]
Operational history
The first Latvian Legion unit was the 2nd Latvian SS Brigade, created in February 1943. It fought its first battle in the Siege of Leningrad, opposite the Pulkovo observatory on 18 March 1943. It continued fighting around Leningrad until the German forces retreated in January 1944.
The 15th Waffen-SS Division was formed and sent to the front in November 1943. Originally, it was sent to the Ostrov and Novosokolniki districts of Pskov Oblast, but after the German Army suffered setbacks there, was moved to positions in the Belebelka district of Novgorod Oblast in January 1944. It retreated from there a month later. At the end of February 1944, both units took defensive positions on the Sorota and Velikaya rivers. At that time, the 2nd Brigade was renamed the 19th Waffen-SS division.[14] Over the next two months, these positions saw intense fighting.
In April 1944, the Legion was replaced by other units and moved to less active positions in Bardovo-Kudever, 50 km east of Opochka. It came under attack there in June 1944 and retreated on July 10, 1944, crossing the Latvian-Russian border on July 17.
In August and September 1944, the 15th Division was moved to Prussia for replenishment with new recruits. It was in training near Danzig until it was ordered into battle on 22 January 1945. At that time, the division consisted of about 15,000 soldiers. It fought near Danzig in January and February, retreating to Pomerania in early March. By early April, the division was reduced to 8,000 men. About 1,000 were sent by sea to replenish the forces in the Courland Pocket, and the rest were lost in the fighting. On April 11, the division was told about plans to transfer the entire division to Courland. Seeing that the war was lost and understanding that being sent to Courland would mean eventually having to surrender to the Soviets, the division decided to surrender to the Western Allies instead, disobeying German orders to the contrary when necessary.
The 19th Division continued to fight in Latvia. In October 1944, Soviet advances in Lithuania cut off all units in the Courland Pocket from the rest of the German forces. It was part of the six battles between Soviet and German armies in the Courland Pocket in 1944 and 1945. During the third battle in December 1944, the opposing Soviet units included two Latvian divisions, the 43rd and the 308th, formed from recruits drafted in Soviet-occupied Eastern Latvia. When Latvian units from both sides of the front faced one another, they were quite unwilling and occasionally disengaged without firing a shot. The Soviet command transferred the Latvian divisions elsewhere after a few days. Together with other units in the Courland Pocket, the 19th division surrendered to the Soviets at the end of the war on May 9, 1945.[14] Subsequently, almost 50,000 Latvian soldiers became Soviet prisoners of war in filtration or gulag camps.[8] Some of the Legion soldiers continued fighting the Soviets as Forest Brothers for up to ten years after the end of the war.[15]
Motivation of Latvian Legionnaires
Conscription order
Oberführer Adolf Ax, commander of the 15th Division, reported on 27 January 1945: "They are first and foremost Latvians. They want a sustainable Latvian nation state. Forced to choose between Germany and Russia, they have chosen Germany, because they seek co-operation with western civilization. The rule of the Germans seems to them to be the lesser of two evils."[16] This perspective resulted in part from the Soviet occupation between 1940 and 1941, called "The Year of Terror" (Latvian: Baigais gads) during which tens of thousands of Latvian families were executed or deported to Siberia with men separated from the women and children to break down resistance.[17]
Legion command emphasized that the Latvians were fighting against Soviet re-occupation. Conscripts promised in the name of God to be subservient to the German military and its commander Adolf Hitler, to be courageous and to be prepared to give up their life "in the fight against Bolshevism".[18] Legionnaires hoped to fight off the Red Army until it was no longer a threat to Latvia and then turn against Nazi Germany, as a repeat of the Latvian War of Independence of 1918–1920, when Latvian forces expelled both Bolshevik and German forces. Legionnaires carried Latvian flags under their uniforms as a symbol of that hope.[19] This sentiment was also reflected in one of the most popular Legion songs that went: "We'll beat those lice-infested ones – again, again. After that we'll trounce those blue-grays – again, again"[20][21] (with euphemisms for Bolsheviks and Germans).[6] The Allies confirmed this as early as 1943, when a British investigative mission found Latvians stood against both their Soviet and German occupiers.[22]
