Hippo Regius

Hippo Regius
Saint Augustin Basilica overlooking the ruins of Hippo Regius
Hippo Regius is located in Algeria
Hippo Regius
Shown within Algeria
LocationAlgeria
RegionAnnaba Province
Coordinates36°52′57″N 07°45′00″E / 36.88250°N 7.75000°E / 36.88250; 7.75000

Hippo Regius (also known as Hippo or Hippone) is the ancient name of the modern city of Annaba, Algeria. It served as an important city for the Phoenicians, Berbers, Romans, and Vandals. Hippo was the capital city of the Vandal Kingdom from AD 435 to 439.[1] when it was shifted to Carthage following the Vandal capture of Carthage in 439.

It was the focus of several early Christian councils and home to Augustine of Hippo, a Church Father highly important in Western Christianity.[a]

History

Hippo Regius on the map of Roman Numidia, Atlas Antiquus, H. Kiepert, 1869

Hippo is the latinization of ʿpwn (Punic: 𐤏𐤐𐤅‬𐤍),[2][3] probably related to the word ûbôn, meaning "harbor".[4] The town was first settled by Phoenicians from Tyre around the 12th century BC. To distinguish it from Hippo Diarrhytus (the modern Bizerte, in Tunisia), the Romans later referred to it as Hippo Regius ("the Royal Hippo") because it was one of the residences of the Numidian kings. Its nearby river was Latinized as the Ubus and the bay to its east was known as Hippo Bay (Latin: Hipponensis Sinus).

A maritime city near the mouth of the river Ubus, it became a Roman colonia[5] which prospered and became a major city in Roman Africa. It served as the bishopric of Saint Augustine of Hippo in his later years. In AD 430, the Vandals advanced eastwards along the North African coast and laid siege to the walled city of Hippo Regius.[citation needed] Inside, Saint Augustine and his priests prayed for relief from the invaders, knowing full well that the fall of the city would spell death or conversion to the Arian confession for much of the Christian population. On 28 August 430, three months into the siege, St. Augustine (who was 75 years old) died,[6] perhaps from starvation or stress, as the wheat fields outside the city lay dormant and unharvested. After 14 months, hunger and the inevitable diseases were ravaging both the city inhabitants and the Vandals outside the city walls. The city fell to the Vandals and King Geiseric made it the first capital of the Vandal Kingdom until the capture of Carthage in 439.[7]

It was conquered by the Eastern Roman Empire in 534 and was kept under Roman rule until 698, when it fell to the Muslims; the Arabs rebuilt the town in the eighth century. The city's later history is treated under its modern (Arabic and colonial) names.

About three kilometres distant in the eleventh century, the Berber Zirids established the town of Beleb-el-Anab, which the Spaniards occupied for some years in the sixteenth century, as the French did later, in the reign of Louis XIV. France took this town again in 1832. It was renamed Bône or Bona, and became one of the government centres for the Constantine (departement) in Algeria.[5] It had 37,000 inhabitants, of whom 10,800 were original inhabitants, consisting of 9,400 Muslims and 1,400 naturalized Jews. 15,700 were French and 10,500 foreigners, including many Italians.

Ecclesiastical history

Hippo was an ancient bishopric, one of many suffragans in the former Roman province of Numidia, a part of the residential see of Constantine. It contains some ancient ruins, a hospital built by the Little Sisters of the Poor and a fine basilica dedicated to St. Augustine. Under St. Augustine there were at least three monasteries in the diocese besides the episcopal monastery.[5]

The diocese was established around 250 AD. Only these six bishops of Hippo are known:

  • Saint Theogenes[8](256? – martyr 259?)
  • Saint Leontius[8] (died 303?)
  • Fidentius (martyr ?304)
  • Valerius (388?–396), who ordained St. Augustine
  • the "Doctor of Grace", Saint Augustine (354 – 28 August 430, coadjutor in 395, bishop in 396)
  • Heraclius (coadjutor in 426, bishop in 430).

It was suppressed around 450 AD.

