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Lake Washington
Lake Washington
x̌ačuʔ (Lushootseed)
	The longest and second longest floating bridges in the world cross Lake Washington
	Lake Washington Lake Washington
	Lake Washington and surrounding area
Location	King County, Washington,; United States
Coordinates	47°37′N 122°16′W / 47.617°N 122.267°W
Primary inflows	Sammamish, Cedar Rivers; Ravenna, Thornton, Kelsey, Juanita, Forbes and Coal Creeks
Primary outflows	Lake Washington Ship Canal (1916)
Catchment area	315,000 acres (1,270 km2)
Basin countries	United States
Max. length	22 mi (35 km)
Surface area	33.8 square miles (88 km2), 33.8 square miles (21,600 acres)
Average depth	108 ft (33 m)
Max. depth	214 ft (65 m)
Water volume	2,350,000 acre⋅ft (2.90 km3)
Surface elevation	16 ft (4.9 m) above mean sea level, 20.6 ft (6.3 m) above Puget Sound mean lower low tide
Islands	Mercer Island, Foster Island, Bird Island (Washington), Marsh Island Until 1916: Ohler's Island, Pritchard Island; After 1916: Broken Island;
References	King County

Lake Washington (Lushootseed: x̌ačuʔ)^[3]^[a] is a large freshwater lake adjacent to the city of Seattle, Washington, United States.^[4] It is the largest lake in King County and the second largest natural lake in the state of Washington, after Lake Chelan. It borders the cities of Seattle on the west, Bellevue and Kirkland on the east, Renton on the south, and Kenmore on the north, and encloses Mercer Island. The lake is fed by the Sammamish River at its north end and the Cedar River at its south.

Lake Washington has been known to the Duwamish and other Indigenous peoples living on the lake for millennia as x̌ačuʔ (lit. "lake" in Lushootseed).^[3] At the time of European settlement, it was recorded as At-sar-kal in a map sketched by engineer Abiel W. Tinkham;^[4]^: 10 and the Chinook Jargon name, Hyas Chuck ("great/large water"), was also used.^[5] Other English names historically used for the lake include Lake Geneva by Isaac N. Ebey;^[4]^: 140 and Lake Duwamish in railroad surveys under Governor Isaac Stevens.^[4]^: 174 Lake Washington received its present name in 1854 after Thomas Mercer suggested it be named after George Washington, as the new Washington Territory had been named the year before.

The lake provides boating and sport fishing opportunities. Some fish species found in its waters include sockeye salmon, coho salmon, Chinook salmon, rainbow trout, largemouth bass, smallmouth bass, yellow perch, and black crappie.^[6]

Lake Washington has two passenger seaplane bases: Kenmore Air Harbor on its north end; and Will Rogers – Wiley Post Memorial Seaplane Base on its south end, adjacent to Renton Municipal Airport.

Geography

A ribbon lake, Lake Washington is long, narrow and finger-like. Ribbon lakes are excavated by glaciers. As the Puget lobe of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet flowed south near the end of the Late Pleistocene, it met bands of harder and softer rock. Erosion of the softer rock was faster and a linear depression was created in the flow direction. When the glacier melted, the lake filled with the meltwater, which was retained by moraine deposits. A dam can also be created by the bands of harder rock either side of the softer rock. There is usually a river at both ends of a ribbon lake, one being the inlet, and the other the outlet, but in the case of present-day Lake Washington, inlet rivers are at both ends, and a man-made outlet is in the middle. The lake was previously drained by the Black river to the south.

Creeks and rivers

The main inflowing rivers are the Sammamish and Cedar Rivers, with the Cedar supplying most of the water. Seasonal changes in the flow of the Sammamish are moderated by a weir at the Lake Sammamish inlet.^[7]

The lake is drained by the Lake Washington Ship Canal.

In addition, there are numerous small creeks and rivers which feed the lake, including:^[8]

Historically, construction of the Lake Washington Ship Canal drastically changed the inflow and outflow of the lake. Before construction of the canal in 1916, Lake Washington's outlet was the Black River, which joined the Duwamish River and emptied into Elliott Bay. When the canal was opened the level of the lake dropped nearly nine feet (2.7 m).^[9] The canal became the lake's sole outlet, causing the Black River to dry up and disappear. Before construction, the Sammamish River was the primary source of water for Lake Washington, and the lowering of the lake slightly increased its flow. As part of the ship canal project, the Cedar River was diverted into Lake Washington to become the lake's primary source.

Canals and bridges

The Montlake Cut, part of the Lake Washington Ship Canal, connects the lake to Lake Union and ultimately Puget Sound.

