History of computing in South America

Computing started in south America in 1957, when the first digital computer arrived in Chile. 1979, the Centro Latinoamericano de Estudios en Informática was established in Caracas, Venezuela.^[1] During the 1980s, most Latin American universities incorporated computer programs. By the 1990s the research output in computing began to be significant.^[1]

20th century

In 1957, the first digital computer arrived in Chile after the CCU purchased a Univac to be delivered to Valparaiso. The machine was one of the first documented cases in the history of computer science in South America.^[2] Among the first computers in Latin America was also the system installed in the Venezuelan offices of the Creole Petroleum Corporation, the initiative becoming a launching pad for computer development in the nation state.^[3]

In 1972 Brazil implemented a policy innovation strategy to encourage the economic development of the Brazilian computer industry. This policy project served as a blueprint for policy initiatives across the Latin American continent. The Brazilian government established the CAPRE (Comissao de Coordenacao das Atividades de processamento Eletronico) as division of the planning ministry to review the use of all electronic resources by the government. In 1974 CAPRE was constituted as a regulator so that all imports of computers and electronic components were restrained or approved. In the first ten years this strategy showed remarkable success. In 1982 about 67 percent of installed computers in Brazil had been manufactured locally. Brazil's domestic computer industry was able to take significant shares of the local market from IBM, the Burroughs Corporation, and Hewlett-Packard.^[4] In 1986 the government of Argentina signed an integration treaty with the government of Brazil, were informatics was a paramount branch of cooperation.^[5]

Close-up of the data Feed, Project Cybersyn, Chile

Also in the early 1970s, the short-lived administration of Salvador Allende implemented Project Cybersyn in Chile. Cybersyn consisted of a Cybernet, which was a network of 500 telex machines and planned to connect every factory in the nationalized socialist economy. At the heart of Cybersyn were two computers, a IBM System/360 Model 50 and a Burroughs B3500, on which the program Cyberstride was running.^[6] Today Project Cybersyn is remembered for its unique implementation of socialism and the futuristic industrial design.^[7]

21st century

The Free Software Foundation Latin America exists to promote the use of free software in Latin America. In 2009, FSF founder Richard Stallman visited Buenos Aires during the concurrent Wikimania 2009 conference in order to promote free software.^[8] Stallman regularly gives speeches in Spanish and has visited Latin America multiples times since 2009.

In 2005, the Chilean government alongside the private IT sector started a program called "Mi Primer PC", with the idea of bringing low-cost PC to the general population. The program was heavily criticized at the time, mainly due to the fact that the computers offered were severely limited due to the usage of Windows XP Starter Edition.^[9] This program is not related to the similarly called "Yo Elijo Mi PC" program, put in place during the presidency of Michelle Bachelet which aims to bring computers to primary school students in lower socio-economical classes.^[10]

Since February 2014 Venezuela and Argentina are cooperating to develop their respective Linux operating systems. The Huayra GNU/Linux operating system was launched by Argentina in 2014 to be used on laptops that are distributed to schools. The Canaima operating system runs on 51% of government workstations in Venezuela.^[11]

In 2015, Google announced that they would invest US$1 million in computer science in Latin America.^[12]Amazon has major telescopes in Chile.^[13]

References

^ ^a ^b History of Computing and Education 2 (HCE2). pp. 51–52.
^ "Bits de Ciencia 15". Archived from the original on 19 September 2018. Retrieved 19 September 2018.
^ Cristina Venegas (2010). Digital Dilemmas: The State, the Individual, and Digital Media in Cuba. Rutgers University Press. p. 43. ISBN 9780813549101.
^ Esteban Pérez Caldentey; Matías Vernengo, eds. (2017). Why Latin American Nations Fail: Development Strategies in the Twenty-First Century. University of California Press. pp. 71–72. ISBN 9780520290303.
^ Jorge I Dominguez (2014). Latin America's International Relations and Their Domestic Consequences. Taylor & Francis. p. 279. ISBN 9781135564698.
^ Pamela M. Lee (2020). Think Tank Aesthetics: Midcentury Modernism, the Cold War, and the Neoliberal Present. MIT Press. p. 138. ISBN 9780262043526.
^ Pamela M. Lee (2020). Think Tank Aesthetics: Midcentury Modernism, the Cold War, and the Neoliberal Present. MIT Press. p. 141. ISBN 9780262043526.
^ "Stallman Takes His Free-Software Crusade to Argentina". 25 August 2009.
^ admin (7 September 2005). "CHILE: Polémica por computadoras de bajo precio". IPS Agencia de Noticias (in Spanish). Retrieved 9 May 2022.
^ "PROGRAMA YO ELIJO MI PC | Ayuda Mineduc". ayudamineduc.cl. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
^ Alexander Brem; Eric Viardot, eds. (2016). Revolution of Innovation Management: Volume 1 The Digital Breakthrough. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 161. ISBN 9781137574756.
^ "Google to invest $1m in computer science research in Latin America". ZDNet. Archived from the original on 7 June 2015.
^ "Amazon Reaches for the Stars".