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Judicial populism or juridical populism is a phenomenon where the judgments and actions of the courts are driven by the perception of the masses or certain groups.^[1] The term, which some refer to as popular constitutionalism, has been described as a reaction to the perceived elitist bias in the legal system.

Judicial populism can also refer to the actions of the courts that reflect public sentiment or those aimed at garnering public support for the judicial institution.^[2]

Background

Judicial populism is considered an aspect of populist politics, particularly the strand that claims to represent the interests of the people against a corrupt elite.^[3] Due to accusations of excessive privileges, inefficiencies, and possible corruption, there is an increased hostility towards the judicial system and the creation of an atmosphere of distrust for the courts.^[2] Activism among populist groups calls for judicial decisions that reflect the collective will of the people within a particular subculture.

In response, there are court judgments that are made as a form of self-representation to appease the public, obtain support or legitimacy by reflecting public sentiment. This can be demonstrated in the so-called dialectic court proceedings, which no longer focus on the evaluation of evidence but their legitimacy.^[4] The position is that this type of populism can reduce the alienation or distance of the citizens to the judicial institution due to an expectation that decisions are more meaningful to their lives.^[4]

There are also theorists who maintain that judicial decisions are anti-democratic in character and view these decisions as judicial intervention.^[5] This position is prominent in the antagonism towards decisions involving social rights where the constitutional backgrounds of judges are considered inadequate due to issues of technical competence or a perceived judicial prejudice.^[5] It is also argued that judges are not elected to their positions and, for this reason, must not be allowed to decide on the social or economic path of a country.^[5]

In the United States, the call for judicial populism also emerges according to political ideologies. In the past, it came with the conservative assault to the so-called "judicial supremacy" as the courts outlawed segregation and created reproductive rights, among other issues.^[6] In the modern period, the call is often made by liberal critics who assail what is perceived as "right-wing rulings".^[6]

Concept

As a theory, judicial populism holds that the law emanates from some kind of collective general will.^[7] It is founded on democratic and participatory theory wherein the people or at least their elected representatives get to decide policy, the state's developmental path, and the administration of justice.^[5] Larry Kramer, for instance, argued that the people do not only share in construing the Constitution but also render the final judgment concerning its meaning.^[6] The concept is also a basis of the Chinese legal tradition established during the Cultural Revolution-era and its modern revival.^[8] It draws from the cultural belief of the non-finality of justice as well as the revolutionary values such as democratic justice and deliberative justice, which rely on the collective judgment of the people.^[9]

Critics argue that instead of the courts serving as places that determine the liability for criminally relevant acts, the emergence of judicial populism crushes the criminal justice system as it transforms trials into methods of social control.^[10] The opposing concept to judicial populism is judicial professionalism. This view maintains that knowledge, rationality, and ethics should be the focus in legal practice.^[1] There is also a requirement for judges to be neutral and to avoid conflict of interest, a component that is present in judicial populism as the judge is involved in local affairs and forges a close relationship with the people.^[9]

Judicial populism vs judicial activism

Judicial populism is distinguished from judicial activism, which is described as a phenomenon wherein judges allow their personal views to guide their decisions.^[11] Like judicial populism, the latter - as described by Bradley Canon - draws from the constitutional dialogue/constitutional interdependence paradigm, which describes the judiciary as a participant to the constitutional interactions that involve other government branches. Here, instead of an omnipotent institution, the judiciary operates according to a framework based on interdependency and interaction while assuming the role of active protector of core social values.^[12] However, judicial activism is about the forced reading of the law by judges with the goal different from the intention of the legislative branch.^[13]

Applications

An example of judicial populism is Mark Tushnet's suggestion of a populist American constitutional law that advances the so-called "thin Constitution", which would codify constitutionally protected and enforceable positive economic and social rights.^[14]

There is also the case of judicial elections, which has been identified as an instrument of popular constitutionalism.^[15] This framework emphasizes the importance of state judicial elections in the United States, particularly how the elected state justices can "stimulate and structure constitutional deliberations" on the national level.^[16]

