James Gascoyne-Cecil, 4th Marquess of Salisbury

The Most Honourable The Marquess of Salisbury KG GCVO CB PC
Leader of the House of Lords
In office 27 April 1925 – 4 June 1929
Monarch	George V
Prime Minister	Stanley Baldwin
Preceded by	The Marquess Curzon of Kedleston
Succeeded by	The Lord Parmoor
Other ministerial offices Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal In office 6 November 1924 – 4 June 1929 Monarch George V Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin Preceded by John Robert Clynes Succeeded by James Henry Thomas In office 17 October 1903 – 4 December 1905 Monarch Edward VII Prime Minister The Marquess of Salisbury (his father) Arthur Balfour Preceded by Arthur Balfour Succeeded by The Marquess of Ripon Lord President of the Council In office 24 October 1922 – 22 January 1924 Monarch George V Prime Minister Bonar Law Stanley Baldwin Preceded by Arthur Balfour Succeeded by The Lord Parmoor Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster In office 24 October 1922 – 25 May 1923 Monarch George V Prime Minister Bonar Law Stanley Baldwin Preceded by Sir William Sutherland Succeeded by J. C. C. Davidson President of the Board of Trade In office 12 March 1905 – 4 December 1905 Monarch Edward VII Prime Minister Arthur Balfour Preceded by Gerald Balfour Succeeded by David Lloyd George Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs In office 12 November 1900 – 9 October 1903 Monarchs Victoria Edward VII Prime Minister The Marquess of Salisbury Arthur Balfour Preceded by The Earl Midleton Succeeded by The Earl Percy
Member of the House of Lords Lord Temporal
In office 22 August 1903 – 4 April 1947 Hereditary peerage
Preceded by	The 3rd Marquess of Salisbury
Succeeded by	The 5th Marquess of Salisbury
Member of Parliament for Rochester
In office 8 February 1893 – 22 August 1903
Preceded by	Horatio Davies
Succeeded by	Charles Tuff
Member of Parliament for Darwen
In office 18 December 1885 – 26 July 1892
Preceded by	Constituency created
Succeeded by	Sir Charles Huntington
Personal details
Born	(1861-10-23)23 October 1861 London, United Kingdom
Died	4 April 1947(1947-04-04) (aged 85) London, United Kingdom
Political party	Conservative
Spouse(s)	Lady Cicely Gore (1867–1955)
Children	Beatrice Robert Mary David
Parents	Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury Georgina Alderson
Alma mater	University College, Oxford

James Edward Hubert Gascoyne-Cecil, 4th Marquess of Salisbury, KG, GCVO, CB, PC (23 October 1861 – 4 April 1947), known as Viscount Cranborne from 1868 to 1903, was a British statesman.

Background and education

Born in London, Salisbury was the eldest son of Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury,^[1] who served as British Prime Minister, by his wife Georgina (née Alderson). The Right Reverend Lord William Cecil, Lord Cecil of Chelwood and Lord Quickswood were his younger brothers, and Prime Minister Arthur Balfour his first cousin.^[2] He was educated at Eton and University College, Oxford, graduating BA in 1885.

Political career

He started public life early, being of a very young age when he accompanied his father to the 1876–1877 Constantinople Conference and a year later to the Congress of Berlin.^[3]

Lord Cranborne sat as Conservative Member of Parliament for Darwen, then called North-East Lancashire, from 1885 to 1892.^[3] He lost his seat at the general election of the latter year. He was elected for Rochester at a by-election in 1893, continuing as MP there until 1903,^[3] when he succeeded his father and was elevated to the House of Lords.^[2]

On 29 October 1892, Lord Cranborne was appointed lieutenant-colonel of the 4th (Militia) Battalion, Bedfordshire Regiment, (formerly the Hertfordshire Militia) of which his father was Honorary Colonel.^[4] Cranborne was in command when the battalion saw active service in South Africa from March to November 1900, during the Second Boer War. The battalion, numbering 24 officers and 483 men, left Queenstown on 27 February in the transport Goorkha, with Lord Cranborne as the senior officer in command,^[5] arriving in Cape Town the following month. He received the Queen's South Africa Medal and was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) for his service during the war. In July 1902 he received the Honorary Freedom of the borough of Hertford in recognition of his service during the war.^[6][7] He was still in command of the battalion on the outbreak of World War I.^[4] He was also Colonel of the wartime Hertfordshire Volunteer Regiment and Hon Col of the 4th Battalion, Essex Regiment, of the Territorial Force.^[2][4] Lord Salisbury was ADC to Edward VII, and George V until 1929.^[2]