Council of Hippo

Three church councils were held at Hippo (393, 394, 426)[5] and more synods – also in 397 (two sessions, June and September) and 401, all under Aurelius.[9]

The synods of the Ancient (North) African church were held, with but few exceptions (e.g. Hippo, 393; Milevum, 402) at Carthage. We know from the letters of Saint Cyprian that, except in time of persecution, the African bishops met at least once a year, in the springtime, and sometimes again in the autumn. Six or seven synods, for instance, were held under St. Cyprian's presidency during the decade of his administration (249–258), and more than fifteen under Aurelius (391–429). The Synod of Hippo of 393 ordered a general meeting yearly, but this was found too onerous for the bishops, and in the Synod of Carthage (407) it was decided to hold a general synod only when necessary for the needs of all Africa, and it was to be held at a place most convenient for the purpose. Not all the bishops of the country were required to assist at the general synod. At the Synod of Hippo (393) it was ordered that "dignities" should be sent from each ecclesiastical province. Only one was required from Tripoli (in Libya), because of the poverty of the bishops of that province. At the Synod of Hippo (393), and again at the Synod of 397 at Carthage, a list of the books of Holy Scripture was drawn up,[9] and these books are still regarded as the constituents of the Catholic canon.

Titular episcopal see

The Hippo(ne) diocese was nominally revived in 1400 as Catholic Latin titular bishopric of the (lowest) episcopal rank, for which no incumbent is recorded.

It ceased to exist on 23 September 1867, when the see was formally united with the Roman Catholic Diocese of Constantine.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "A Berber, born in 354 at Thagaste (now Souk-Ahras) in Africa, he died as Bishop of Hippo (later Bone, now Annaba) in 430, while the Vandals were besieging the town."Braudel 1995, p. 335

References

Sources

  • Braudel, Fernand (1995). A History of Civilizations. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-012489-7.
  • Brown, Peter (2013), Through the Eye of a Needle: Wealth, the Fall of Rome, and the Making of Christianity in the West, 350–550 AD, Princeton: Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-1400844531
  • Ghaki, Mansour (2015), "Toponymie et Onomastique Libyques: L'Apport de l'Écriture Punique/Néopunique" (PDF), La Lingua nella Vita e la Vita della Lingua: Itinerari e Percorsi degli Studi Berberi, Studi Africanistici: Quaderni di Studi Berberi e Libico-Berberi (in French), vol. 4, Naples: Unior, pp. 65–71, ISBN 978-88-6719-125-3, ISSN 2283-5636, archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-04-28, retrieved 2018-11-02
  • Havey, Francis Patrick (1907). "African Synods" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  • Head, Barclay; Hill, G.F.; MacDonald, George; Wroth, W. (1911), "Numidia", in Ed Snible (ed.), Historia Numorum (2nd ed.), Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 884–887
  • Merrills, Andrew; Miles, Richard (2009). The Vandals. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4443-1808-1.
  • Pétridès, Sophron (1910). "Hippo Regius" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 7. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  • Portalié, Eugène (1907). "St. Augustine of Hippo" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  • Tabbernee, William, ed. (2014). Early Christianity in Contexts: An Exploration across Cultures and Continents. Baker Academic. ISBN 9781441245717.

Further reading

  • Laffi, Umberto. Colonie e municipi nello Stato romano Ed. di Storia e Letteratura. Roma, 2007 ISBN 8884983509
  • Mommsen, Theodore. The Provinces of the Roman Empire Section: Roman Africa. (Leipzig 1865; London 1866; London: Macmillan 1909; reprint New York 1996) Barnes & Noble. New York, 1996
  • Smyth Vereker, Charles. Scenes in the Sunny South: Including the Atlas Mountains and the Oases of the Sahara in Algeria. Volume 2. Publisher Longmans, Green, and Company. University of Wisconsin. Madison,1871 (Roman Hippo Regius)

Read other articles:

Південний Камаринес Province of Camarines Sur Прапор Адміністративна будівля Адміністративна будівля Адміністративний центр м. Пілі Країна Філіппіни Регіон Бікол Муніципалітетів 35 Баранґаї 1 036 Межує з: сусідні адмінодиниці Кесон, Катандуанес, Масбате ? Населення  - повне...