Mass media has been cited for its role in dictating judicial agenda.^[4] It serves as a platform where the judicial institution is evaluated, facilitating new types of accountability regarding how justice is administered.^[17] For instance, it is claimed that media reporting has led to juristic activism that favor a populist expansion of fundamental rights and natural justice. ^[17]

Cases of judicial populism include its emergence in Brazil since the mass protests of 2013. The series of political and economic crises that ensued have influenced the shift towards judicial decisions that involve judicial self-presentation before the public.^[18] It is also observed that judges at various points have made decisions sought by the masses or the middle class, promulgating decisions that have no legal arguments, no constitutional basis, and narrow constitutional protection in the name of justice.^[19]

References

^ ^a ^b Li, Yuwen (2016). The Judicial System and Reform in Post-Mao China: Stumbling Towards Justice. Oxon: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-02655-6.
^ ^a ^b Hammergren, Linn (2010). Envisioning Reform: Improving Judicial Performance in Latin America. University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press. pp. 93. ISBN 978-0-271-02933-7.
^ Chengeta, Thompson (26 September 2017). "Politics, populism and the law: who really speaks for the Kenyan people?". The Conversation. Retrieved 2020-04-08.
^ ^a ^b ^c Delledonne, Giacomo; Martinico, Giuseppe; Monti, Matteo; Pacini, Fabio (2020). Italian Populism and Constitutional Law: Strategies, Conflicts and Dilemmas. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature. pp. 14, 306. ISBN 978-3-030-37400-6.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Gargarella, Roberto; Roux, Theunis (2017). Courts and Social Transformation in New Democracies: An Institutional Voice for the Poor?. Oxon: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-94795-4.
^ ^a ^b ^c Tribe, Laurence H. (2004-10-24). "'The People Themselves': Judicial Populism". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-04-08.
^ Schecter, Darrow (2013). Critical Theory in the Twenty-First Century. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-4411-0546-2.
^ Carl Minzner, Legal Reform in the Xi Jinping Era, 20 Asia Policy. 4 (2015)
^ ^a ^b Alford, William P.; Kirby, William; Winston, Kenneth (2010-10-07). Prospects for the Professions in China. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-90992-4.
^ Delledonne, Giacomo; Martinico, Giuseppe; Monti, Matteo; Pacini, Fabio (2020). Italian Populism and Constitutional Law: Strategies, Conflicts and Dilemmas. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature. p. 305. ISBN 978-3-030-37400-6.
^ As quoted in "Takings Clause Jurisprudence: Muddled, Perhaps; Judicial Activism, No" DF O'Scannlain, Geo. JL & Pub. Pol'y, 2002
^ Cohn, Margit; Kremnitzer, Mordechai (July 2005). "Judicial Activism: A Multidimensional Model". Canadian Journal of Law & Jurisprudence. 18 (2): 333–356. doi:10.1017/S0841820900004033. ISSN 0841-8209. S2CID 147158393.
^ "Beyond judicial activism". Fundación Civismo. 2018-10-30. Retrieved 2020-06-08.
^ White, Charles S. (2018-09-01). Democracy's Discontent and Civic Learning: Multiple Perspectives. Charlotte, NC: IAP. p. 138. ISBN 978-1-64113-339-5.
^ Pozen, David E. (2010). "Judicial elections as popular constitutionalism". Columbia Law Review. 110 (8): 2047–2134. ISSN 0010-1958.
^ Mansker, Nicole; Devins, Neal (April 3, 2011). "Do Judicial Elections Facilitate Popular Constitutionalism; Can they?". Columbia Law Review. 111: 27–37.
^ ^a ^b Gandhi, Praveen Kumar (1985). Social Action Through Law. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company. p. 64.
^ Arguelhes, Diego (2017). "Judges Speaking for the People: Judicial Populism beyond Judicial Decisions". Verfassungsblog: On Matters Constitutional (in German). doi:10.17176/20170504-091531. Retrieved 2022-08-01.
^ Salgado, Desiree; Gabardo, Emerson (2021). "The Role of the Judicial Branch in Brazilian Rule of Law Erosion". Revista de Investigações Constitucionais. 8 (3): 731–769. doi:10.5380/rinc.v8i3.83336. S2CID 245527200.