John the Lydian

John the Lydian or John Lydus (Greek: Ἰωάννης Λαυρέντιος ὁ Λυδός; Latin: Ioannes Laurentius Lydus) (ca. AD 490 – ca. 565) was a Byzantine administrator and writer on antiquarian subjects.

Life and career

He was born in AD 490 at Philadelphia in Lydia, whence his cognomen "Lydus". At an early age he set out to seek his fortune in Constantinople, and held high court and state offices in the praetorian prefecture of the East under Anastasius and Justinian. Around 543, Lydus was appointed to a chair of Latin language and literature at an institute of higher education of Constantinople. In 552, he lost Justinian's favour and was dismissed. The date of his death is not known, but he was probably alive during the early years of Justin II (reigned 565–578).^[1]

Literary work

During his retirement he occupied himself in the compilation of works on the antiquities of Rome, three of which have been preserved:

1. De Ostentis (Gr. Περὶ Διοσημείων), on the origin and progress of the art of divination
2. De Magistratibus reipublicae Romanae (Gr. Περὶ ἀρχῶν τῆς Ῥωμαίων πολιτείας), especially valuable for the administrative details of the time of Justinian; the work is now dated to 550 by Michael Maas.^[2]
3. De Mensibus (Gr. Περὶ τῶν μηνῶν), a history of the different pagan festivals of the year.

The chief value of these books consists in the fact that the author made use of the works (now lost) of old Roman writers on similar subjects. Lydus was also commissioned by Justinian to compose a panegyric on the emperor, and a history of his campaign against Sassanid Persia; but these, as well as some poetical compositions, are lost.^[1]

He was interested in gynaecology and embryology and included several related passages in his "De Mensibus", with references to previous authors. His sources are mainly Greek, and two of them are Latin.^[3]

Editions and translations

There is an edition of De Ostentis by Curt Wachsmuth (1897), with full account of the authorities in the prolegomena.^[1]

There is an edition of De Magistratibus and De Mensibus by Richard Wünsch (1898–1903).^[4] See also the essay by CB Hase (the first editor of the De Ostentis) prefixed to I. Bekker's edition of Lydus (1837) in the Bonn Corpus scriptorum hist. Byzantinae.^[1]

For De Magistratibus, Wünsch's edition has been superseded by Anastasius C. Bandy's 1983 edition and translation.

See also:

• The Works of Ioannis Lydus, Vols. I–IV (Edwin Mellen Press, 2013). New critical translations of De Mensibus, De Ostentis and De Magistratibus by Anastasius Bandy. Co-edited by Anastasia Bandy, Demetrios J. Constantelos and Craig J. N. de Paulo.
• John the Lydian, De Magistratibus. On the Magistracies of the Roman Constitution. Translated by T. F. Carney. December 1971, Coronado Press.
• John the Lydian, On powers, or, The magistracies of the Roman state / Ioannes Lydus; introduction, critical text, translation, commentary, and indices by Anastasius C. Bandy. Series: Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society, v. 149 ISSN 0065-9738. Philadelphia : American Philosophical Society, 1983, c1982. Greek text, parallel English translation. Based on the Codex Caseolinus.
• Des magistratures de l'état romain. Jean le Lydien. Text, French translation and commentary by Michel Dubuisson, Jacques Schamp. Belles Lettres (2006)

Notes

1. Chisholm 1911.
2. Michael Maas, John Lydus and the Roman Past (London-New York, 1992). ISBN 0415060214.
3. Raf Pret, JOHN LYDUS, HELVIUS VINDICIANUS, AND THE CIRCULATION OF LATIN GYNAECOLOGICAL TEXTS IN SIXTH-CENTURY CONSTANTINOPLE, in After Constanine, 1 (May 2021), Orthodox Acadeymy of Crete, p. 37.
4. full text at archive.org

References

•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Lydus, Joannes Laurentius". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 158.

External links

• Corpus scriptorum historiae byzantinae (Bonn, 1837) edition of the works of John Lydus: Greek, with Latin translation at the bottom of each page.
• Joannes Lydus Laurentius Opera Omnia by Migne Patrologia Graeca: Greek, with analytical indexes
• Teubner edition of De Mensibus (1898) by R. Wünsch. (Greek text only)
• English translation of De Mensibus (with annotations and introduction) by Mischa Hooker, 2nd ed. (2017)
• English translation of selected portions of De Mensibus, Book IV: months February-July, September-December, by Mischa Hooker (1st ed.)