He served under his father and then his cousin Arthur Balfour as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs from 1900^[3] to 1903, under Balfour as Lord Privy Seal from 1903 to 1905, and as Lord President of the Board of Trade in 1905.^[8][9] In 1903 he was sworn of the Privy Council. In December 1908, he was appointed a deputy lieutenant of Hertfordshire.^[10] From 1906, following his uncle, he served as Chairman of the Canterbury House of Laymen.^[2]

Salisbury played a leading role in opposing David Lloyd George's People's Budget and the Parliament Bill of 1911. He commanded the 61st (2nd South Midland) Division in the UK from September 1915 to December 1916.^[11] He continued as a committed and eager member of the Territorial Army: he was Honorary Colonel of 86th (East Anglian) (Hertfordshire Yeomanry) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, and of 48th (South Midland) Divisional Engineers.^[2][4]

In 1917 he was made a Knight Companion of the Garter. He returned to the government in the 1920s and served under Bonar Law and Stanley Baldwin as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster from 1922 to 1923, as Lord President of the Council from 1922 to 1924, as Lord Privy Seal from 1924 to 1929 and as Leader of the House of Lords from 1925 to 1929^[3] in successive Conservative governments of Bonar Law and Baldwin.^[2] He resigned as leader of the Conservative peers in June 1931^[12] and became one of the most prominent opponents of Indian Home Rule in the Lords, supporting the campaign waged in the House of Commons by Winston Churchill against the Home Rule legislation.^[13]

Salisbury was part of two parliamentary deputations which called on the Prime Minister, Stanley Baldwin, and the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Neville Chamberlain, in the autumn of 1936 to remonstrate with them about the slow pace of British rearmament in the face of the growing threat from Nazi Germany. The delegation was led by Sir Austen Chamberlain, a former Foreign Secretary and its most prominent speakers included Winston Churchill, Leo Amery and Roger Keyes. The Marquess of Salisbury was Lord High Steward at the coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth in 1937.^[14]

Marriage and children

Lord Salisbury married Lady Cicely Alice Gore (born 15 July 1867, died 5 February 1955), second daughter of Arthur Gore, 5th Earl of Arran, on 17 May 1887 at St. Margaret's Church, Westminster.^[2][1] Between 1907 and 1910 she served as a Lady of the Bedchamber to Queen Alexandra; additionally she was appointed an Officer of the Order of St John of Jerusalem, and as a Justice of the Peace for Hertfordshire.^[15]

The couple had four children:^[2]

• Lady Beatrice Edith Mildred Gascoyne-Cecil (born 10 August 1891, died 1980), married William Ormsby-Gore, 4th Baron Harlech.
• Robert Arthur James Gascoyne-Cecil, 5th Marquess of Salisbury (born 27 August 1893, died 23 February 1972).
• Lady Mary Alice Gascoyne-Cecil (born 29 July 1895, died 24 December 1988), married Edward Cavendish, 10th Duke of Devonshire.
• Lord Edward Christian David Gascoyne-Cecil, CH (known as Lord David Cecil) (born 9 April 1902, died 1 January 1986).

Lord Salisbury died in April 1947, at 85, and was succeeded by his eldest son, Robert. The Marchioness of Salisbury died in February 1955.^[2]

He was the grandfather of actor Jonathan Cecil by his youngest son, David.