Latvians, as did the Estonians and to lesser degree Lithuanians, believed that the Western powers, especially Britain, would come to their aid as they had in 1918–1920. These hopes were bolstered by Allied communications received in November 1944 in which British command instructed them to hold Courland until a joint British-American fleet entered the Baltic.[23]
After World War II
Baltic guards, wearing black uniforms with blue helmets and white belts, guarding Nazi prisoners during the Nuremberg trials
In 1946, the Nuremberg Tribunal declared the Waffen-SS to be a criminal organization, making an exception of people who had been forcibly conscripted. The Nuremberg tribunal ruled that those who had served in the Baltic Legions were conscripts, not volunteers.[24]
Subsequently, on 13 April 1950, a message from the Allied High Commission (HICOG), signed by John J. McCloy to the Secretary of State, clarified the US position on the Baltic Legions: "they were not to be seen as 'movements', 'volunteer', or 'SS'. In short, they had not been given the training, indoctrination, and induction normally given to SS members".[25]
With the full support of Nuremberg and Allied High Commission, the US Displaced Persons Commission declared in September 1950 that:
"The Baltic Waffen SS Units (Baltic Legions) are to be considered as separate and distinct in purpose, ideology, activities, and qualifications for membership from the German SS, and therefore the Commission holds them not to be a movement hostile to the government of the United States."[26]
Even before this decision, around 1,000 former Latvian Legion soldiers had served as guards at the Nuremberg trials, guarding Nazi war criminals. Afterwards, during the Berlin Blockade, they took part in securing Allied facilities involved in the Berlin Airlift and later also were guarding US Army headquarters.[6][27]
During the Soviet period, the Latvian Legion were described as having been illegally conscripted by Nazi Germany in 1943, with no indication of being war criminals or of Holocaust involvement.[28] For example, the Soviet film I Remember Everything, Richard (also known as Rock and Splinters in its uncut release) made during the 1960s (during the Cold War) at the Riga Film Studio, while being full of Soviet propaganda clichés, clearly illustrates recognition of several essential aspects with respect to Legion soldiers, amongst those: that they were front-line soldiers, they were mostly forcefully conscripted, they were not supporters of Nazi ideology, they did not take part in the Holocaust. This contrasts sharply with Russia's post-Soviet stance, which denounces the Legion as Waffen SS war criminals and uses the Legion issue to assert political and ideological pressure on Latvia on the international scene.
In 1946, the coalition government of Sweden led by the Social Democrats, despite strong protests from many sectors of Swedish society, extradited soldiers from the Latvian Legion (also some Estonian Legion and Lithuanian soldiers) who had fled to Sweden and were interned there to the USSR. In the 1990s, the Swedish government admitted that this had been a mistake. Surviving Baltic veterans were invited to Sweden in 1994, where they were met by the King of Sweden Carl XVI Gustaf and the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Sweden Margaretha af Ugglas and participated in various ceremonies commemorating the events surrounding their extradition. Both the King and the Minister for Foreign affairs expressed their regret for Sweden's past extradition of Baltic Legion soldiers to the Soviet Union.[29]
Leanid Kazyrytski argues that there are grounds for supposing that the Latvian Legion possesses all the features of a criminal organization specified at the Nuremberg trials: the conscription procedure into the Legion had certain peculiarities, which do not allow to definitively speak of its compulsory character.[30]
War crimes
The previous involvement of some Latvian Legion members in the Holocaust, including 600 members of the Arajs Kommando, and the inclusion of Latvian ultranationalistPērkonkrusts members,[31]
