King Edward Point

King Edward Point
King Edward Point
King Edward Point
Location of King Edward Point and Grytviken in South Georgia
Location of King Edward Point and Grytviken in South Georgia
Coordinates: 54°17′00″S 36°29′42″W / 54.283333°S 36.495°W / -54.283333; -36.495
Country United Kingdom
TerritorySouth Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
OperatorBritish Antarctic Survey
Established1950 (1950)
Population
 (2018)
 • Summer
22
 • Winter
12
Time zoneUTC−2 (GST)
UN/LOCODEGS
Active timesAll year-round
StatusOperational
ActivitiesSupport sustainable fishing
Southeast view from Cumberland East Bay, with Grytviken in the left background

King Edward Point (also known as KEP) is a permanent British Antarctic Survey research station on South Georgia island and is the capital of the British Overseas Territory of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.[1] It is situated in Cumberland East Bay on the northeastern coast of the island.[2] The settlement is the second smallest capital in the world by population, after Ngerulmud in Palau.

History

Main articles: History of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands and Falklands War

The area was explored by the Swedish Antarctic Expedition of 1901–04 under Otto Nordenskiöld. It was named around 1906 after King Edward VII of the United Kingdom. Since 1909, King Edward Point has been the residence of a British Magistrate administering the island. In 1925, the government of the United Kingdom established Discovery House, a marine laboratory for Discovery Investigations.

Research station

On 1 January 1950, the station ownership was assumed by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey. The station was manned from 1 January 1952 to 13 November 1969. The British Antarctic Survey provided the British presence at the station until 1982.

At the beginning of the Falklands War on 3 April 1982, Argentine forces occupied South Georgia and closed the station. They were soon expelled during Operation Paraquet later the same month and British military forces retook the point. A series of civilian Marine Officers was appointed to carry out customs and fisheries duties for the South Georgia Government from 1991, and were billeted with the small garrison.

On 22 March 2001, the British Antarctic Survey reopened the station on behalf of the Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (GSGSSI). Most of the old, dilapidated (and arguably historic) buildings were destroyed to make way for new ones, with the exception of Discovery House (1925) and the Gaol (1912).

Currently twelve BAS personnel overwinter at the station, rising to around 22 in summer. Two Government Officers plus partners are stationed on KEP, overlapping by about three months during the busy winter fishing season. Summer staff from the Museum at Grytviken are also accommodated at KEP.

The continued occupation of the station serves a political purpose as well: it helps to maintain British sovereignty against Argentina's claim for ownership of the territory.

The chief activities of the station are applied fisheries research on behalf of the Government of South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands, to assist its policies for sustainable management of the commercial fishery, and to provide logistic support for the Government Officer(s).

Climate

Main article: South Georgia § Geography and fauna

King Edward Point and Grytviken have a tundra climate (Köppen ET) with long, cold winters and short, cool summers. The highest temperature ever recorded at Grytviken/King Edward Point was 28.8 °C (83.8 °F) on 10 March 1922.[3]