Concrete floating bridges are employed to span the lake because Lake Washington's depth and muddy bottom prevented the emplacement of the pilings or towers necessary for the construction of a causeway or suspension bridge. The bridges consist of hollow concrete pontoons that float atop the lake, anchored with cables to each other and to weights on the lake bottom. The roadway is constructed atop these concrete pontoons. Three floating bridges cross Lake Washington: the Evergreen Point Floating Bridge (officially the SR 520 Albert D. Rosellini Evergreen Point Floating Bridge) carries State Route 520 from Seattle's Montlake neighborhood to Medina while the Lacey V. Murrow Memorial Bridge and the Third Lake Washington Bridge (officially the Homer M. Hadley Memorial Bridge) carry Interstate 90 from Seattle's Mount Baker neighborhood to Mercer Island. The East Channel Bridge carries Interstate 90 from Mercer Island to Bellevue. The Evergreen Point, Lacey V. Murrow, and Third Lake Washington bridges are the longest, second longest, and fifth longest floating bridges in the world, respectively.

Many questioned the wisdom of concrete floating bridge technology after the sinking of a portion of the Lacey V. Murrow bridge on November 25, 1990. However, a Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) investigation revealed that the incident resulted from the improper handling of hydrodemolition water being used during bridge renovations, rather than in any basic flaw in the bridge's concept or design. Concrete floating bridges continue to remain a viable means for the conveyance of vehicle traffic over Lake Washington.^[10]

In 1950, approximately one year after the tolls were removed from the Murrow bridge, the inland ferry system on the lake came to an end, having operated since the 1880s.^[11]

Shoreline cities and towns

The cities and towns bordering the lake, going clockwise from the west, are Seattle, Lake Forest Park, Kenmore, Kirkland, Yarrow Point, Hunts Point, Medina, Bellevue, Beaux Arts Village, and Renton. The city of Mercer Island occupies the island of the same name, in the southern half of the lake.

Water purity

Around 1900, Seattle began discharging sewage into Lake Washington. During the 1940s and 1950s, eleven sewage treatment plants were sending state-of-the-art treated water into the lake at a rate of 20 million gallons per day. At the same time, phosphate-based detergents came into wide use. The lake responded to the massive input of nutrients by developing unpleasant blooms of noxious blue-green algae (cyanobacteria). The water lost its clarity, the desirable fish populations declined, and masses of dead algae accumulated on the shores of the lake. After significant pollution, the October 5, 1963 issue of the Post Intelligencer referred to the lake as "Lake Stinko". Citizen concern led to the creation of a system that diverted the treatment-plant effluents into nearby Puget Sound, where tidal flushing would mix them with open-ocean water.

The diversion was completed in 1968, and the lake responded quickly. The algal blooms diminished, the water regained its clarity, and by 1975, recovery was complete. Careful studies by a group of limnologists from the University of Washington showed that phosphate was the culprit. Since then, Lake Washington has undergone major improvements, drastically improving the ecology and water quality, making the water twice as clear as it was in 1950.^[12]

Notes

^ Pronounced HA-choh; lit. "lake"

References

^ "Bird Island Shoreline Enhancement". Washington Department of Natural Resources. Retrieved 2024-05-14.
^ "Lake Washington Monitoring Overview". King County Department of Natural Resources and Parks Water and Land Resources Division. November 23, 2015. Retrieved July 21, 2023.
^ ^a ^b "The Waterlines Project Map" (PDF). The Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture. Retrieved 2023-10-05.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Meany, Edmond S. (1923). Origin of Washington Geographic Names. University of Washington Press. ISBN 9780598974808.
^ Phillips, James W. (1971). Washington State Place Names. University of Washington Press. p. 156. ISBN 0-295-95158-3.
^ "Lake Washington – Fish Washington". Washington Department of Fish & Wildlife.
^ Chrzastowski, Michael J. (1983). Historical changes to Lake Washington and route of the Lake Washington Ship Canal, King County, Washington (Report). U.S. Geological Survey.
^ The Watershed: the geography, Friends of the Cedar River Watershed, archived from the original on December 14, 2014
^ Lake Washington Ship Canal, HistoryLink.org
^ Dorpat, Paul; Genevieve McCoy (1998). Building Washington: A History of Washington State Public Works. Tartu Publications. p. 124. ISBN 0-9614357-9-8.
^ Dorpat, Paul; Genevieve McCoy (1998). Building Washington: A History of Washington State Public Works. Tartu Publications. p. 36. ISBN 0-9614357-9-8.
^ "Rescue of "Lake Stinko"". Archived from the original on 2009-02-27.