 

ميغالوكوريون الإحداثيات 39°33′35″N 21°50′31″E / 39.559722222222°N 21.841944444444°E / 39.559722222222; 21.841944444444  تقسيم إداري  البلد اليونان[1]  عدد السكان  عدد السكان 1490 (2011)  معلومات أخرى منطقة زمنية ت ع م+02:00 (توقيت قياسي)،  وت ع م+03:00 (توقيت صيفي)  رمز جيونيمز 257406  تعدي

 

Міхал Вишневецький — термін, який має кілька значень. Ця сторінка значень містить посилання на статті про кожне з них.Якщо ви потрапили сюди за внутрішнім посиланням, будь ласка, поверніться та виправте його так, щоб воно вказувало безпосередньо на потрібну статтю.@ пошук

Tomoko Ohta Información personalNombre en japonés 太田朋子 Nacimiento 7 de septiembre de 1933 (90 años)Miyoshi (Japón) Nacionalidad JaponesaEducaciónEducada en Universidad de TokioUniversidad Estatal de Carolina del Norte (Ph.D.; hasta 1966) Información profesionalOcupación Bióloga, bióloga molecular, genetista y profesora de universidad Área Biología evolutiva, biología, microbiología y genética Empleador National Institute of Genetics Miembro de Academia Estadounidens...

 

American journalist and politician (1868-1942) John Weir TroyPortrait of John W. Troy, mid-1890s.6th Governor of Alaska TerritoryIn officeApril 19, 1933 – December 6, 1939Nominated byFranklin D. RooseveltLieutenantBob BartlettPreceded byGeorge Alexander ParksSucceeded byErnest Gruening Personal detailsBorn(1868-10-31)October 31, 1868Dungeness, Washington, United StatesDiedMay 2, 1942(1942-05-02) (aged 73)Juneau, Alaska, United StatesPolitical partyDemocraticProfessionNewspaper...

 

Cricket ground in Somerset West HendfordThe ground (top left) in 1938.Ground informationLocationYeovil, SomersetCoordinates50°56′13″N 2°38′46″W / 50.937°N 2.646°W / 50.937; -2.646Establishment1874Demolished1944Team information Yeovil Cricket Club (1874–1944)Yeovil Rugby Club (1935–1944)Somerset (1935–1939)As of 29 March 2015Source: CricketArchive West Hendford Cricket Ground was a first-class cricket ground in Yeovil, Somerset. The land for the ground...

Костел і колегіум єзуїтів 53°08′12″ пн. ш. 29°14′54″ сх. д. / 53.13686666669477177° пн. ш. 29.24840000002777884° сх. д. / 53.13686666669477177; 29.24840000002777884Координати: 53°08′12″ пн. ш. 29°14′54″ сх. д. / 53.13686666669477177° пн. ш. 29.24840000002777884° сх. д. / 53.13686666669477...

 

新潟県立船江高等学校 過去の名称 新潟県立新潟中央高等学校定時制新潟県立新潟南高等学校定時制新潟県立新潟商業高等学校定時制国公私立の別 公立学校設置者  新潟県設立年月日 1967年4月1日閉校年月日 2007年3月31日共学・別学 男女共学課程 定時制課程単位制・学年制 学年制設置学科 普通科所在地 〒951-8131 新潟県新潟市白山浦2-68-2外部リンク 公式サイト ウィキ...

 

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Xuxa Dance – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) 1996 studio album by XuxaXuxa DanceStudio album by XuxaReleasedDecember 1996 (December 1996)Recorded1996GenreDance-popLength47...

Hungarian public broadcasting media organization You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Hungarian. (March 2015) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Hungarian article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pa...

 

Gates of the Grove (Shaarey Pardes), the sanctuary of the Jewish Center of the Hamptons, is a synagogue designed by noted architect Norman Jaffe and built in East Hampton, New York in 1989.[1] It has been called a masterpiece.[2] The cedar shingled synagogue won the Interfaith Forum on Religion, Art, and Architecture excellence in design award.[citation needed] Jaffe called on Kabbalistic symbolism, the famed light of the Hamptons, and local vernacular traditions to cr...

 

  2019 Paul Ricard Formula 3 roundRound detailsRound 2 of 8 in the 2019 FIA Formula 3 Championship.Layout of the Circuit Paul RicardLocationCircuit Paul RicardLe Castellet, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, FranceCoursePermanent racing facility 5.842 km (3.630 mi)Feature RaceDate 22 June 2019Laps 20Pole positionDriver Jake Hughes HWA RacelabTime 1:49.519 PodiumFirst Jehan Daruvala Prema RacingSecond Robert Shwartzman Prema RacingThird Pedro Piquet TridentFastest lapDriver Felipe Drugovic...

