Hesperonyx

Not to be confused with Hesperonychus or Hesperomys.

Hesperonyx Temporal range: Late Jurassic, late Kimmeridgian PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Skeletal reconstruction
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Clade:	Dinosauria
Clade:	†Ornithischia
Clade:	†Neornithischia
Clade:	†Ornithopoda
Clade:	†Dryomorpha
Genus:	†Hesperonyx Rotatori et al., 2024
Species:	†H. martinhotomasorum
Binomial name
†Hesperonyx martinhotomasorum Rotatori et al., 2024

Hesperonyx (meaning "western claw") is an extinct genus of dryomorphan ornithopod dinosaur from the Late Jurassic Lourinhã Formation of Portugal. The genus contains a single species, Hesperonyx martinhotomasorum, known from bones of the fore- and hindlimbs.

Discovery and naming

Holotype hindlimb

The Hesperonyx holotype specimen, ML 2700, was discovered in 2021 in sediments of the Lourinhã Formation (Porto Novo Member) along the beach at Porto Dinheiro. The specimen consists of bones from the left forelimb (a hand claw, ulnare, and partial metacarpal) and hindlimb (the tibia, fibula, most of metatarsals I–IV, remains of five phalanges, and three toe claws).^[1][2]

In 2024, Rotatori et al. described Hesperonyx martinhotomasorum as a new genus and species of ornithopod dinosaurs based on these fossil remains. The generic name, "Hesperonyx", combines "Hesperus" (or the "Evening Star"), after the Greek god whose name also references the western direction—referencing the holotype locality in the west region of Portugal—with the Greek suffix "-onyx", meaning "claw". The specific name, "martinhotomasorum", combines the last names of Micael Martinho and Carla Alexandra Tomás, honoring their efforts in fossil curation and preparation at the Museu da Lourinhã.^[1]

Description

Size compared to a human

Hesperonyx is estimated as being 3–4 metres (9.8–13.1 ft) long.^[1]

Classification

Life restoration

Rotatori et al. (2024) included Hesperonyx in two phylogenetic analyses, recovering it in contrasting locations within the Dryomorpha. In their parsimony analyses (both with equal and implied weighting), Hesperonyx was placed as a basal member of the clade of non-dryosaurid dryomorphans. However, in their Bayesian analysis, Hesperonyx was recovered as a basal member of the Dryosauridae. More precise affinities could not be concluded due to the paucity of remains. Their results are displayed in the cladograms below:^[1]

Topology 1: Parsimony analysis (equal weighting) Iguanodontia Tenontosaurus spp. Rhabdodontomorpha Elasmaria Dryomorpha Dryosauridae Eousdryosaurus Valdosaurus Dysalotosaurus Dryosaurus spp. Hesperonyx Uteodon SHN.015.JJS.LPP Draconyx Ankylopollexia Iguanodon bernissartensis Camptosaurus

Topology 2: Bayesian analysis Iguanodontia Tenontosaurus spp. Elasmaria Dryomorpha Dryosauridae Hesperonyx Dryosaurus spp. Eousdryosaurus Dysalotosaurus Valdosaurus Uteodon Ankylopollexia Camptosaurus Iguanodon bernissartensis

Paleoenvironment

The Lourinhã Formation is one of the major fossiliferous formations of Portugal, preserving many species of dinosaurs, some of which are also known from the contemporaneous Morrison Formation of North America.^[3][4][5][6] Hesperonyx is the third named iguanodontian known from this formation, after Draconyx and Eousdryosaurus.^[1]

References

1. Rotatori, F. M.; Ferrari, L.; Sequero, C.; Camilo, B.; Mateus, O.; Moreno-Azanza, M. (2024). "An unexpected early-diverging iguanodontian dinosaur (Ornithischia, Ornithopoda) from the Upper Jurassic of Portugal". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. e2310066. doi:10.1080/02724634.2024.2310066.
2. "New dinosaur species discovered in Portugal". The Portugal News. 19 March 2024.
3. Antunes, M.T.; Mateus, O. (2003). "Dinosaurs of Portugal" (PDF). Comptes Rendus Palevol. 2 (1): 77–95. Bibcode:2003CRPal...2...77A. doi:10.1016/S1631-0683(03)00003-4.
4. Hendrickx, Christophe; Mateus, Octávio (2014). "Torvosaurus gurneyi n. sp., the Largest Terrestrial Predator from Europe, and a Proposed Terminology of the Maxilla Anatomy in Nonavian Theropods". PLOS ONE. 9 (3): e88905. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...988905H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0088905. PMC 3943790. PMID 24598585.
5. Tschopp, E.; Mateus, O. V.; Benson, R. B. J. (2015). "A specimen-level phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision of Diplodocidae (Dinosauria, Sauropoda)". PeerJ. 3: e857. doi:10.7717/peerj.857. PMC 4393826. PMID 25870766.
6. Mateus, O., Maidment S., & Christiansen N. (2009). "A new long-necked 'sauropod-mimic' stegosaur and the evolution of the plated dinosaurs". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 276 (1663): 1815–21. doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.1909. PMC 2674496. PMID 19324778.