Ancestry

Ancestors of James Gascoyne-Cecil, 4th Marquess of Salisbury

8. James Cecil, 1st Marquess of Salisbury 4. James Cecil, 2nd Marquess of Salisbury 9. Lady Emily Hill 2. Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury 10. Wills Hill, 1st Marquess of Downshire 5. Frances Mary Gascoyne 11. Lady Margaretta FitzGerald 1. James Gascoyne-Cecil, 4th Marquess of Salisbury 12. Robert Alderson (1752–1833) 6. Sir Edward Hall Alderson, Baron Alderson 13. Elizabeth Hurry 3. Georgina Alderson 14. Rev Edward Drewe 7. Georgina Catherine Drewe 15. Antoinette Caroline Allen

References

1. "Marriage of Viscount Cranborne". Exeter and Plymouth Gazette. British Newspaper Archive. 18 May 1887. Retrieved 21 March 2016.
2. Burke's Peerage and Baronetage, 106th Edn, 1999: 'Salisbury'.
3. "MARQUESS OF SALISBURY DEATH OF GREAT FIGURE". Western Morning News. British Newspaper Archive. 5 April 1947. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
4. Army List.
5. "The War - The Militia". The Times. No. 36077. London. 28 February 1900. p. 6.
6. "Court Circular". The Times. No. 36812. London. 5 July 1902. p. 8.
7. Hay, Col. George Jackson (1905). An Epitomized History of the Militia (The Constitutional Force). London: United Service Gazette. pp. 286–289. Archived from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
8. "THE PEER PRESIDENT OF THE BOARD OF TRADE". Western Times. British Newspaper Archive. 15 March 1905. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
9. "THE NEW MINISTRY AND THE OLD". Stamford Mercury. British Newspaper Archive. 29 December 1905. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
10. "No. 28211". The London Gazette. 1 January 1909. p. 33.
11. Becke, Archibald Frank (1935). Order of Battle of Divisions. H. M. Stationery Office. p. 33.
12. "LORD SALISBURY RETIRES FROM LEADERSHIP". Western Daily Press. British Newspaper Archive. 17 June 1931. Retrieved 21 March 2016.
13. McLynn, Frank (2012). The Road Not Taken How Britain Narrowly Missed a Revolution, 1381–1926. Random House. p. 576. ISBN 978-1446449356.
14. "No. 34453". The London Gazette (Supplement). 10 November 1937. p. 7051.
15. Mosley, Charles, editor. Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage, 107th edition, 3 volumes. Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A.: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd, 2003.

External links

• Profile^[usurped], leighrayment.com; accessed 3 April 2016.
• Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by the Marquess of Salisbury
• Portraits of James Gascoyne-Cecil, 4th Marquess of Salisbury at the National Portrait Gallery, London
• "Archival material relating to James Gascoyne-Cecil, 4th Marquess of Salisbury". UK National Archives.

Parliament of the United Kingdom
New constituency	Member of Parliament for Darwen 1885–1892	Succeeded by Charles Philip Huntington
Preceded by Horatio Davies	Member of Parliament for Rochester 1893–1903	Succeeded by Charles Tuff
Political offices
Preceded by Hon. St John Brodrick	Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs 1900–1903	Succeeded by Earl Percy
Preceded by Arthur Balfour	Lord Privy Seal 1903–1905	Succeeded by The Marquess of Ripon
Preceded by Gerald Balfour	President of the Board of Trade 1905	Succeeded by David Lloyd George
Preceded by Sir William Sutherland	Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster 1922–1923	Succeeded by John Davidson
Preceded by Arthur Balfour	Lord President of the Council 1922–1924	Succeeded by The Lord Parmoor
Preceded by John Robert Clynes	Lord Privy Seal 1924–1929	Succeeded by James Henry Thomas
Preceded by The Marquess Curzon of Kedleston	Leader of the House of Lords 1925–1929	Succeeded by The Lord Parmoor
Military offices
New title	GOC 61st (2nd South Midland) Division 1915−1916	Succeeded by Richard Bannatine-Allason
Court offices
Vacant Title last held by The Viscount Hailsham	Lord High Steward 1937	Vacant Title next held by The Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope
Party political offices
Preceded by The Marquess Curzon of Kedleston	Leader of the Conservative Party in the House of Lords 1925–1931	Succeeded by The Viscount Hailsham
Peerage of Great Britain
Preceded by Robert Gascoyne-Cecil	Marquess of Salisbury 1903–1947	Succeeded by Robert Gascoyne-Cecil
Peerage of England
Preceded by Robert Gascoyne-Cecil	Baron Cecil (descended by acceleration) 1903–1941	Succeeded by Robert Gascoyne-Cecil