Climate data for Grytviken/King Edward Point (normals and extremes 2006–2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 23.0
(73.4) 		23.0
(73.4) 		21.6
(70.9) 		21.7
(71.1) 		17.1
(62.8) 		14.1
(57.4) 		14.9
(58.8) 		13.9
(57.0) 		16.0
(60.8) 		20.2
(68.4) 		20.4
(68.7) 		26.4
(79.5) 		26.4
(79.5)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 10.0
(50.0) 		10.8
(51.4) 		9.4
(48.9) 		6.1
(43.0) 		3.9
(39.0) 		2.2
(36.0) 		1.7
(35.1) 		2.4
(36.3) 		4.5
(40.1) 		6.9
(44.4) 		8.9
(48.0) 		9.8
(49.6) 		6.4
(43.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) 6.3
(43.3) 		6.9
(44.4) 		5.8
(42.4) 		3.2
(37.8) 		1.0
(33.8) 		−0.4
(31.3) 		−1.2
(29.8) 		−0.6
(30.9) 		1.1
(34.0) 		3.3
(37.9) 		5.0
(41.0) 		6.1
(43.0) 		3.0
(37.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 2.6
(36.7) 		3.1
(37.6) 		2.2
(36.0) 		0.2
(32.4) 		−2.0
(28.4) 		−4.6
(23.7) 		−4.0
(24.8) 		−3.7
(25.3) 		−2.3
(27.9) 		−0.3
(31.5) 		1.0
(33.8) 		2.3
(36.1) 		−0.5
(31.2)
Record low °C (°F) −2.5
(27.5) 		−3.0
(26.6) 		−4.0
(24.8) 		−7.0
(19.4) 		−10.0
(14.0) 		−11.2
(11.8) 		−15.1
(4.8) 		−13.0
(8.6) 		−11.0
(12.2) 		−9.5
(14.9) 		−5.0
(23.0) 		−4.0
(24.8) 		−15.1
(4.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 92
(3.6) 		114
(4.5) 		136
(5.4) 		139
(5.5) 		137
(5.4) 		135
(5.3) 		149
(5.9) 		149
(5.9) 		92
(3.6) 		80
(3.1) 		93
(3.7) 		88
(3.5) 		1,394
(54.9)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 12 13 14 14 12 15 15 14 11 12 11 11 154
Average relative humidity (%) 72 69 69 70 74 75 74 73 72 70 69 71 72
Mean monthly sunshine hours 152 160 127 66 34 12 22 74 123 171 174 167 1,282
Source 1: Meteomanz[4]
Source 2: Globalbioclimatics/Salvador Rivas-Martínez (precipitation 1901–1950)[5] DMI/Danish Meteorology Institute (sun, humidity, and precipitation days 1931–1960)[6] Météo Climat (extremes)[7]
Climate data for Grytviken/King Edward Point (normals and extremes 1901–1950, sunshine 1931–1960)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 24.5
(76.1) 		26.5
(79.7) 		28.8
(83.8) 		19.1
(66.4) 		17.5
(63.5) 		14.0
(57.2) 		13.6
(56.5) 		13.2
(55.8) 		17.0
(62.6) 		20.0
(68.0) 		22.5
(72.5) 		21.5
(70.7) 		28.8
(83.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 8.4
(47.1) 		9.1
(48.4) 		8.4
(47.1) 		5.6
(42.1) 		2.9
(37.2) 		0.9
(33.6) 		1.2
(34.2) 		1.5
(34.7) 		3.5
(38.3) 		5.4
(41.7) 		6.5
(43.7) 		7.5
(45.5) 		5.1
(41.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) 4.6
(40.3) 		5.1
(41.2) 		4.4
(39.9) 		2.3
(36.1) 		0.0
(32.0) 		−1.6
(29.1) 		−1.5
(29.3) 		−1.8
(28.8) 		−0.1
(31.8) 		1.6
(34.9) 		2.7
(36.9) 		3.7
(38.7) 		1.6
(34.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 1.4
(34.5) 		1.7
(35.1) 		1.0
(33.8) 		−0.8
(30.6) 		−3.1
(26.4) 		−4.6
(23.7) 		−4.7
(23.5) 		−4.9
(23.2) 		−3.3
(26.1) 		−1.8
(28.8) 		−0.5
(31.1) 		0.4
(32.7) 		−1.6
(29.1)
Record low °C (°F) −4.1
(24.6) 		−3.7
(25.3) 		−6.3
(20.7) 		−9.8
(14.4) 		−11.4
(11.5) 		−14.6
(5.7) 		−15.2
(4.6) 		−19.2
(−2.6) 		−18.4
(−1.1) 		−11
(12) 		−6.4
(20.5) 		−5.4
(22.3) 		−19.2
(−2.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 92
(3.6) 		114
(4.5) 		136
(5.4) 		139
(5.5) 		137
(5.4) 		135
(5.3) 		149
(5.9) 		149
(5.9) 		92
(3.6) 		80
(3.1) 		93
(3.7) 		88
(3.5) 		1,394
(54.9)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 12 13 14 14 12 15 15 14 11 12 11 11 154
Average relative humidity (%) 72 69 69 70 74 75 74 73 72 70 69 71 72
Mean monthly sunshine hours 152 160 127 66 34 12 22 74 123 171 174 167 1,282
Source 1: Globalbioclimatics/Salvador Rivas-Martínez[5]
Source 2: DMI/Danish Meteorology Institute (sun, humidity, and precipitation days 1931–1960)[6]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Local laws and customs - South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands (British Overseas Territory) travel advice - GOV.UK". www.gov.uk. Retrieved 28 September 2017.
  2. ^ "Google Maps". 54°17'00.0"S 36°29'39.0"W. Retrieved 25 July 2018.
  3. ^ Remarkable Temperatures in the Argentine and South Georgia. Meteorological Magazine. 57 (6): 138. June 1922.
  4. ^ "SYNOP/BUFR observations. Data by months". Meteomanz. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
  5. ^ a b "Temp/Rain 1901–1950" (PDF). Globalbioclimatics. April 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
  6. ^ a b Cappelen, John; Jensen, Jens. "South Georgia–Grytviken" (PDF). Climate Data for Selected Stations (1931–1960) (in Danish). Danish Meteorological Institute. p. 242. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 April 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
  7. ^ "Weather extremes for Grytviken". Météo Climat. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
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