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Tatra 813 – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) The Tatra T813 was a truck produced in Czechoslovakia by the Tatra company. It was produced from 1967 to 1982.[1] The basic repre...

 

Insurgency in Malaysia waged by the Malayan Communist Party from 1968 to 1989 Communist insurgency in MalaysiaPart of the Cold War and continuation of the Malayan EmergencySarawak Rangers (present-day part of the Malaysian Rangers) consisting of Ibans leap from a Royal Australian Air Force Bell UH-1 Iroquois helicopter to guard the Malay–Thai border from potential Communist attacks in 1965, three years before the war starting in 1968.Date17 June 1968 – 2 December 1989(21 years, 5...

 

This article is about the album. For an index of Leonard Cohen's music, see Leonard Cohen discography. 1967 studio album by Leonard CohenSongs of Leonard CohenStudio album by Leonard CohenReleasedDecember 27, 1967 (1967-12-27)[1]RecordedOctober – November 1967[2]StudioColumbia Studio E, New YorkGenreContemporary folk[3]Length41:02. 49:11 (CD reissue with bonus tracks)LabelColumbia[1]ProducerJohn SimonLeonard Cohen chronology Songs of Le...

Ecological community in the southeastern coastal plain of North America For other uses, see Flatwoods (disambiguation). Flatwoods Community at Austin Cary Forest, near Gainesville, Florida Flatwoods, pineywoods, pine savannas and longleaf pine-wiregrass ecosystem are terms that refer to an ecological community in the southeastern coastal plain of North America. Flatwoods are an ecosystem maintained by wildfire or prescribed fire and are dominated by longleaf pine (Pinus palustris), and slash ...

 

Área de protección de flora y fauna Cañón del Usumacinta Paisaje de la Reserva Ecológica Cañón del Usumacinta.SituaciónPaís México MéxicoDivisión TabascoSubdivisión Tenosique.Ciudad cercana Tenosique de Pino SuárezCoordenadas 17°27′00″N 91°31′00″O / 17.45, -91.51666667Datos generalesAdministración CONANPGrado de protección Área de protección de flora y faunaFecha de creación 02008-09-22 22 de septiembre de 2008 (en 2005 com...

 

Waode Heni AndrainiLahirWaode Heni Andraini02 Mei 1997 (umur 26)Baubau, Sulawesi Tenggara, IndonesiaKebangsaanIndonesiaNama lain Waode POPA Waode TVI AlmamaterUniversitas Negeri JakartaPekerjaan Penyanyi Aktris Presenter Tahun aktif2018 - sekarangKarier musikGenre Pop, Dangdut Instrumen Vokal Label Trinity Optima Production Waode Heni Andraini (lahir 2 Mei 1997) merupakan penyanyi asal Indonesia. Ia merupakan finalis The Voice Indonesia musim ketiga[1][2], pemen...

Ice hockey team in Île-des-Chênes, ManitobaÎle-des-Chênes North StarsCityÎle-des-Chênes, ManitobaLeagueCarillon Senior Hockey LeagueHome arenaÎle-des-Chênes ArenaColoursGreen, Red, and White      Franchise history1994-2006Île-des-Chênes North Stars2006-2007Brandon North Stars2007-2010Steinbach North Stars2010-presentÎle-des-Chênes North Stars The Île-des-Chênes North Stars are a Canadian senior ice hockey team based out of Ile des Chenes, Manitoba. The North Stars...

 

Opera karya Vincenzo Bellini Adelson e Salvini (1825) Bianca e Fernando (1826) Il pirata (1827) La straniera (1829) Zaira (1829) I Capuleti e i Montecchi (1830) La sonnambula (1831) Norma (1831) Beatrice di Tenda (1833) I puritani (1835) lbs Vincenzo Salvatore Carmelo Francesco Bellini (3 November 1801 – 23 September 1835) adalah seorang komposer opera Sisilia. Dikenal karena alur melodinya, Bellini adalah komposer terkenal opera Bel canto.[1] Karya Karya rampung Belli...

 

Strategi Solo vs Squad di Free Fire: Cara Menang Mudah!