and other Holocaust participants,[32][9][33][34] has led to accusations that, under international military law, the legion met the criteria for a criminal organisation and/or that a significant proportion of its members, were directly or indirectly involved in war crimes. It has also been identified that soldiers of the legion were involved in a massacre of Polish POWs at Podgaje, in 1945.[35][30] This is now strongly disputed by Vince Hunt in his book The Road of Slaughter; The Latvian 15th SS Division in Pomerania, January-March 1945 based on interviews with officers and soldiers present.[citation needed] Finnish journalist and writer Jukka Rislakki has called the branding of all 57,000 legionnaires as war criminals on the basis of war crimes previously committed by some of its members as part of Arajs Kommando and Latvian Auxiliary Police battalions "a typical example of "guilt by association.""[36]
In the years after the war, 16 March was chosen by the Latvian Legion veterans' organisation in Western exile, Daugavas Vanagi [lv; sv; ru; lt], as the day of the Latvian Legion, to commemorate a battle on the eastern shore of the Velikaya River for Hill "93,4", fought by both the 15th and 19th Waffen-SS divisions. It has been publicly observed in Latvia since 1989/90.[37] The day was officially recognized as a "Remembrance Day for Latvian soldiers" by the Saeima in 1998, a compromise between the For Fatherland and Freedom/LNNK party who wanted to establish the day as the "Remembrance Day for the Latvian Legion" and other members of the coalition fearing the potential effect such a move would have on the international reputation of Latvia.[38]
The 16 March events have been quite confrontational in recent years, with Latvian nationalist organizations (such as the National Alliance and National Power Unity) marching in support of the Latvian Legion, and predominantly-Russian organizations (Latvian Russian Union) holding protests and attempting to block the marches. Due to a particularly harsh controversy around the official commemoration of the Remembrance Day of the Latvian Legionnaires in 1998, the Latvian officials refrain from its official honoring. Currently, the official position of Latvian authorities is that the day is a primarily private business of the veterans and their relatives.[39]
On 21 February 2012, the Council of Europe's Commission against Racism and Intolerance published its report on Latvia (fourth monitoring cycle), in which it condemned commemorations of persons who fought in the Waffen SS and collaborated with the Nazis.[40] ECRI expressed concerns as regards to the authorisation of a gathering, commemorating soldiers who had fought in a Latvian unit of the Waffen SS, that takes place every year on 16 March and is held in the centre of Riga, and expressed dismay at the authorisation by the competent courts of an event set to celebrate the Nazi occupation of Riga (on 1 July).[41] It also expressed concern, that the former Minister of Foreign Affairs had not condemned the march, and on the contrary, supported it.[42] ECRI recommended, that "the Latvian authorities condemn all attempts to commemorate persons who fought in the Waffen SS and collaborated with the Nazis. ECRI further recommends that the authorities ban any gathering or march legitimising in any way Nazism."[43] On 13 March 2014, UK Labour MEP Richard Howitt, a spokesperson for the European Parliament Human Rights Sub-Committee issued a statement that included the view that "Whether local boys were forced to don the SS uniforms or were eager volunteers, celebration of their actions not only insults the memory of the victims but also honours Nazism itself."[44] On his own website, Howitt, citing the Waffen SS marches, criticized the Conservative Party for its alliance with nationalist elements in the Latvian government.[45]
^ abGerhard P. Bassler, Alfred Valdmanis and the politics of survival, 2000, p150 ISBN0-8020-4413-1
^Ieva Zake, American Latvians: Politics of a Refugee Community, 2010, p92
^Andrew Ezergailis, Latvian Legion: heroes, Nazis, or victims? : a collection of documents from OSS war-crimes investigation files, 1945-1950, 1997, p38
^Valdis O. Lumans, Latvia in World War II, 2006, p286
^Mirdza Kate Baltais, The Latvian Legion in documents, 1999, p14
^ abcdBrūvelis, Edvīns; et al. (2005). Latviešu leģionāri / Latvian legionnaires (in Latvian and English). Daugavas vanagi. OCLC66394978. ISBN9984-19-762-3.
^Page Taylor, Hugh; Bender, Roger James (1982). Uniforms, Organization and History of the Waffen-SS. Vol. 5. San Jose, CA: R. James Bender Publishing. ISBN978-0-912138-25-1. OCLC60070022.
^ abJohn Hiden. The Slavonic and East European Review, Vol. 85, No. 2 (Apr., 2007), pp. 364-365
^Ezergailis, Andrew. "Holocaust in Latvia." The Historical Institute of Latvia in association with The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 1996. p. 195.
^Ezergailis, Andrew. "Holocaust in Latvia." The Historical Institute of Latvia in association with The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 1996. p. 315.
