Kontradans

This article is about the Haitian folk music. For the original European form, see Contra dance.

Kontradans or the French-Haitian Contredanse,^[1] is creolized dance music formed in the 18th century in the French colony of Saint-Domingue (Haiti)^[2] that evolved from the English contra dance, or (country dance), which eventually spread throughout the Caribbean, Louisiana, Europe and the rest of the New World from the Creoles of Saint-Domingue.^[3][4]

History

The "contredanse," the French-renamed country dance as indicated in a 1710 dance book called Recuil de Contredance,^[5] began in the English courts and was imported to Haiti via France (Brittany) through colonial rule and had been incorporated with African influences in Saint-Domingue.^[6][7][8] Contredanse flourished as it took on this creolized form establishing strong traditions in Haiti that would later influence variant forms throughout the Caribbean.^[9]

Origins

The usage of the drums, poetic song, antiphonal song form, and imitations of the colonial elite dance were the elements that had already begun to transform the contredanse.^[10]

Evolution

A broad group of Saint-Domingue planters, along with their slaves that fled the Haitian Revolution resettled in the old Providence of Oriente in eastern Cuba, that began coffee production around the cities of Santiago and Guantanamo. This settlement provided an impetus of musical activities in those eastern areas. So, this creolized version of contredanse imported from Haiti would fuse with and reinforce the criolla over the next couple of decades. Rhythmic styles such as the tango, habanera, and the cinquillo became dominant patterns as new emerging styles and led to the development of the contradanza,^[11] and later in 1879, the danzón; a couples dance and is regarded as the first truly national dance genre of Cuba.^[12][13]

Méringue

A five-note musical figure called quintolet (cinquillo in Cuba and the rest of the Spanish speaking Caribbean), became a chief feature to the kontradans and would figure prominently into the Haitian folk dance music called méringue^[9] (a whipped egg and sugar confection popular in 18th century France), presumably because it captured the essence of the light nature of the dance where one gracefully shifts their weight between feet in a very fluid movement, animating the final section of the Haitian kontradans.^[1]

References

1. Averill, Gage (1997). A Day for the Hunter, a Day for the Prey: Popular Music and Power in Haiti. The Chicago University Press. p. 33. ISBN 0226032914. Retrieved 19 March 2014.
2. Manuel, Peter; Bilby, Kenneth; Largey, Michael (2006). Caribbean Currents: Caribbean Music from Rumba to Reggae. Temple University Press. p. 157. ISBN 9781592134649. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
3. Daniel, Yvonne (1989). Caribbean and Atlantic Diaspora Dance: Igniting Citizenship. Stanford University. p. 60. ISBN 9780252036538. Retrieved 19 March 2014.
4. Sublette, Ned (1951). Cuba and Its Music: From the First Drums to the Mambo. p. 120. ISBN 1556525168. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
5. Holenko, John (2010). Contra Dance Encyclopedia. Mel Bay Publications. p. 6. ISBN 978-1609743772.
6. Steward, Sue (1999). Musica!: The Rhythm of Latin America - Salsa, Rumba, Merengue, and More. p. 33. ISBN 9780811825665. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
7. Gilbert Chase. "Chapter 15: The Exotic Periphery" (PDF). p. 309. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
8. Manuel, Peter (1988). Popular Music of the Non-Western World: An Introductory Survey. Oxford University Press. p. 27. ISBN 0195053427. Retrieved 17 May 2015. contredanse Saint-Domingue.
9. Torres, George, ed. (2013). Encyclopedia of Latin American Popular Music. p. 191. ISBN 9780313340314. Retrieved 15 April 2014.
10. Daniel, Yvonne (1995). Rumba: Dance and Social Change in Contemporary Cuba. Indiana University Press. p. 37. ISBN 025320948X. Retrieved 19 March 2014. haitian contredanse.
11. Da Fonseca-Wollheim, Corinna (24 June 2010). "The Haitian-Born Rhythm Revolution An Uptown Concert Celebrates the Tradition That Grew From the Music Exported to Cuba and New Orleans by Freed Slaves". Retrieved 19 March 2014.
12. Fernandez, Raul A. (2006). From Afro-Cuban Rhythms to Latin Jazz. University of California Press. p. 9. ISBN 9780520247079. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
13. Nadeau , Jean Benoit; Barlow, Julie (2013). The Story of Spanish. p. 260. ISBN 9780312656027. Retrieved 17 May 2015.