Henri Bowane

Henri Bowane
Birth name	Henri Wa Mayani Bowane
Born	1926 Belgian Congo
Died	1992 (65–66 years) Zaire
Genres	Congolese rumba
Occupation(s)	Musician, songwriter
Instrument	Electric guitar
Years active	1947–1992
Labels	Essiebons, Ryco Jazz

Henri Bowane (1926–1992) was an influential figure in the development of Congolese rumba in the modern-day Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). He was the first professional boss and early mentor to the guitarist Franco Luambo.^[1]

Early career

Bowane rose to prominence in Leopoldville's music schene the late 1940s in which Cuban style music combined with Lingala and pan-Congolese styles. A guitarist, singer and bandleader, Bowane was paired with singer-guitarist Wendo Kolosoy by the Ngoma records. Ngoma was founded by Nicolas Jéronimidis and his brother, Greek businessmen based in Leopoldville, in 1947. It was among the first handful Congolese recording companies producing music for the African market.^[2] Bowane had come to "Leo" in the mid 1940s, seen bands like that of Wendo, and returned to his home town to found his own big band, Victoria Coquilhatville. In 1947 he returned Leopoldville and quickly rose in the music scene. While Both he and Wendo were singers and guitarists, Jéronimidis saw their strengths, putting Wendo on lead vocals and giving Bowane free range on his long cascading guitar lines. These long bridges, developed out of earlier Congolese folk styles, were called Sebene, reputedly because of the Seventh chords favoured by Congolese musicians. The shout "Sebene!" often preceded these long guitar solos, first popularised by Bowane.^[3]

Marie-Louise

Although Wendo had already established himself among the first generation of Congolese musicians, Bowane's first hit with Wendo was also the more established musician's first huge hit. The song, the first truly international hit of Congolese Rumba, was "Marie-Louise", co-written in 1948 by Wendo Kolosoy and Henri Bowane. Through the publicity of Radio Congolia, along with the controversy which followed the song (a back-and-forth between Wendo and Henri over Wendo's pursuit of a girl, thwarted by Henri's wealth, with salacious undertones),^[4] the song became a success throughout West Africa. With its success came trouble: the song had "satanic" powers attributed to it by Catholic religious leaders. Stories from the time even claimed that the song, if played at midnight, could raise the dead. The furor drove Wendo out of Kinshasa, and resulted in a brief imprisonment by the Belgian authorities in Stanleyville and his excommunication from the Catholic Church.^[5] The combination of African lyrics and vocals with Afro-Cuban son rhythms and instrumentation spawned one of the most successful African musical genres: Congolese rumba. Wendo's time on the ferries also contributed to his success as one of the first "national" artists of the DRC: he learned the music of the ethnic groups up and down the river, and later sang not only in his native tongue of Kikongo, but also in fluent Lingala and Swahili.^[6]

Soukous in the 1950s

The success of this new music rested upon the burgeoning radio stations and record industry of late colonial Leopoldville, which often piped music over loudspeakers into the African quarters, called the "Cite". A handful of African clubs (closing early with a 9:30 pm curfew for non-Europeans) like "Congo Bar" provided venues, along with occasional gigs at the upscale white clubs of the European quarter, "La ville". The importation of European and American 78 rpm records into Africa in the 1930s and 1940s (called G.V. Series records) featured much Cuban music, a style that was enjoyed by cosmopolitan Europeans and Africans alike. One writer has argued that this music, sophisticated, based on Africa music, and not produced by white colonialists especially appealed to Africans in general, and newly urban Congolese in particular.^[7] Greek and Lebanese merchants, a fixture in colonial Francophone Africa were amongst the first to bring recording and record pressing equipment to tropical Africa. Jéronimidis' "Ngoma" company was one of the first and most successful. Jéronimidis and the musicians, barnstormed around Belgian Congo in a brightly painted Ngoma van, performing and selling records. The music culture this created not only propelled Congolese Rumba to fame, but began to develop a national culture for the first time.^[8]

At the beginning of the 1950s, while Wendo remained with Ngoma, Bowane moved on the Jéronimidis' new label, Loningisa. Bowane became the dominant musical influence on the label as he moved out of centre stage and into the role of producer, writer, and owner-impresario of the premier nightclub of Leopoldville, Quint.^[3] Bowane is remembered as the most successful African musician of his time: he reputed to have been the first black man in Belgian Congo to own a Cadillac.^[1]

Later career

In 1976 he founded the record label Ryco Jazz, and also recorded his only solo album, Double Take – Tala Kaka.

Discography

Albums

• Double Take, Tala Kaka (1976, Ryco Jazz)

Contributing artist

• The Rough Guide to Congo Gold (2008, World Music Network)

References

1. Henri Bowane. RetroAfric/Usurp (2003). Retrieved 28 January 2009
2. Banning Eyre interview (2002)
   "Evolution de la musique congolaise moderne de 1930 à 1950" (2005)
3. Gary Stewart. Rumba on the River: A History of the Popular Music of the Two Congos. Verso: London (1999) ISBN 1-85984-368-9
4. The Lingala lyrics are transcribed in detail at ANALYSE MUSICALE "Marie Louisa" Archived 6 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Norbert Mbu Mputu, Congo Vision (2005) and in brief in Bob W. White (2002)
   The song is also analysed in Jesse Samba Wheeler. Rumba Lingala as Colonial Resistance Archived 23 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Image & Narrative, No. 10, March 2005
5. 'Father' of Congolese rumba dies
   "Evolution de la musique congolaise moderne de 1930 à 1950" (2005)
   Wendo est mort. A.Vungbo, Le Phare Quotidien (Kinshasa), 2008-07-30
6. "Wendo Kolosoy, 62 ans de carrière musicale" (2005)
7. Bob W. White, Congolese Rumba and Other Cosmopolitanisms (2002)
8. Bob W. White, Congolese Rumba and Other Cosmopolitanisms, Cahiers d'études africaines, 168, 2002 details this process, and Gary Stewart's Rumba on the River (1999) is the definitive English language work on these years, which made Kinshasa the musical capital of the continent.
   See also the review of the 1996 compilation "Ngoma: the Early Years" at Ntama: Journal of African Music and Popular Culture Archived 9 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine. African Music Archive at Mainz University (1996)

• Henri Bowane. RetroAfric/Usurp (2003). Retrieved 2009-01-28
• Portions of this article were translated from [:fr:Ryco Jazz] on French Wikipedia, 2009-01-28.