^Wingfield, N., Bucur, M. Gender and war in twentieth-century Eastern Europe. Indiana University Press, 2006
^"Dieva vārdā es svinīgi apsolos cīņā pret boļševismu vācu bruņoto spēku virspavēlniekam Ādolfam Hitleram bezierunu paklausību un kā drošsirdīgs karavīrs būšu vienmēr gatavs par šo zvērestu atdot savu dzīvību." per Bangerskis R. Mana mūža atmiņas, vol. 3., Imanta, Copenhagen. 1959. p. 107.
^Ezergailis, A. Latvian Legion: Heroes, Nazis, or Victims?: A Collection of Documents From OSS War-Crimes Investigation Files, 1945-1950. Historical Institute of Latvia, 1997.
^Mēs sitīsim tos utainos – arvien, arvien, Pēc tam tos zili pelēkos — arvien, arvien
^"Trīnīte" (in Latvian). dziesmas.lv. Retrieved 21 November 2017.
^Strods, Heinrihs. Zem melnbrūnā zobena. Riga, 1994. page 96, fact finding mission of July 5, 1843.
^Latvijas PSR Mazā Enciklopēdija (The Latvian SSR Concise Encyclopedia). Riga: Zinate. 1970, volume II page 326.
^Silamikelis, Valentins (2005). With the Baltic Flag : Through Three Occupations. Jumava. ISBN978-9984-38-044-5.
^ abKazyrytski, Leanid (2016). "Latvian SS-Legion: Past and Present. Some Issues Regarding the Modern Glorification of Nazism". Criminal Law Forum. 27 (3): 361–385. doi:10.1007/s10609-016-9286-3. S2CID148160519.
^Andrew Ezergailis, Latvian Legion: heroes, Nazis, or victims? : a collection of documents from OSS war-crimes investigation files, 1945-1950, 1997, p12
^Clemens Heni. Riga and Remembering. Journal of for the study of antisemitism (2010) v. 1, p. 159, referring to Operation Winterzauber in 1943.
^Eva-Clarita Onken. The Baltic States and Moscow's 9 May Commemoration: Analysing Memory Politics in Europe. Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 59, No. 1 (Jan., 2007), pp. 23-46
^Council of Europe: European Commission Against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI) (February 2012). ECRI Report on Latvia (fourth monitoring cycle)(PDF). p. 9. All attempts to commemorate persons who fought in the Waffen SS and collaborated with the Nazis, should be condemned. Any gathering or march legitimising in any way Nazism should be banned.
^Council of Europe: European Commission Against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI) (February 2012). ECRI Report on Latvia (fourth monitoring cycle)(PDF). p. paragraph 86. Further, ECRI expresses concern as regards the authorisation of certain public events to commemorate two incidents and the authorities' reaction in this connection. As concerns the first incident, every year, on 16 March, a gathering commemorating soldiers who fought in a Latvian unit of the Waffen SS is held in the centre of Riga. In this connection, ECRI regrets that, in spring 2010, an administrative district court overruled a decision of the Riga City Council prohibiting this march. As regards the second incident, ECRI, on the one hand, expresses its dismay at the authorisation by the competent courts of an event set to celebrate the Nazi occupation of Riga (on 1 July).
^Council of Europe: European Commission Against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI) (February 2012). ECRI Report on Latvia (fourth monitoring cycle)(PDF). p. paragraph 86. Further, the former Minister of Foreign Affairs did not condemn the march, stating, on the contrary, that there was nothing wrong with former soldiers gathering together privately to remember their fallen comrades-in-arms and that any attempt to characterise this commemoration as the glorification of Nazism is unacceptable.
^Council of Europe: European Commission Against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI) (February 2012). ECRI Report on Latvia (fourth monitoring cycle)(PDF). p. paragraph 87. ECRI recommends that the Latvian authorities condemn all attempts to commemorate persons who fought in the Waffen SS and collaborated with the Nazis. ECRI further recommends that the authorities ban any gathering or march legitimising in any way Nazism.
^"British MEP Richard Howitt, European Parliament Spokesperson on Human Rights, Issues Statement on Riga Waffen SS march" in DefendingHistory.com, 13 March 2014.
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